Bloomberg WHO Traffic Safety

ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

ON ROAD SAFETY
TIME FOR ACTION
World Health Organization
Department of Violence & Injury Prevention & Disability (VIP)
20 Avenue Appia
Geneva 27
Switzerland
E-mail: trafc@who.int
www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention WHO
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GLOBAL STATUS REPORT
ON ROAD SAFETY
TIME FOR ACTION
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Global status report on road safety: time for action.
1.Accidents, Trafc - statistics and numerical data. 2.Accidents, Trafc - trends. 3.Wounds and injuries - epidemiology. 4.Safety - statistics
and numerical data. 5.Data collection. I.World Health Organization. Dept. of Violence and Injury Prevention.
ISBN 978 92 4 156384 0 (NLM classifcation: WA 275)
Suggested citation: Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009 (www.who.int/violence_
injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009).
World Health Organization 2009
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Contents
Preface iv
Acknowledgements v
Executive summary vii
1. Background 1
An international response to road trafc injury prevention 4
2. The need for a global assessment of road safety 7
Methodology 8
3. The state of road safety around the world 11
Road trafc injuries remain a global public health problem 11
Low-icomo oo mioolo-icomo coulrios |ovo
the highest burden and road trafc death rates 12
Noorly |ol o l|oso oyiq o l|o worlos rooos oro
vulnerable road users 14
Fow coulrios |ovo comro|osivo rooo sooly lows l|ol
oro woll oorcoo 18
Sooo 18
Dri|iq oo oriviq 21
so o molorcyclo |olmols 22
Sool-ooll uso 24
so o c|ilo roslroils 2
Loqislolio summory 27
Fow coulrios |ovo rolioolo oolo o rooo lroc i|urios 28
Dolo o ololilios 28
Dolo o o-olol i|urios 31
Dolo o ocoomic cosls 34
Dolo o moiloriq oo ovoluolio 35
4. Conclusions 37
Slroql|s oo woo|ossos o l|is survoy 37
Koy mossoqos oo rocommooolios 38
References 41
Country proles 45
Statistical annex 227
iii
Preface
The Global status report on road safety reafrms our understanding of road trafc injuries as a global health
oo oovolomol roolom. Moro l|o 1.2 millio oolo oio o l|o worlos rooos ovory yoor, oo os moy os
5C millio ol|ors oro i|uroo. Cvor C o l|o oool|s occur i low-icomo oo mioolo-icomo coulrios.
8oyoo l|o oormous suoriq l|oy couso, rooo lroc cros|os co orivo o omily ilo ovorly os cros| survivors
oo l|oir omilios slruqqlo lo coo wil| l|o loq-lorm cosoguocos o l|o ovol, icluoiq l|o cosl o mooicol
coro oo ro|ooililolio oo oll loo olo uorol oxosos oo l|o loss o l|o omily orooowior.
Rooo lroc i|urios olso loco o |uqo slroi o oliool |ooll| sysloms, moy o w|ic| suor rom wooully
ioooguolo lovols o rosourcos.
Hisloricolly, moy o l|o moosuros i loco lo roouco rooo lroc oool|s oo i|urios oro oimoo ol rolocliq cor
occuols. Howovor, os l|is roorl s|ows, oorly |ol o l|oso |illoo ooc| yoor orouo l|o worlo oro oooslrios,
molorcyclisls, cyclisls oo ossoqors i uolic lrosorl, l|is quro is ovo |iq|or i l|o ooror coulrios oo
commuilios o l|o worlo.
The Global status report on road safety orows our ollolio lo l|o ooos o oll rooo usors - icluoiq l|oso mosl
vuloroolo qrous. T|oy loo musl oo cosiooroo oo qivo oguol riorily w|o olicy oocisios o rooo sooly,
land use and urban planning are made.
Provolio is oy or l|o oollor olio. Wo |ovo muc| o l|o |owlooqo oo oxorioco oo moy o l|o lools
ooooo lo mo|o our lrosorl sysloms soo oo |ooll|y. 8uiloiq soor vo|iclos oo rooos, oosiqiq iroslrucluro
wil| l|o roloclio o oooslrios oo cyclisls i mio, o|ociq uolic lrosorl oo imroviq our orsool
oo|oviour o l|o rooos woulo roouco i|urios oo colrioulo lo |ooll|ior oulolios qoorolly.
For l|oso orooc|os lo oo roolizoo, l|oro musl oo collooorolio omoq l|o oclors oo oqocios wil|i ooc|
coulry w|oso olicios - oiroclly or ioiroclly - imocl o l|o sooly o l|oso o ils rooos. T|oso orlors musl
uso l|o owor o l|o oviooco i |oo lo ocouroqo l|oso imlomoliq rooo sooly iiliolivos oo oooliq oo
oorciq loqislolio lo oliq l|oir oorls wil| oosl roclico rom l|o olo.
With the Global status report on road safety, wo |ovo or l|o rsl limo o ossossmol
o l|o slolus o rooo sooly orouo l|o qlooo. T|is uiguo oo comoroolo sol
of data conrms the relevance of this issue to the societal challenges of today. It
ioolios cloor qos oo oorluilios oo isiros us lo oclio. Now is l|o limo.
Dr Morqorol C|o
Diroclor-Coorol
Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio
iv
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY
/c|owlooqomols
T|o Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio qroloully oc|owlooqos l|o colrioulios mooo lo l|is Roorl oy l|o ollowiq
WHO headquarters in Geneva: Cooroiolio or l|o oovolomol o l|is roorl wos roviooo oy Morqio Pooo.
T|o roorl wos wrillo oy Tomi Toroyo, coulry rolos woro comiloo oy /liso Horvoy oo l|o slolislicol oolysis
wos ooo oy Kioisl 8orlolomoos oo Kocom loyc|. Cl|ors w|o colriouloo lo ils oovolomol woro /lo /lwo,
Moloc|iozoooc| K|oyosi, Elioo Kruq, Poscolo Lovors-Cososolo, Slovo Louwors, Coli Mol|ors, Suso Piozzo
oo Louro Smi|oy.
WHO African Region: Dioyooo Diollo [Roqiool Dolo Cooroiolor}, Clivo Koousiqyo.
WHO Region of the Americas: \ilmo Cowryszows|i [Roqiool Dolo Cooroiolor}, Euqio Rooriquos.
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: Holo /oou-Toloo [Roqiool Dolo Cooroiolor}, 1oor Hussoi,
Holo So|r.
WHO European Region: Mouolo Collillo, Rimmo Kuzolsovo, Frocosco Rocioi, Dios| Sol|i,
Frocosco Zomoo [Roqiool Dolo Cooroiolor}.
WHO South-East Asia Region: Solim C|owo|ury [Roqiool Dolo Cooroiolor}, C|omoior Soli|or.
WHO Western Pacic Region: Li Do, Moyol Doroq, Clqo Dioz, Hisos|i Cqowo, Kris|o Ro|om [Roqiool
Dolo Cooroiolor}.
Coulry lovol oolo coulo ol |ovo ooo ooloioo wil|oul l|o ivoluoolo iul o
T|o WHC Rorosololivos oo slo i coulrios,
T|o Noliool Dolo Cooroiolors [soo Toolo /.1 i Slolislicol /ox},
/ll rosoools oo olloooos o l|o cososus mooliqs i coulrios, oo
Covormol ociols w|o roviooo clooroco o l|o iormolio or iclusio i l|o Roorl.
T|o roorl olso oooloo rom l|o colrioulios o l|o ollowiq
Kolly Hoiq oo Kolly Lorso rom 8loomoorq P|ilol|roios oo Tom Friooo, Hooll| Commissioor rom
Now or| Cily, w|o roviooo ivoluoolo loc|icol iul.
Noolo /io|, Crol 8olowi, Molls-/|o 8oli, Rilo Cuyors, Mic|ool Filz|orris, Coolo|ris|o Cururo|,
Morio lsoool Culiorroz, /oo /. Hyoor, o|oos Kiu, Ric|oro Molzooulos, Dios| Mo|o, Evo Molor,
/orow Poorco, lo Rooorls, Dovio Silcoc|, 8|or Slooor, Cloos Tiqvoll, Morli| /loxooor \is, Dovio Woro,
oo Froo Woqmo w|o roviooo oxorl oovico oo roviow commols,
Dovio 8romloy w|o ooiloo l|o Roorl,
Suso Kolo w|o roorooo l|o Roorl,
Cro|ic oosiqors rom Ll\ Com Sorl w|o rooucoo l|o oosiq oo loyoul,
/rlisl 1o| So|ors or l|o murol rorooucoo o l|o covor oo qrociously o loo rom Coloiol Socooory
Sc|ool, |oloqro|y o murol oy Clouoio /uoorli-\ooovo/Sluoio Soul|wosl, oo
/ll l|o lroslolors w|o rooroo vorious loquoqo vorsios o l|is Roorl.
