ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY

by Ashish Kumar Gupta (0509131071) Pulkit Maheshwari (0509131026) Shubham Sinha (0509131097) Submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engg. Under the guidance of Mrs Monica Malik

J.S.S. Academy of Technical Education, Noida U.P. Technical University May, 2009

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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Ashish Kumar Gupta 0509131026

Pulkit Maheshwari 0509131071

Shubham Sinha 0509131097

Date : 21st April 2009

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project Report entitled Electronic Dictionary submitted by Pulkit Maheshwari, Ashish Kumar Gupta and Shubham Sinha in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree Bachelor of Technology in Department of

Electronics & Communication of JSSATE (U.P. Technical University,Lucknow), is a record of the candidates own work carried out by him under my supervision. The matter embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date : Prof. Dinesh Chandra JSSATE, Noida

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe special debt of gratitude to our Project Guide, Mrs. Monica Malik for providing her valuable support, guidance and worthy suggestions during various stages of our project Mrs. Chhaya Grover and Mrs. KHNV Laxmi for their extreme cooperation and generous help. Without their help and support this project would not have reached to its completion. We are also thankful to Mr. Uday (Project Coordinator, Department of EC) for her kind help and guidance in completion of the project. We are also grateful to all the staff of our EC Department & the institute and our friends whose contribution in this effort was appreciable. They have been very helpful for the entire period and have been a great source of inspiration for us.

Ashish Kumar Gupta 0509131026

Pulkit Maheshwari 0509131071

Shubham Sinha 0509131097

ABSTRACT
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Embedded systems can also be used to meet the daily requirements. The inspiration of this project is the need of a specific dictionary for candidates preparing for competitive exams like GRE, GMAT, CAT etc These exams require candidates to learn a specific list of words to enhance their vocabulary skills. Further, a customised dictionary can also be used to store general words in different foreign languages for tourists.

The electronic dictionary can be scaled down to a very compact size that can fit into a pocket and can be customized for any purpose. By changing the program it can be filled with any list of words the user desires.

The electronic dictionary has a compact keyboard interface and a programmable LCD (graphical LCD will be used to display foreign languages). Further to accommodate a large number of words an external memory or a microcontroller with large memory is used.

The searching algorithm used here is a modified version of binary string search, where first a pointer takes the control to the list of words starting with the first letter of the input word. Then the ASCII code of the second letter of the middle word in the list is matched with the second letter of the input word. Based on the comparison, the search then shortens down to the upper half or lower half of the list. This process continues until the desired word is found. The electronic dictionary finds any word stored in its database in 100 milliseconds. This delay is set to constant in all the words to obtain uniformity. There are no cases of incorrect item matching or failure to find a word. It is completely efficient.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION..................................................................................................................ii CERTIFICATE....................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................iv ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURESviii LIST OF TABLES.. .....x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..1 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS.1 1.2 FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF ATMEGA 32L....5 1.3 PIN CONFIGURATION.8 CHAPTER 2 LCD AND ITS INTERFACING...9 2.1 LCD AND ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE..9 2.2 LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIAL....11 2.3 FEATURES AND SPECIFICATIONS OF 16X2 LCD......13 2.4 INTERFACING OF LCD WITH MICROCONTROLLER.16

CHAPTER 3 MATRIX KEYPAD AND INTERFACING...17 3.1 THE MATRIX CIRCUIT..17 3.2 SCANNING TO DETECT KEY PRESSES.18 3.3 INTERFACING OF 4X4 KEYPAD MATRIX WITH ATMEGA 32L..23

CHAPTER 4 COMPLETE CIRCUIT INTERFACING26 4.1 INTERFACING OF TWO ATMEGA 32L..26 4.2 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM28

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CHAPTER 5 ALGORITHM...29 5.1 BINARY SEARCH...29 5.2 APPLICATIONS TO COMPLEXITY THEORY....30 5.3 THE METHOD.....30 5.4 COMPARISON OF BINARY SEARCH AND LINEAR SEARCH.33

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION.....36 6.1 FINAL SEARCH TIME AND EFFICIENCY.....36 6.2 APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY...36

APPENDIX A: LIST OF WORDS INCLUDED IN THE DICTIONARY. 37 APPENDIX B: PROGRAMMING CODES..45 APPENDIX C: SOFTWARES USED67 REFERENCES68

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LIST OF FIGURES

1. FIGURE 1.1 y Pin Configuration Of Atmega32L

2. FIGURE 2.1 y Cross Section Of a Simple LC Display

3. FIGURE 2.2 y X,Y,Z Direction in LCD

4. FIGURE 2.3 y Circuit for interfacing of LCD with ATMEGA 32L

5. FIGURE 3.1 y 6. Conceptual Matrix Circuit

FIGURE 3.2 y Open Switch Key

7.

FIGURE 3.3 y Scanning Column 1

8.

FIGURE 3.4 y The A key is Pressed

9.

FIGURE 3.5 y The A Switch is Closed

10. FIGURE 3.6 y Row 1 is Activated

11. FIGURE 3.7 y Neither row is Activated

12. FIGURE 3.8 y The Key A and D are pressed

13. FIGURE 3.9 y Row 1 is Activated

14. FIGURE 3.10 y Self The Key A,B and D are Pressed

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15. FIGURE 3.11 y Interface between Atmega32L and keyboard matrix

16. FIGURE 4.1 y Circuit diagram Interfacing of two Atmega32L

17. FIGURE 4.2 y Circuit Diagram Of Electronic Dictionary

18. FIGURE 5.1 y Flow Chart Of Binary Search Algorithm

LIST OF TABLES

1. TABLE 2.1 y MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION OF LCD 2. TABLE 2.2 y ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION OF LCD 3. TABLE 2.3 y 4. PIN FUNCTIONS OF 16X2 LCD

TABLE 3.1 y LIST OF CODE ASSIGNED TO ALPHABETS