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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy

CH13 - CNS

I. BRAIN II. SPINAL CORD

Organization of the brain: 1. 2. Cerebrum Diencephalon a. b. c. 3. Brain Stem a. b. c. 4. Cerebellum

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy CEREBRUM Three divisions of cerebrum: 1. Cerebral hemispheres / right versus left External Macroscopy: longitudinal/ transverse fissure central sulcus/parieto-occipital sulcus gyrus sulcus 5 lobes of cerebrum: a. frontal b. parietal c. occipital d. temporal e. insula

CH13 - CNS

Internal Macroscopy: 1. 2. 3. 4. cerebral cortex cerebral white matter basal nuclei: basal forebrain nuclei & basal nuclei ventricles of the brain

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy Cerebral cortex = Conscious Mind Structure:

CH13 - CNS

Function: executive suite

Functional areas:

Motor areas:

1. primary motor cortex

2. premotor cortex

3. frontal eye field

4. Broca's area

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy Functional areas: sensory: conscious awareness

CH13 - CNS

1. primary somatosensory cortex

2. primary visual cortex

3. primary auditory cortex

4. Gustatory cortex

5. Vestibular cortex

6. Olfactory cortex

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy

CH13 - CNS

Functional areas: association: recognition 1. somatosensory association cortex

2. visual association cortex

3. auditory association cortex

Wernicke's

4. Gustatory association cortex

5. Vestibular association cortex

6. Olfactory association cortex

7. Prefrontal cortex: cognition & personality

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy

CH13 - CNS

Cerebral white matter = tracts 1. Commissural fibers

2. Association fibers

3. Projection fibers

Cerebral nuclei (old names: basal nuclei; basal ganglia) cerebral nuclei = islands of gray matter deep to cortex and buried in tract= influence motor movements inhibit unnecessary movements 1. Basal forebrain nuclei: = basal forebrain cholinergic system Alzheimer's 2. Basal nuclei(ganglia): = corpus striatum: caudate nucleus lentiform nucleus globus pallidus putamen Huntington's chorea

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy

CH13 - CNS

DIENCEPHALON (3 divisions) 1. thalamus location: two gray masses which form superolateral walls of third ventricle structure -

function: 1. relays sensory info to cerebral cortex ("gateway" to cerebral cortex) 2. relays impulses to/from motor cortex and subcortical motor areas 3. edits sensory information 2. hypothalamus location: below thalamus and superior to brain stem structure -

functions: 1. center for ANS 2. body temperature 3. drives: sex, thirst, hunger, rage, aggression 4. regulates food intake 5. regulates water balance and thirst 6. regulates sleep-wake cycle 7. center of endocrine system 8. part of limbic system 9. endocrine organ itself 3. epithalamus - contains pineal gland (produces melatonin) - possibly involved with regulation of sleep-wake cycle - possibly involved with moods - possibly involved with onset of puberty Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill 7 of 13

BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy

CH13 - CNS

BRAIN STEM (3 divisions) 1) Midbrain location - inferior to diencephalon; superior to pons corpora quadrigemina: superior colliculi inferior colliculi functions: 1. ascending and descending tracts 2. eye reflexes & auditory reflexes 3. nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV 2) pons location: inferior to midbrain; superior to medulla oblongata part of anterior wall of fourth ventricle (dorsally) functions: 1. ascending and descending tracts 2. contains nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI and VII 3. medulla oblongata location: most inferior portion of brain stem merges with spinal cord functions: 1. 2. 3. 4. ascending and descending tracts decussation of pyramidal motor tracts at pyramids nuclei for cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII visceral reflex centers, including: 4 rounded bodies on dorsal surface information from vision and auditory

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy

CH13 - CNS

CEREBELLUM location: dorsal to pons/medulla; protrudes under occipital lobes structure 2 cerebellar hemispheres joined by vermis 3 lobes cortex (folia) and white matter functions: 1. coordinates skeletal muscle activity 2. balance 3. posture How does it work? compares actual muscle and body position to desired muscle and body position; sends corrective signals to the muscles

FUNCTIONAL BRAIN SYSTEMS 1. limbic system = emotional brain Location: broad ring connected by: septal nuclei cingulate gyrus hippocampal formation amygdala hypothalamus anterior thalamic nuclei 2. reticular formation = arousal of the whole brain reticular neurons in 3 columns raphe nuclei lateral nuclear group medial nuclear group Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

Location:

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy

CH13 - CNS

MENINGES = connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord 1. Dura Mater

2. Arachnoid Mater subarachnoid space

3. Pia Mater

BRAIN VENTRICLES lateral ventricles third ventricle fourth ventricle

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy CEREBROSPINAL FLUID formed by choroid plexuses =

CH13 - CNS

functions of CSF: 1. provides buoyancy to brain, which reduces weight 2. protects CNS from blows and trauma 3. provides additional nutrients Circulation of CSF: right lateral ventricle interventricular foramen third ventricle cerebral aqueduct left lateral ventricle

fourth ventricle

central canal of spinal cord

apertures in roof and wall subarachnoid space CSF absorbed by arachnoid villi

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy SPINAL CORD extends from foramen magnum of skull to level of L1 diameter = 1.8 cm thick length = 42 cm (average)

CH13 - CNS

5 divisions of spinal cord; 31 segments, each with associated spinal nerves a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar d. sacral e. coccygeal

Cross-Sectional Anatomy of Spinal Cord: Gray Matter: dorsal/posterior horns ventral/anterior horns lateral horns gray commissure central canal White Matter: posterior column lateral column anterior column

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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BIOL 2301/2101 HumanAnatomy

CH13 - CNS

Functions of Spinal Cord: 1. ascending and descending tracts 2. integration center for spinal reflexes

Elizabeth Maxim & Anik Szab Hill

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