Fiolly, l|o Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio wis|os lo l|o| 8loomoorq P|ilol|roios or ils qoorous ociol suorl
for the development and publication of this Report.
v
Executive summary
O
ver 1.2 million people die each
year on the worlds roads, and
between 20 and 50 million
suffer non-fatal injuries. In most regions
of the world this epidemic of road trafc
injuries is still increasing. In the past ve
years most countries have endorsed the
recommendations of the World report on
road trafc injury prevention which give
guidance on how countries can implement
a comprehensive approach to improving
road safety and reducing the death toll
on their roads. To date, however, there
has been no global assessment of road
safety that indicates the extent to which
this approach is being implemented. This
Global status report on road safety is
the rst broad assessment of the status
of road safety in 178 countries, using
data drawn from a standardized survey
conducted in 2008. The results provide
a benchmark that countries can use to
assess their road safety position relative
to other countries, while internationally
the data presented can collectively
be considered as a global baseline
against which progress over time can
be measured. The Global status report
presents a number of key ndings:
Low-icomo oo mioolo-icomo
countries have higher road trafc
fatality rates (21.5 and 19.5 per
100 000 population, respectively)
than high-income countries (10.3
per 100 000). Over 90% of the
worlds fatalities on the roads occur
in low-income and middle-income
countries, which have only 48%
of the worlds registered vehicles.
Over 90% of the
worlds fatalities on
the roads occur in
low-income and
middle-income
countries, which
have only 48% of the
worlds vehicles.
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Dool| rolos |ovo ooo oocliiq
over the last four to ve decades in
moy |iq|-icomo coulrios. Evo i
l|oso coulrios, rooo lroc i|urios
romoi o imorlol couso o oool|,
injury and disability.
/lmosl |ol o l|oso w|o oio i rooo
lroc cros|os oro oooslrios, cyclisls
or usors o molorizoo lwo-w|oolors
- colloclivoly |ow os vuloroolo
rooo usors" - oo l|is roorlio is
higher in the poorer economies of the
worlo. For oxomlo, w|ilo i l|o |iq|-
income countries of the Americas
Roqio 5 o roorloo rooo oool|s
oro omoq vo|iclo occuols, l|is
siluolio is vory oiorol i l|o low-
icomo oo mioolo-icomo coulrios
o l|o Woslor Pocic Roqio w|oro
7C o roorloo rooo oool|s oro
among vulnerable road users. The
report suggests that not enough is
being done to meet the needs of
l|oso vuloroolo qrous. For isloco,
sooo is o |oy ris| oclor or i|ury
omoq oooslrios oo cyclisls,
oo yol oly 2 o coulrios mool
basic criteria for reducing speed in
uroo oroos, w|ilo loss l|o 1C
of countries rate the enforcement of
their speed limits as effective. Trafc
colmiq moosuros [orliculorly w|oro
different groups of road users are not
sooroloo}, iroslrucluro oo olicy
moosuros l|ol ollow rooo usors lo
wol| oo cyclo sooly, oo moosuros
l|ol imrovo l|o guolily o oo occoss
lo uolic lrosorl oro olso loc|iq.
Moy o l|o moosuros s|ow lo oo
effective at reducing road traffic
injuries among vulnerable road
users can also have other effects on
health such as improved respiratory
|ooll| [os o rosull o rooucoo ox|ousl
omissios} oo l|o osilivo oocls
ossocioloo wil| icroosoo |ysicol
activity.
T|o ooolio oo oorcomol o
lroc lows ooors ioooguolo i
many countries. The development and
effective enforcement of legislation is
crilicol i roouciq ori|-oriviq oo
oxcossivo sooo, oo i icroosiq
l|o uso o |olmols, sool-oolls oo
c|ilo roslroils. T|is survoy s|owoo
l|ol owor l|o |ol l|o coulrios
|ovo lows lo oooross oll ivo o
l|oso ris| oclors, w|ilo oly 15
|ovo lows l|ol co oo cosiooroo
comprehensive in scope.
1
Cvor
C o coulrios |ovo somo |io o
oliool ori|-oriviq low, yol oly
4 o coulrios sliulolo o loqol
blood alcohol concentration limit
o loss l|o or oguol lo C.C5 qroms
or oocililro, os rocommoooo i
the World report. Similorly, oly
4C o coulrios |ovo o molorcyclo
|olmol low l|ol covors ool| rioors
oo ossoqors, oo mooolo l|ol
helmets should meet a specific
national or international standard.
Cly 57 o coulrios roguiro sool-
belts to be used by passengers in both
rol oo roor sools, oo w|ilo C
o |iq|-icomo coulrios |ovo o low
roguiriq youq c|iloro i cors lo
oo roslroioo wil| ororiolo c|ilo
roslroils, oly 2C o low-icomo
coulrios |ovo similor roguiromols.
Eorcomol scoros or oll l|oso ris|
oclors is qoorolly low suqqosliq
l|ol rooo sooly low oorcomol
ooos lo oo imrovoo. T|is roguiros
olilicol will oo osuriq l|ol low
enforcement agencies are given
sufficient human and financial
resources to mount sustainable and
effective enforcement activities.
/oorossi q rooo sool y i o
comprehensive manner necessitates
l|o ivolvomol o mullilo soclors,
1 The criteria used to dene comprehensive in relation to laws on speed, drinkdriving,
and use of helmets, seat-belts and child restraints are described in the main text.
viii
suc| os |ooll|, lrosorl oo
police. A coordinated response
to the probl em i ncl udes the
development and implementation
of a multisectoral strategy on
rooo lroc i|ury rovolio wil|
sufficient finances for planned
oclivilios lo oo oc|iovoo wil|i o
specified timeframe. While many
coulrios |ovo lo|o osilivo slos
loworos imroviq l|o isliluliool
romowor|s ooooo lo suorl rooo
sooly oorls, moy c|olloqos
romoi. Cly oo-l|iro o coulrios
have a national road safety strategy
l|ol is ooorsoo oy l|o qovormol,
l|ol icluoos socic lorqols, oo
that has funding allocated for its
implementation.
Fiolly, l|o roorl s|ows l|ol
|uqo qos romoi i l|o guolily
and coverage of the data that
countries collect and report on
road trafc injuries. Reliable data
o ololilios oo o-olol i|urios
are needed by countries to assess
the scope of the road trafc injury
roolom, lo lorqol rososos lo
il, oo lo moilor oo ovoluolo
the effectiveness of intervention
moosuros. oorroorliq o rooo
traffic fatalities remains a big
roolom i moy coulrios, oo l|o
siluolio is ovo worso wil| roqoro lo
o-olol i|urios. Furl|ormoro, l|o
loc| o |ormoizolio o lormioloqy
oolwoo coulri os, oo ovo
oolwoo soclors wil|i l|om, limils
comorooilily o oolo. For isloco,
voryiq limo orioos oolwoo l|o
crash and death are used to dene a
rooo lroc oool|, oo l|o ooilio
o o sovoro o-olol i|ury olso
vorios. 1usl 22 o coulrios |oo
information on the extent of their
WHC rooicls l|ol
road trafc injuries
will riso lo oocomo
the fth leading
cause of death by
2C3C.
Leading causes of death, 2004 and 2030 compared
TOTAL 2004 TOTAL 2030
RANK LEADING CAUSE % RANK LEADING CAUSE %
1 Ischaemic heart disease 12.2 1 Ischaemic heart disease 12.2
2 Cerebrovascular disease 9.7 2 Cerebrovascular disease 9.7
3 Lower respiratory infections 7.0 3 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 7.0
4 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5.1 4 Lower respiratory infections 5.1
5 Diarrhoeal diseases 3.6 5 Road trafc injuries 3.6
6 HIV/AIDS 3.5 6 Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 3.5
7 Tuberculosis 2.5 7 Diabetes mellitus 2.5
8 Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 2.3 8 Hypertensive heart disease 2.3
9 Road trafc injuries 2.2 9 Stomach cancer 2.2
10 Prematurity and low birth weight 2.0 10 HIV/AIDS 2.0
11 Neonatal infections and other 1.9 11 Nephritis and nephrosis 1.9
12 Diabetes mellitus 1.9 12 Self-inicted injuries 1.9
13 Malaria 1.7 13 Liver cancer 1.7
14 Hypertensive heart disease 1.7 14 Colon and rectum cancer 1.7
15 Birth asphyxia and birth trauma 1.5 15 Oesophagus cancer 1.5
16 Self-inicted injuries 1.4 16 Violence 1.4
17 Stomach cancer 1.4 17 Alzheimer and other dementias 1.4
18 Cirrhosis of the liver 1.3 18 Cirrhosis of the liver 1.3
19 Nephritis and nephrosis 1.3 19 Breast cancer 1.3
20 Colon and rectum cancers 1.1 20 Tuberculosis 1.1
Source: World health statistics 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.html)
ix
rooo lroc i|ury roolom, l|o cosls
incurred by their health sector or
l|oir oliool ocoomios, oo l|o
data needed to monitor and evaluate
interventions accurately.
T|oro is o qrowiq oooy o souo
scientic evidence on the steps necessary
lo imrovo rooo sooly. T|o losl ow
years have seen an increase in political
will i moy coulrios wil| o umoor
o l|oso moosuros imlomoloo wiooly,
w|ilo rooo sooly |os rocoivoo icroosiq
international attention and support.
Howovor, l|o rosulls rosoloo i l|is
Global status report s|ow l|ol muc| moro
needs to be done. Key recommendations
rom l|is roorl oro
Covormols ooo lo lo|o ilo
consideration the needs of all road
usors w|o mo|iq olicy oocisios
that impact on road safety. To
oolo, l|o ooos o vuloroolo rooo
users have been neglected in many
countries and should be given
roowoo om|osis, orliculorly w|o
decisions are made about road
iroslrucluro, loo-uso loiq
and transport services.
Covormol s ooo l o oocl
comro|osivo lows l|ol roguiro oll
road users to be protected through
enforcement of speed limits that are
appropriate to the type and function
o l|o rooo, l|rouq| l|o sliulolio
of blood alcohol concentration limits
lo roouco ori|-oriviq, oo l|rouq|
the use of appropriate occupant
rolocli o moosuros. Exi sli q
loqislolio s|oulo oo roviowoo oo
omoooo lo coorm wil| qooo
practices that are based on sound
evidence of effectiveness.
T|o oorcomol o comro|osivo
oo cloor loqislolio wil| ororiolo
penalties and accompanied by
uolic oworooss comoiqs is o
critical factor in reducing road trafc
i|urios oo oool|s. Eorcomol o
oll rooo sooly lows ooos lo oo ool|
improved and sustained.
Covormols ooo lo osuro l|ol l|o
institutions nominated as responsible
for action on road safety are fostering
multisectoral collaboration and have
the necessary human and nancial
resources to act effectively.
Covormols ooo lo ocouroqo
collooorolio oolwoo l|o oiorol
sectors involved in collecting and
reporting data on road trafc injuries.
T|is ivolvos imroviq oolo li|oqos
oolwoo olico, lrosorl oo
|ooll| sorvicos os woll os icroosiq
|umo coocily lo uoorlo|o oolo
collection.
This Global status report s|ows l|ol
o coulry co ooro lo sil ooc| oo
ossumo l|ol ils rooo sooly wor| is
comlolo. Siqicol roqross i oliool
rooo sooly roguiros closo collooorolio
oolwoo rolovol loooors oo oqocios
w|oso olicios - oiroclly or ioiroclly
- imocl o l|o sooly o l|oso o l|o
roads. The international community must
also play its part in halting and reversing
the current global trend of increasing
rooo lroc oool|s, oy rocoqiziq rooo
trafc injuries as an important health and
development problem and by intensifying
support for prevention.
x
8oc|qrouo
R
oad transportation provides benets
both to nations and to individuals by
facilitating the movement of goods
and people. It enables increased access
lo |oos, ocoomic mor|ols, ooucolio,
rocroolio oo |ooll| coro, w|ic| i lur
have direct and indirect positive impacts
o l|o |ooll| o oulolios. Howovor,
the increase in road transportation has
also placed a considerable burden on
oolos |ooll| - i l|o orm o rooo
lroc i|urios, rosirolory illossos, oo
l|o |ooll| cosoguocos l|ol osuo rom
a reduction in physical activity. There are
oooiliool oqolivo ocoomic, sociol oo
oviromolol cosoguocos l|ol oriso
from the movement of people and goods
o l|o rooos - suc| os oir ollulio,
qroo|ouso qos omissios, cosumlio
o ilo rosourcos, commuily sovoroco,
and noise.
/ccoroiq lo WHCs Cloool 8uroo
o Disooso Pro|ocl or 2CC4, rooo
trafc crashes caused over 1.27 million
oool|s l|ol yoor - o similor umoor lo
1
8olwoo 11 oo 2CC1 l|o
number of motorized vehicles in
T|oiloo olmosl oouoloo, rom
.3 millio lo 11.5 millio.
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those caused by many communicable
diseases ,. Road trafc injuries affect
oll oqo qrous, oul l|oir imocl is mosl
slri|iq omoq l|o youq. Toolo 1 s|ows
that road trafc injuries are consistently
one of the top three causes of death for
oolo oqoo oolwoo 5 oo 44 yoors.
While road trafc death rates in many
|iq|-icomo coulrios |ovo slooilizoo
or ooclioo i rocol oocooos, oolo
suqqosl l|ol i mosl roqios o l|o worlo
the global epidemic of trafc injuries is
still increasing. It has been estimated
l|ol, uloss immooiolo oclio is lo|o,
rooo oool|s will riso lo l|o l| loooiq
couso o oool| oy 2C3C, rosulliq i
an estimated 2.4 million fatalities per
year ,, Z.
l oooilio lo ololilios, moy loss sovoro
i|urios oro cousoo oy rooo lroc cros|os
oolwoo 2C oo 5C millio o-olol
injuries are estimated to occur annually
orouo l|o worlo ,J, 4. T|oso o-olol
injuries are also an important cause of
disability ,. / sluoy i Tur|oy oslimoloo
l|ol, o oroximololy 5 CCC oolo
i|uroo i rooo lroc cros|os i 2CC5,
13 |oo o suosoguol oisooilily, w|ilo
in India an estimated 2 million people
have a disability that results from a road
trafc crash ,5, c. Siluolios li|o l|oso
|ovo imorlol cosoguocos o l|o
demand for services needed to address
disability.
The road trafc injury epidemic also has
considerable impact on the economies
o moy coulrios, orliculorly low-
l|ol oro roguolly slruqqliq wil|
other development needs. The global
losses due to road trafc injuries are
oslimoloo lo oo SS 518 oillio
1
and
cosl qovormols oolwoo 1 oo 3
o l|oir qross oliool rooucl - moro
than the total amount that these countries
receive in development assistance ,4, /.
Persons from poor economic settings are
disproportionately affected by road trafc
i|urios, ovo i |iq|-icomo coulrios.
For isloco, o sluoy i Now Soul| Wolos,
/uslrolio, ouo l|ol c|iloro o rololivoly
1 A billion here is used to refer to one thousand million.
Road trafc injuries
are one of the top
three causes of
death for people
oqoo oolwoo
5 oo 44 yoors.
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Table 1. Leading causes of death by age, world, 2004
RANK 04 YRS 514 YRS 1529 YRS 3044 YRS 4569 YRS 70+ YRS TOTAL
1 Perinatal causes
Lower respiratory
infections
Road trafc injuries HIV/AIDS
Ischaemic heart
disease
Ischaemic heart
disease
Ischaemic heart
disease
2
Lower respiratory
infections
Road trafc injuries HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis
Cerebrovascular
disease
Cerebrovascular
disease
Cerebrovascular
disease
3 Diarrhoeal diseases Malaria Tuberculosis Road trafc injuries HIV/AIDS
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
Lower respiratory
infections
4 Malaria Drownings Violence
Ischaemic heart
disease
Tuberculosis
Lower respiratory
infections
Perinatal causes
5 Measles Meningitis Self-inicted injuries Self-inicted injuries
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
Trachea, bronchus,
lung cancers
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
6 Congenital anomalies Diarrhoeal diseases
Lower respiratory
infections
Violence
Trachea, bronchus,
lung cancers
Diabetes mellitus Diarrhoeal diseases
7 HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Drownings
Lower respiratory
infections
Cirrhosis of the liver
Hypertensive heart
disease
HIV/AIDS
8 Whooping cough Tuberculosis Fires
Cerebrovascular
disease
Road trafc injuries Stomach cancer Tuberculosis
9 Meningitis
Proteinenergy
malnutrition
War and conict Cirrhosis of the liver
Lower respiratory
infections
Colon and rectum
cancers
Trachea, bronchus,
lung cancers
10 Tetanus Fires
Maternal
haemorrhage
Poisonings Diabetes mellitus
Nephritis and
nephrosis
Road trafc injuries
11
Proteinenergy
malnutrition
Measles
Ischaemic heart
disease
Maternal
haemorrhage
Self-inicted injuries
Alzheimer and other
dementias
Diabetes mellitus
12 Syphilis Leukaemia Poisonings Fires Stomach cancer Tuberculosis Malaria
13 Drownings Congenital anomalies Abortion
Nephritis and
nephrosis
Liver cancer Liver cancer
Hypertensive heart
disease
14 Road trafc injuries Trypanosomiasis Leukaemia Drownings Breast cancer Oesophagus cancer Self-inicted injuries
15 Fires Falls
Cerebrovascular
disease
Breast cancer
Hypertensive heart
disease
Cirrhosis of the liver Stomach cancer
16 Tuberculosis Epilepsy Diarrhoeal diseases War and conict
Nephritis and
nephrosis
Inammatory heart
diseases
Cirrhosis of the liver
17 Endocrine disorders Leishmaniasis Falls Falls Oesophagus cancer Breast cancer
Nephritis and
nephrosis
18
Upper respiratory
infections
Violence Meningitis Diarrhoeal diseases
Colon and rectum
cancers
Prostate cancer
Colon and rectum
cancers
19
Iron deciency
anaemia
War and conict
Nephritis and
nephrosis
Liver cancer Poisonings Falls Liver cancer
20 Epilepsy Poisonings Malaria
Trachea, bronchus,
lung cancers
Mouth and oropharynx
cancers
Road trafc injuries Violence
Source: WHO (2008), Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update.
Teenage drivers are at increased
ris| o rooo lroc cros|os.
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3
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t
o
.
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3
lowor socioocoomic slolus woro ol
|iq|osl ris| o o rooo lroc i|ury ,.
Similorly, rosoorc| rom 8oqoloro,
loio, ouo l|ol morlolily rom rooo
lroc i|urios wos 13.1 oo 48.1 or
1CC CCC i l|o ooror socioocoomic
groups of urban and rural populations
rosoclivoly, comoroo lo 7.8 oo
2.1 or 1CC CCC omoq l|oir moro
afuent urban and rural counterparts
,. /s woll os ooiq ol icroosoo ris|,
disadvantaged families are hardest hit
by the nancial pressure resulting from
road trafc crashes. Poor families are less
li|oly lo |ovo l|o ociol rosourcos lo
pay the direct and indirect costs related
to a road trafc crash. Many families are
driven deeper into poverty by the loss of
o omily orooowior, uorol cosls, l|o
expenses of prolonged medical care and
ro|ooililolio, or l|rouq| ooriqs losl
w|ilo coriq or somooo w|o is i|uroo
or disabled ,.
Road trafc injuries place a huge strain
on health care services in terms of
ociol rosourcos, ooo occuocy, oo
demand placed on health professionals.
l Koyo, or oxomlo, rooo lroc i|ury
oliols rorosol oolwoo 45-C o
oll oomissios lo surqicol woros ,.
Similorly, sluoios i loio s|ow l|ol rooo
lroc i|urios occoul or 2C-5C o
omorqocy room roqislrolios, 1C-3C
o |osilol oomissios, oo C-7C o
oolo |osilolizoo wil| lroumolic oroi
injuries ,Z.
An international response
to road trafc injury
prevention
The need to reduce road trafc deaths
oo i|urios |os ooo oc|owlooqoo oy
l|o iloo Nolios syslom oo ils Momoor
Slolos or oorly C yoors. Rooo sooly
wor| |os ooo corrioo oul oy vorious
qloool oo roqiool orqoizolios,
icluoiq l|o Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio
[WHC}, l|o Worlo 8o|, l|o iloo
Nolios Roqiool Commissios, oo o
number of the regional development
oo|s.
PHOTO LEFT Those physically disabled as a result of a motor
vehicle collision often face stigma and discrimination
w|ic| co looo lo sociol, ooucoliool, occuoliool
oo ociol oorivolio. l oooilio, moy |ovo
molol |ooll| cosoguocos suc| os osl-lroumolic
slross oisoroor, |ooios, oxioly oo oorossio.
CENTRE While the gures on road trafc deaths point to
l|o oxlol o l|o roolom orouo l|o worlo, l|oy oil
to tell the full story and to reect the devastation and
suoriq l|ol ooc| o l|oso oool|s oriqs lo l|o omily,
friends and community of those affected.
RIGHT /s woll os l|o orsool cosls, rooo lroc i|urios
place a huge demand on health services.
l
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t
.
Road trafc injuries
s|ow o sloo
socioeconomic
qrooiol, wil|
those from more
disadvantaged
ooc|qrouos ol |iq|or
ris| l|o l|oir moro
afuent counterparts.
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l 2CC4 l|o Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio
oo l|o Worlo 8o| |oilly louc|oo
the World report on road trafc injury
prevention ,4. This document stressed the
role of many sectors in the prevention of
road trafc injuries. It also described the
fundamental concepts of road trafc injury
rovolio, l|o moqiluoo oo imocl o
rooo lroc i|urios, l|o mo|or oolormiols
oo ris| oclors, oo ooclivo ilorvolio
strategies. The World report concluded
wil| six rocommooolios l|ol coulrios
s|oulo ollow lo imrovo l|oir rooo sooly
siluolio, omoly
1. Identify a lead agency in government
to guide the national road trafc
safety effort.
2. /ssoss l|o roolom, olicios oo
institutional settings relating to road
trafc injury and the capacity for
road trafc injury prevention in each
country.
3. Prooro o oliool rooo sooly
strategy and plan of action.
4. Allocate financial and human
resources to address the problem.
5. lmlomol socic oclios lo rovol
rooo lroc cros|os, miimizo i|urios
oo l|oir cosoguocos oo ovoluolo
the impact of these actions. These
oclios icluoo moosuros lo roouco
oxcossivo oo iororiolo sooo, lo
roouco ori|-oriviq, oo lo icrooso
l|o uso o molorcyclo |olmols, sool-
belts and child restraints.
. Suorl l |o oovol omol o
national capacity and international
cooperation.
The Wor l d r epor t promot ed a
comprehensive approach to road safety
w|ic| ivolvos iooliyiq l|o iloroclios
oolwoo l|o rooo usor, l|o vo|iclo oo
l|o rooo oviromol - i.o. l|o ololiol
oroos or ilorvolio. T|is orooc|,
olo colloo l|o sysloms orooc|,
recognizes that the human body is highly
vulnerable to injury and that humans
mo|o mislo|os. / soo rooo lroc syslom
is therefore one that accommodates and
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5
compensates for human vulnerability and
ollioilily [Fiquro 1}. To oool o sysloms
approach necessitates the involvement
and the close collaboration of a number
o soclors - lrosorl, olico, |ooll|,
iouslry, civil socioly, oo sociol ilorosl
groups. Fundamental to implementing
this approach is the collection of accurate
data on the magnitude of road trafc
cros|os oo o ris| oclors. T|o coulrios
that have made the most progress in road
safety are those that have adopted this
comprehensive approach.
l /ril 2CC4, soo olor l|o louc| o
the World report, l|o iloo Nolios
Coorol /ssomoly oooloo rosolulio
58/28 o lmroviq qloool rooo
sooly", w|ic| rocoqizoo l|o World
report and endorsed its recommendations.
T|o ollowiq mol|, l|o Worlo Hooll|
/ssomoly oooloo rosolulio WH/ 57.1C
o Rooo sooly oo |ooll|" w|ic| colloo
o WHC Momoor Slolos lo riorilizo rooo
sooly os o uolic |ooll| issuo, oo lo
lo|o slos lo imlomol moosuros l|ol
oro |ow lo oo ooclivo i roouciq
rooo lroc i|urios. Suosoguol iloo
Nolios Coorol /ssomoly rosolulios l|ol
woro oooloo i ool| 2CC5 oo 2CC8
roiorcoo l|o coll or Momoor Slolos lo
increase the attention paid to road trafc
i|ury rovolio i qoorol, oo lo l|o
implementation of the recommendations
of the World report in particular.
1
This
document reports on the progress
made in implementing some of the
recommendations of the World report.
1 For the full text of these resolutions, see http://www.who.int/roadsafety/about/resolutions/
en/index.html.

Figure 1. The systems approach to road safety
Source: Adapted from reference 13.
The need for a
global assessment
of road safety
A
s more countries begin or
coliuo lo lo|o slos loworos
addressing their national road
sooly roolom, il |os oocomo oorol
that regular global assessments of road
sooly oro ooooo. T|oso oro roguiroo
ol oly lo moosuro qloool roqross,
but also to enable countries to compare
l|oir rooo sooly siluolio wil| ol|or
coulrios. Suc| o qloool ossossmol
roguiros o sloooroizoo mol|oooloqy
l|ol co rovioo qovormols, ooors,
roclilioors, loors, oo rosoorc|ors
wil| l|o iormolio l|ol l|oy ooo lo
mo|o oviooco-oosoo oocisios.
A number of regional mechanisms provide
comparable data to assist national policy
formulation and drive regional policy.
Exomlos o suc| ossossmols icluoo
roqulor comorisos o rooo sooly
performance on a number of
ioicolors i Eurooo coulrios,
cooucloo oy l|o Eurooo Rooo
Sooly Cosorvolory,
roqiool roorls o l|o isliluliool
road safety capacity of member
coulrios, suc| os l|oso cooucloo
oy l|o /ssociolio o Soul|oosl /sio
Nolios oo l|o /sio Dovolomol
8o|,
l|o lloroliool Rooo Troc oo
/cciool Doloooso w|ic| usos
a comparable methodology to
collocl oolo o ovor 5CC rooo
lroc vorioolos omoq 2 momoor
coulrios,
Wil| o oqoiq oulolio, |iq|-
icomo coulrios will ooo lo loo|
again at their road safety strategies
to address their vulnerabilities.
l
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3
|
S
t
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r
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2
7
l|o iloo Nolios Ecoomic
Commissio or Euroos roviows o
loqislolio o orliculor ris| oclors,
such as speed and blood alcohol
cocolrolio limils, oo
l|o i-ool| rooo sooly ossossmols
cooucloo oy l|o Worlo 8o| i ils
focus countries.
/s woll os ollowiq oliool oovolomols
i l|o oroo o rooo sooly lo oo viowoo
ovor limo oo wil|i o iloroliool
coloxl, l|oso ossossmols oro ossoliol
in providing the data needed to advocate
for standardized denitions and measures
wil|i roqios.
To oolo, |owovor, o suc| qloool
assessment of road safety exists. Previous
oorls, w|ilo iormolivo, |ovo ooo
limited to the analysis of aggregated
oolo o ollors oo lroos, or |ovo
painted a largely illustrative picture by
rolyiq rooomiolly o coso sluoios,
or have focused on specic aspects of
rooo sooly, rol|or l|o rovioiq o sol
o crilorio oqoisl w|ic| coulrios oro
measured regularly ,4, 5. In other
areas of health and development such
ossossmols oro rololivoly commo l|o
commuilios wor|iq o climolo c|oqo,
oovolomol, olco|ol, looocco colrol
and tuberculosis all have tools and
ioicolors l|ol ollow l|om lo ossoss l|o
global status of their particular topic on
a regular basis.
Methodology
l /uqusl 2CC7 WHC ooqo lo oovolo
the Global status report on road safety
[CSRRS} lo oooross l|is oolo qo oo lo
ossoss rooo sooly orouo l|o worlo.
The specific objectives of the project
woro
to assess the status of road safety
i oll WHC Momoor Slolos usiq o
core set of road safety indicators and
o sloooroizoo mol|oooloqy,
lo ioicolo l|o qos i rooo sooly,
lo |ol coulrios iooliy l|o |oy
priorities for intervention and to
stimulate road safety activities at a
national level.
/ sol-oomiisloroo guosliooiro wos
developed using the recommendations of
the World report as a basis for its content.
T|o mol|oooloqy wos oovolooo i
cosullolio wil| o oxorl commilloo o
road safety researchers and practitioners

oo wos wiooly roviowoo oy rorosololivos
of international and regional road
sooly orqoizolios, qovormolol oo
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oqovormolol orqoizolios, oo
academic institutions.
1

T|o ollowiq oroos woro ooorossoo i
l|o guosliooiro
2
institutional settings and policies
[oxisloco o o looo oqocy o rooo
sooly, o oliool slroloqy o rooo
sooly, oo ollocolio o uoiq or
l|o oclivilios o ool|},
oolo [rooo lroc ololilios, o-olol
i|urios, oolo o cosls o rooo lroc
i|urios},
oxosuro lo ris| [suc| os l|o
existence of policies to encourage
o-molorizoo mooos o lrosorl
and public transport and strategies
lo oc|iovo l|oso, oo lovols o
molorizolio},
vehicle and infrastructure standards
[l|o oxisloco o mouocluriq
sloooros, roguiromols or sooly
audi t s of road i nfrast ruct ure
ro|ocls, oo vo|iclo isoclio
roguiromols},
legislation on some of the main
oo|oviourol ris| oclors [sooo,
ori|-oriviq, uso o molorcyclo
|olmols, uso o sool-oolls oo
c|ilo roslroils, oo orcolios o
enforcement levels relating to each
o l|oso ris| oclors
3
},
ro-|osilol coro [oxisloco o o
ormol, uolicly ovoiloolo ro-|osilol
coro syslom, oo o omorqocy
occoss lolo|oo umoors}.
The methodology used for data collection
is s|ow i Fiquro 2. ll ivolvoo l|o
identication in each participating country
o o Noliool Dolo Cooroiolor [soo
Toolo /.1 i Slolislicol /ox} w|o wos
1 See Acknowledgements section, page v.
2 For the questionnaire and accompanying instruction booklet see www.who.int/violence_
injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009
3 This survey reports perceptions of enforcement, as agreed by the group of respondents in
the consensus meeting. Note that the eight countries that did not hold a consensus meeting
did not answer these questions, while some groups of respondents could not come to a
consensus on these scores and so left the enforcement questions blank.
trained and then facilitated a consensus
meeting involving a multisectoral group
of up to eight road safety experts. The
mol|oooloqy sliuloloo l|ol l|o |ooll|,
transport and enforcement sectors should
be represented among the respondents
i ooc| coulry, w|ilo olso ocouroqiq
the involvement of nongovernmental
orqoizolios, ocooomics oo ol|or rooo
sooly roclilioors. Eoc| rosoool wos
os|oo lo comlolo l|o guosliooiro
4

independently and then discuss each of
l|o oswors ol l|o cososus mooliq
w|oro l|o oxorls woulo oqroo os o qrou
o oo ol coulry rososo w|ic| wos
l|o suomilloo lo WHC.
5
4 In the Eastern Mediterranean Region questionnaires were administered during face-to-face
interviews.
5 More details on the methodology can be found at www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/
road_safety_status/2009
Figure 2. Methodology
Noliool Dolo Cooroiolor i ooc| coulry/oroo
Noliool cososus mooliq
1 national dataset
Global Status Report
Crou o -8 rosoools comrisiq o mullisoclorol
qrou - oiorol miislrios [|ooll|, olico, lrosorl,
olc.}, oqovormolol orqoizolios, ocooomics
Cloool oo roqiool lovol cooroiolio
WHO REGION
NUMBER OF MEMBER
STATES AND ASSOCIATE
MEMBER STATES
COUNTRIES/AREAS PARTICIPATING
NON-PARTICIPATING MEMBER/ASSOCIATE MEMBER
STATES AND % OF REGIONAL POPULATION
AFRICAN REGION 46
41
(0 HIC, 11 MIC, 30 LIC)
Algeria, Cte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,
Guinea (8.8%)
REGION OF THE AMERICAS 36
b
32
(31 Member and Associate Member States, 1 non-member area)
(6 HIC,
c
26 MIC)
Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti,
St. Kitts & Nevis (1.1%)
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION 11
10
(0 HIC, 6 MIC, 4 LIC)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1.4%)
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
REGION
21
20
(19 Member States, 1 non-member area)
(5 HIC, 12 MIC, 3 LIC
d
)
Djibouti, Somalia (1.7%)
EUROPEAN REGION 53
49
(25 HIC, 21 MIC, 3 LIC)
Andorra, Denmark, Luxembourg, Monaco (0.7%)
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 28
e
26
(6 HIC, 15 MIC, 5 LIC)
Niue, Tokelau (< 1%)
GLOBAL
195
Member and Associate
Member States
178
(176 Member and Associate Member States, 2 non-member areas)
(42 HIC, 91 MIC, 45 LIC)
19
(accounting for 1.7% of population of the 195
Member and Associate Member States)
HIC = high-income countries; MIC = middle-income countries; LIC = low-income countries
a
See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classications.
b
Includes one Associate Member State, Puerto Rico.
c
Includes one non-member area, the British Virgin Islands.
d
Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
e
Includes one Associate Member State, Tokelau.
Table 2. Participation in the survey, by WHO region and income group
a
Dolo colloclio ooqo i Morc| 2CC8
oo wos comloloo i Solomoor 2CC8,
olor w|ic| l|o oolo woro voliooloo i o
oioloquo oolwoo WHC slo oo l|o
Noliool Dolo Cooroiolors lo rosolvo
oy icosislocios. \oliooloo oolo woro
then sent for government clearance.
Fiol oolo woro rocoivoo rom 178
orlicioliq coulrios oo oroos 17
WHC Momoor Slolos oo /ssociolo
Momoor Slolos, oo 2 o-momoor
oroos [Toolo 2}. T|oso 178 coulrios
oo oroos occoul or ovor 8 o l|o
worlos oulolio.
Most of the data collected through
thi s proj ect are reported i n thi s
document. The main text contains an
oolysis o oqqroqoloo iormolio,
w|ilo l|o coulry roilos ooscrioo
the main variables reported by each
participating country using a standard
lomlolo. T|o Slolislicol /ox icluoos
coulry-oy-coulry rosulls or mosl
vorioolos. lcomlolo oolo oo loc|
of comparability on some variables
affected the ability to analyse and report
some of the information received from
countries.
1C
The state of road
safety around the
worlo
Road trafc injuries remain
a global public health
problem
Road trafc injuries remain an important
uolic |ooll| roolom ol qloool, roqiool
and national levels. While steps are being
lo|o i moy coulrios lo imrovo rooo
sooly, muc| slill ooos lo oo ooo i l|o
rising trend in road trafc deaths is to be
halted or reversed.
Cvor l|o osl ow yoors o roqo o
methods has been used by different
organizations to estimate the number of
qloool rooo lroc ololilios. T|o WHC
Cloool 8uroo o Disooso ro|ocl [2CC4},
w|ic| usos vilol roqislrolio [oool|
corlicolo} oolo irrosoclivo o l|o limo
orioo oolwoo collisio oo oool|,
estimates that 1.27 million people died
as a result of a road trafc collision in
that year ,. The total number of deaths
reported in this survey is approximately
C CCC [usiq o 3C-ooy ooilio},
indicating vast underreporting. When
l|oso oolo oro mooolloo [soo Slolislicol
/ox} l|o lolol 3C-ooy umoor or l|o
178 countries included in the study is
1.23 millio. /lmosl oll oolo sourcos
s|ow l|ol oooul l|roo-guorlors o rooo
trafc deaths are among men and that
the highest impact is in the economically
active age ranges.
3
Figure 3. Population, road trafc deaths
a
, and registered motorized vehicles,
by income group
a
30-day denition, modelled data.
Registered vehicles Road trafc deaths
a
Population
LIC
41.9%
LIC
36.7%
LIC
9.2%
HIC
15.6%
MIC
47.8%
HIC
8.5%
MIC
49.6%
MIC
38.7%
HIC
52.1%
11
Low-income and middle-income
countries have the highest burden
and road trafc death rates
Mosl [1} o l|o worlos ololilios o l|o
rooos occur i low-icomo oo mioolo-
icomo coulrios, w|ic| |ovo oly 48
o l|o worlos roqisloroo vo|iclos.
/roximololy 2 o roorloo rooo
lroc oool|s occur i 1C coulrios - w|ic|
i oroor o moqiluoo oro loio, C|io,
l|o iloo Slolos, l|o Russio Fooorolio,
8rozil, lro, Moxico, looosio, Soul|
/rico, oo Eqyl - oo occoul or
5 o l|o worlos oulolio. Howovor,
oosoo o mooolloo umoors, l|o 1C
coulrios wil| l|o |iq|osl umoor o
oool|s oro C|io, loio, Niqorio, l|o
iloo Slolos, Po|islo, looosio, l|o
Russio Fooorolio, 8rozil, Eqyl oo
El|ioio [soo Toolo /.2 i Slolislicol
/ox}. W|ilo l|o lolol umoor o oool|s
is clearly related to both the population
oo molorizolio lovols wil|i o coulry
oo ooos ol qivo o ossossmol o ris|, il
ool|oloss qivos o ioicolio o w|oro
intervention could help signicantly to
reduce the total number of road trafc
deaths at a global level.
From a public health perspective and for
l|o uroso o mo|iq comorisos, l|o
uso o rolos or 1CC CCC oulolio is
a more useful measure of the size of a
roolom l|o oosolulo umoors, oo is
also useful for assessing performance
over time and for giving an indication of
ris|. /s woll os occouliq or l|o |iq|osl
oosolulo ouroo o rooo lroc oool|s,
fatality rates relative to population are
olso |iq|osl i low-icomo oo mioolo-
icomo coulrios [Toolo 3}.
ll is oviool l|ol, oll|ouq| l|o |iq|osl rolos
oro i low-icomo oo mioolo-icomo
coulrios, rooo lroc i|urios romoi vory
rolovol lo |iq|-icomo coulrios os woll.
/ umoor o |iq|-icomo coulrios |ovo
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Cvor C o l|o
worlos ololilios o
the roads occur in
low-icomo oo
mioolo-icomo
coulrios, w|ic| |ovo
less than half of the
worlos vo|iclos.
12
road trafc injury fatality rates well above
the average for this income group. For
instance, high-income countries in the
Eastern Mediterranean Region have a
modelled road trafc injury fatality rate
of 28.5 per 100 000 population, which
is well above the global average for
countries in this broad income group,
as shown in Table 3. Similarly, while a
number of high-income countries have
managed to reduce their road trafc
fatality rates in recent decades, in other
high-income countries the downward
trends in road trafc fatalities that began
in the 1970s and 1980s have started
to atten, suggesting that extra steps
are needed to reduce these rates further
(see Figure 4).
The 10 countries with the lowest
modelled road trafc fatality rates are
almost all high-income countries, where
rates vary between 3.4 and 5.4 deaths
per 100 000 population. While these
countries, the Netherlands, Sweden and
United Kingdom for instance, may be top
performers globally with regard to road
safety, they too still have considerable
WHO REGION HIGH-INCOME MIDDLE-INCOME LOW-INCOME TOTAL
AFRICAN REGION
b
32.2 32.3 32.2
REGION OF THE AMERICAS
c
13.4 17.3 15.8
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION
b
16.7 16.5 16.6
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 28.5 35.8 27.5 32.2
EUROPEAN REGION 7.9 19.3 12.2 13.4
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 7.2 16.9 15.6 15.6
GLOBAL 10.3 19.5 21.5 18.8
a
30-day denition.
b
No high-income countries.
c
No low-income countries.
Table 3. Modelled road trafc injury fatality rates (per 100 000
population),
a
by WHO region and income group
13
Figure 4. Trends in road trafc fatality rates in selected high-income countries
0
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30
Year
5
10
15
20
25
United States of America Australia Canada France Sweden Japan
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6
room or imrovomol. For oxomlo,
road trafc injuries are still an important
couso o oool| i Swooo, oosilo o
rololivoly low rolo o rooo lroc ololilios
and the successful implementation of
a comprehensive approach to the
roolom. l Swooo, rooo lroc cros|os
oro rososiolo or 2C o oool|s o
c|iloro oqoo oolwoo 5 oo 1 ,c.
Similorly, l|o rooo lrosorl syslom i
Swooo is rososiolo or moy moro
oool|s - olooly o c|iloro oo youq
ooulls - l|o ol|or orms o lrosorl
suc| os oviolio or roil lrovol. T|us, ovo
coulrios w|ic| ooor lo oo orormiq
woll ol l|o qloool lovol |ovo o loq
woy lo qo lo oc|iovo o lruly soo rooo
transport system.
Nearly half of those dying on the
worlds roads are vulnerable road
users
l mosl low-icomo oo mioolo-icomo
countries the majority of road users are
vuloroolo rooo usors - oooslrios,
cyclisls, oo l|oso usiq molorizoo lwo-
or l|roo-w|oolors. T|oso qrous o rooo
users do not have a protective shell
around them and are therefore more at
ris| l|o l|oso i vo|iclos. Puolic lrosorl
usors moy olso oo vuloroolo rooo usors,
orliculorly w|oro uolic lrosorl
vo|iclos oro usoo, ovorcrowooo or
uroquloloo [soo 8ox 1}.
Vulnerable road users are at additional
ris| w|oro l|oir ooos |ovo ol ooo lo|o
into consideration during the planning of
land use or road construction. In many
countries roads are planned and built to
ollow molor vo|iclos lo lrovol oslor w|ilo
insufcient thought is given to the needs
o oooslrios oo cyclisls, w|ic| moos
that these vulnerable road users face
icroosiq ris|s i usiq oo crossiq l|o
roads ,/, .
T|is qloool survoy s|ows l|ol oooslrios,
cyclisls, oo rioors o molorizoo lwo-
w|oolors oo l|oir ossoqors occoul
or orouo 4 o qloool rooo lroc
deaths.
1
\uloroolo rooo usors mo|o
up the highest reported proportion of
lolol oool|s i l|o Soul|-Eosl /sio oo
Woslor Pocic roqios [Fiquro 5}. Wil|i
regions the proportion of deaths among
1 If users of unsafe public transport are included as vulnerable road users then this gure of
46% is likely to be an underestimate: in this survey data on public transport fatalities was
not collected separately from data related to other four-wheeled vehicles.
Poooslrios, cyclisls,
and drivers of
molorizoo lwo-
w|oolors oo l|oir
passengers account for
almost half of global
road trafc deaths.
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Box 1: Unsafe public transportation
Cvorcrowooo oo usoo mooos o uolic lrosorl colrioulo lo rooo lroc i|urios oo oool|s, orliculorly i
low-icomo oo mioolo-icomo coulrios. C|oico o lrosorl mooos is roguolly rololoo lo socioocoomic slolus,
wil| l|oso w|o co ooro il ovoioiq l|oso uroquloloo oo usoo vo|iclos. / sluoy i Koyo ouo l|ol ousos oo
matatus
a
oro l|o vo|iclos mosl roguolly ivolvoo i olol cros|os oo l|ol ossoqors i l|oso vo|iclos occoul or
38 o l|o lolol rooo oool|s ,, . T|is moy oo oxloioo i orl oy ooroqulolio i l|o uolic lrosorl mor|ol
wil|oul cocurrol roqulolios o sooly moosuros. l Sri Lo|o, or oxomlo, uolic lrosorl ousos oro oil|or owoo
oy l|o qovormol or rivololy owoo, wil| sluoios s|owiq o icroosoo ris| ossocioloo wil| lrovol o rivololy-
owoo ousos. Covormol ousos oro moiloioo oy l|o Miislry o Trosorl oo roquloloo lo osuro sooly, w|ilo
roqulolios oro muc| loss slriqol or rivolo owors
ruiq orollol uolic ous sorvicos. For isloco, l|oro
are almost no restrictions on driver eligibility or on the
maintenance of privately operated public transportation
vehicles ,Z.
W|ilo lioorolizolio o l|o uolic lrosorl mor|ol co
icrooso l|o suly o vo|iclos, roloclio o uolic
sooly ooos lo oo o ossoliol ooluro o l|is mor|ol.
Moximizolio o rols musl ol oo ollowoo lo looo lo o
reduction in safety standards.
a
Matatus are small-scale public transport service vehicles in Kenya.
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20% 60% 80% 0% 100% 40%
Figure 5. Reported deaths by type of road user (%), by WHO region and income group
a
Vulnerable road users Occupants of four-wheeled motorized vehicles Others
WESTERN
PACIFIC
REGION
LIC
MIC
HIC
SOUTH-EAST
ASIA REGION
LIC
MIC
EUROPEAN
REGION
LIC
MIC
HIC
EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN
REGION
LIC
MIC
HIC
REGION OF THE
AMERICAS
MIC
HIC
a
See Table A.2 in Statistical Annex for information on WHO regions and income level classications.
AFRICAN
REGION
MIC
LIC
15
vulnerable road users varies considerably.
l l|o Soul|-Eosl /sio Roqio, or
isloco, vuloroolo rooo usors oro
roorloo lo occoul or ovor 8C o l|oso
|illoo o l|o rooos i T|oiloo, w|ilo i
oiq|oouriq Myomor l|o quro is 51.
l Colomoio, Cuolomolo oo Poru ovor
7C o ololilios oro omoq vuloroolo
rooo usors w|ilo i ol|or coulrios o l|o
roqio - suc| os l|o Domiico Rouolic,
Hoouros or l|o iloo Slolos - l|o
roorlio is cosioorooly lowor ol loss
l|o 25.
Results of this survey suggest that as
motorization increases globally many
countries are not giving sufficient
attention to the needs of vulnerable
groups of road users in their transport
policies. Many of the proven interventions
being implemented globally such as
uso o sool-oolls oo c|ilo roslroils,
vo|iclo sloooros, oo cros| losls - oro
relevant to car occupants. More research
is needed on interventions that address
vuloroolo rooo usors, w|ilo loo uso
planning and road design should also
lo|o l|o ooos o l|oso rooo usors ilo
consideration.
Roouciq sooo will |ovo o imocl o
both vehicle occupants and vulnerable
rooo usors. Solliq oo oorciq
appropriate speed limits is essential.
T|is survoy s|owoo l|ol oly o
countries rate their speed enforcement
os moro l|o 7 o o scolo o C lo 1C
[soo oqo 2C}.
Roouciq oxosuro lo l|o ris| o i|ury or
death on the road can also be achieved
by reducing the total amount of motorized
rooo lrosorl. T|is i lur roguiros
considerable investment in infrastructure
l|ol ollows oooslrios oo cyclisls lo
wol| oo cyclo sooly [soo 8ox 2}.
Reducing the volume of trafc on roads
being used by vulnerable road users can
olso roouco oxosuro lo l|o ris| o o cros|
occurriq, roviooo l|ol low sooos co
oo moiloioo. Policy-mo|ors ooo lo
oooross l|o ooilily o rooo usors lo wol|
oo cyclo sooly, osuro l|o ovoilooilily
o oorooolo oo soo uolic lrosorl,
oo soo| woys lo roouco ooooocy
on the use of private cars. This survey
ouo l|ol oly oo-l|iro [32} o l|o
worlos coulrios |ovo oliool or locol
olicios l|ol romolo wol|iq and cycling
as an alternative to motorized transport.
Forly-our or col o coulrios oo ol
|ovo olicios [oil|or oliool or locol}
PHOTO TOP Poor infrastructure and
loc| o ovomols, oo liq|liq
oro omoq l|o roosos w|y
pedestrians have to share the
rooos wil| cors, ousos, loxis oo
other modes of transportation.
PHOTO BOTTOM Police enforcement and
automatic speed enforcement are
highly effective measures used to
enforce speed limits.
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Box 2: Land use and transport planning
Prioriliziq l|o ooos o vuloroolo rooo usors icluoos rocoqiziq l|o imorloco o l|o ouill oviromol w|o
mo|iq olilicol oo loiq oocisios. Somo o l|o solulios lio i ororiolo mooicolios lo l|o |ysicol rooo
oviromol oo solliq u o suorlivo olicy romowor| rol|or l|o ocusiq oly o |umo oo|oviour os l|o
rimory couso o rooo lroc cros|os. T|o oxomlos rosoloo oolow s|ow oorls i our solliqs lo icororolo l|o
needs of vulnerable road users in planning for land use and transport.
Bogotas high-capacity bus system.
Cable barriers are used in a number of high-income countries
and have been shown to be cost effective at reducing head-on
collisions on highways.
Designed spaces for street vendors in Delhi, India, are part of
a new initiative that gives road space to different groups of
vulnerable road users.
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Bogota, l|o coilol o Colomoio,
implemented land use and transport
measures intended to meet the
ooos o l|o cilys o-molorizoo
road users and to improve public
lrosorl i l|o orioo 15-2CC1.
T|o moosuros icluooo ouiloiq
socic cycliq oo oooslrio-oly
roulos, icluoiq o cor-roo roulo,
excluding cars from the city centre
ol oo| limos i l|o moriq oo
oloroo, oovoloiq o |iq|-
capacity bus system at a cost of
SS 3CC millio l|ol corrios oooul
7CC CCC oolo o ooy. T|oso
measures contributed to reducing
the number of road trafc fatalities
rom 1387 i 15 lo 7 i 2CC2.
They also improved access to jobs
and created a more liveable urban
environment ,4, /, Z.
Swedens model of road safety is
roguolly ciloo os qooo roclico.
The Vision Zero road safety
olicy oooloo i l|o lolo 1Cs is
based on an understanding that the
environment needs to be modied
lo lo|o occoul o |umos loc| o
tolerance to mechanical forces and
l|o |umo looocy lo mo|o orrors.
Swooos susloioolo rooo slroloqy
thus aims to modify the environment
w|ilo rolocliq rooo usors rom
uoccoloolo lovols o ris|. /s woll
as building bicycle and pedestrian
loos, luols oo cor-roo loy
oroos, ol|or oviromolol solulios
are being implemented to separate
and protect these road users. Where
rooo usors cool oo sooroloo, l|o
slroloqy oc|owlooqos l|o ooo lo
give pedestrian safety priority over
cor lroc - orliculorly oy roouciq
speed.
Delhi, loio, |os rocolly comloloo
l|o rsl |oso o o corrioor wil|
soqroqoloo oooslrio, oicyclo oo
bus lanes on a major arterial road
of the city. The pedestrian lane has
ooo oosiqoo wil| ouo cocor
or l|o ooos o l|o oloorly, c|iloro
oo |ysicolly-c|olloqoo orsos.
Sico slrool vooors oro o iloqrol
orl o uroo slrools i Dol|i, sociol
consideration has been given to
rovioiq soco or l|om wil|oul
oisluroiq l|o 1ow o oicyclos oo
oooslrios. l l|o rsl 1C mol|s
o oorolio l|oro woro o cor,
motorcycle or bicycle fatalities in the
corridor ,ZZ.
Lagos, Niqorio, is l|o sixl| lorqosl
cily i l|o worlo wil| o oulolio
o 17 millio oolo. For yoors,
l|o cily |os qrow roioly oo
slruqqloo wil|oul rolioolo uolic
transportation. The public transport
system largely consists of minibuses
oo loxi molorcyclos, moy o w|ic|
oro ol roooworl|y oo colrioulo
substantially to pollution and road
lroc cros|os. l 2CC2, l|o slolo
government created an agency
colloo l|o Loqos Molroolilo
Trosorl /ul|orily [L/M/T/} wil|
the mission to transform the state
transport system by facilitating
o oooliq oviromol". Co
iiliolivo o L/M/T/ oo l|o slolo
qovormol wos l|o oovolomol o
o ous roio lrosil syslom w|ic| wos
completed and launched in March
2CC. T|is syslom rovioos Loqos
commulors wil| o cloo, oorooolo,
reliable and safe means of getting
around the city ,ZJ, Z4.
17
that encourage public transport as an
ollorolivo lo cor lrosorl, ro1ocliq o
similar neglect in meeting the needs of
o-molorizoo rooo usors [soo Toolo /.7
i Slolislicol /ox}. T|oso quros oro
perhaps surprising given that decreased
dependency on the use of private cars
can have other positive impacts such as
imrovoo rosirolory |ooll| [os o rosull
o loss lrosorl-rololoo oir ollulio}
oo rooucoo lovols o ooosily [os o rosull
o moro |ysicol oclivily ossocioloo wil|
wol|iq oo cycliq}.
Few countries have
comprehensive road safety
laws that are well enforced
Eocliq oo oorciq loqislolio
o o umoor o ris| oclors or rooo
traffic injuries and deaths is critical
i i1uociq oxosuro lo ris|, cros|
occurroco, i|ury sovorily, oo osl-
crash injury outcomes. Comprehensive
oo cloor loqislolio, oorcoo wil|
appropriate penalties and accompanied
oy uolic oworooss comoiqs, |os
ooo s|ow lo oo o crilicol oclor i
reducing road trafc injuries and deaths
ossocioloo wil| sooo, ori|-oriviq,
oo l|o o-uso o occuol roloclio
moosuros [|olmols, sool-oolls, oo c|ilo
roslroils}. T|o rosulls o l|o qloool
survey suggest that the legislation on
l|oso ris| oclors is ol comro|osivo
i moy coulrios, oo oorcomol is
olo loc|iq. Similorly, moy coulrios
loc| l|o isliluliool moc|oisms
oo rosourcos l|ol woulo ollow l|om
to implement planned activities in
o cooroioloo os|io - icluoiq
oooliq oo oorciq lows w|ic|
may result in a piecemeal approach
to road safety efforts that is seen in many
coulrios [soo 8ox 3}.
Speed
What is known?
An increase in average speed is
oiroclly rololoo ool| lo l|o li|oli|ooo
of a crash occurring and to the
sovorily o l|o cros| cosoguocos
,Z5, Zc.
/ 5 icrooso i ovoroqo sooo looos
lo o oroximololy 1C icrooso i
cros|os l|ol couso i|urios, oo o
2C icrooso i olol cros|os ,Z/.
Poooslrios |ovo o C c|oco o
surviviq o cor cros| ol 3C |m/| or
oolow, oul loss l|o o 5C c|oco
o surviviq imocls o 45 |m/| or
above ,Z/, Z.
Soo sooo l|ros|olos vory occoroiq
lo oiorol lyos o rooo, oiorol
types of collision and different
rooo usors, wil| l|oir i|orol
vulorooililios. Eoclivo sooo
mooqomol ooos lo lo|o l|oso oo
other variables into account ,Z/.
Zoos o 3C |m/| co roouco
cros| ris| oo i|ury sovorily oo
oro rocommoooo i oroos w|oro
vulnerable road users are particularly
ol ris| ,Z/, Z.
Apart from reducing road traffic
i|urios oo oool|s, loworiq l|o
average trafc speed can have other
positive effects on health outcomes
[o.q. oy roouciq rosirolory rooloms
ossocioloo wil| cor omissios} ,Z/.
What this survey found
Research on effective speed management
indicates that the speed limits on urban
rooos s|oulo ol oxcooo 5C |m/|.
While there remains a fairly high fatality
ris| ol l|is sooo [or ovo lowor or
oooslrios, cyclisls oo ol|or vuloroolo
rooo usors}, moy coulrios wil| qooo
road safety records have adopted this
rocommooolio, w|ilo olso qiviq
roviciol or locol oocisio-mo|ors l|o
authority to reduce these national speed
limils. l l|is woy lroc colmiq moosuros
Cly o
countries report
their enforcement
of speed limits as
over 7 on a scale
o C lo 1C.
18
Box 3: A coordinated approach to road safety
The World report on road trafc injury prevention oovolooo oy WHC oo l|o
Worlo 8o| rocommoos l|ol coulrios iooliy o oqocy wil| l|o oul|orily oo
rososioilily lo mo|o oocisios oo cooroiolo rooo sooly oclivilios ocross mullilo
soclors, oo wil| oooguolo ocos or rooo sooly oclivilios. T|o World report also
recommends that each country should prepare a multisectoral national road safety
slroloqy, wil| lorqols or l|o oc|iovomol o socic oulcomos oo wil| rosourcos
allocated to ensure implementation of relevant activities.
/ll|ouq| 153 coulrios [8} roorl |oviq o looo oqocy or rooo sooly, l|is
survoy wos uoolo lo ooloi iormolio o l|o rociso rolo or ooclivooss o l|oso
oqocios i ullliq l|o uclios roguiroo [soo Toolo /.7 i Slolislicol /ox}. loooo,
i l|o guolilolivo commols o l|o survoy, rosoools |iq|liq|loo l|o cosiooroolo
difculty that they had during the consensus meetings in identifying the lead agency
for road safety in their country.
T|o qloool survoy olso ouo l|ol w|ilo 58 [~1C3} o coulrios roorl |oviq o
oliool slroloqy o rooo sooly, oly 8 coulrios [48 o l|o lolol} |ovo qovormol
ooorsomol o l|is slroloqy [soo Toolo /.7 i Slolislicol /ox}. Furl|ormoro, oly
34 [~1} o coulrios |ovo qovormol ooorsomol o o slroloqy l|ol |os ool|
rociso lorqols oo oormor|oo uoiq. T|oso rosulls suqqosl l|ol l|o |iq| osilivo
rososos ooloioo o looo oqocios oo oliool slroloqios moy oolio woo|or
isliluliool romowor|s wil| isuciol ociol rosourcos lo suorl oil|or l|o
ooclivo uclioiq o l|oso oqocios, or l|o imlomololio o l|oir oclivilios.
Cly 2 o
countries have
urban speed limits
o 5C|m/| or oolow
oo ollow locol
authorities to reduce
them further.
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l|ol |ovo ooo s|ow lo oo vory ooclivo ol
reducing road trafc injuries can be made
and implemented at the subnational level
os ooooo - or oxomlo i rosiooliol
oroos, or oor sc|ools. l l|o oolysis o
the results of this survey the criteria used
for assessing urban speed management
woro l|orooro
speed limits on urban roads are set
ol loss l|o or oguol lo 5C |m/|,
locol oul|orilios oro oolo lo lowor
l|oso sooo limils w|oro ocossory.
The results suggest that urban speed
management is poor in many countries.
W|ilo 2 o coulrios |ovo sooo limils
o uroo rooos o loss l|o or oguol lo
5C |m/|, l|oso coulrios occoul or |ol
[5C} o l|o worlos oulolio. 1usl ovor
|ol [53} o orlicioliq coulrios ollow
local authorities to reduce national speed
limils [soo Toolo /.5 i Slolislicol /ox}.
T|o qloool survoy s|owoo l|ol oly 2
of participating countries meet both
l|oso cooilios - i.o. l|oy |ovo sooo
limils o 5C |m/| or oolow o uroo
rooos oo l|oy ollow locol oul|orilios lo
reduce the national speed limits. Figure
s|ows l|o roorlio o coulrios wil|
oiorol sooo limil roqos, suqqosliq
that in most countries additional efforts
to reduce urban speed limits are still
needed.
Furl|ormoro, l|o rosulls o l|o qloool
survoy s|ow l|ol oly o coulrios rolo
the enforcement of their national speed
limils ol moro l|o 7 o o scolo o C lo 1C
[soo Toolo /.5 i Slolislicol /ox}. T|is
suqqosls l|ol, ovo i coulrios w|oro
sooo limils moy oo moro roslriclivo,
oorcomol is roguolly loc|iq.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Countries need to set speed limits that reect the function of individual roads. In doing so, they
should consider the types of vehicles using the road, the nature and purpose of the road, roadside
activities, provision of facilities for vulnerable road users, and the frequency of use by pedestrians
and cyclists. Increased priority should be given to vulnerable road users, notably in urban areas,
where speed limits should not exceed 50 km/h.
4 Local authorities need to be given the authority, resources and political support to implement
measures to reduce speed limits to levels that may be lower than national limits where vulnerable
road users are particularly at risk.
4 Programmes put into place to address speeding need to foster a public awareness and understanding
of the effects of speeding and the reasons for enforcing speed limits.
Figure 6. Proportion of countries by urban
speed limit range in 174 countries
>90 km/h (2%)
<50 km/h (62%)
5170 km/h (29%)
7190 km/h (6%)
2C
Drinking and driving
What is known?
Dri|iq oo oriviq icroosos ool|
l|o ris| o o cros| oo l|o li|oli|ooo
l|ol oool| or o sorious i|ury will
result ,4.
T|o ris| o ivolvomol i o cros|
increases signicantly above a blood
olco|ol cocolrolio [8/C} o C.C4
q/ol ,J, J.
Lows w|ic| osloolis| lowor 8/Cs
[oolwoo zoro oo C.C2 q/ol} or
youq/ovico orivors co looo lo
roouclios o oolwoo 4 oo 24
in the number of crashes involving
young people ,JZ.
Eorciq soorioly c|oc|oils oo
rooom orool|-losliq co looo lo
roouclios i olco|ol-rololoo cros|os
o oooul 2C, oo |os ooo s|ow
lo oo vory cosl-ooclivo ,JJ, J4.
Ni ol y-si x or col [~171} o
participating countries report having
oil|or oliool or suooliool lows o
ori|-oriviq. Howovor, oly 88 coulrios
[4} |ovo o ori|-oriviq low l|ol
usos o 8/C limil o loss l|o or oguol
lo C.C5 q/ol, os rocommoooo i l|o
World report [soo Toolo /.3 i Slolislicol
/ox}. W|ilo mosl coulrios [8} i
l|o Eurooo roqio |ovo 8/C lows i
lio wil| l|is rocommooolio, i ol|or
roqios o l|o worlo mosl coulrios oil|or
do not have BAC limits or have limits that
oro ooovo C.C5 q/ol [soo Fiquro 7}.
ouq or ovico orivors oro ol o muc|
icroosoo ris| o |oviq o rooo lroc
cros| w|o uoor l|o iluoco o
olco|ol. Cosoguolly, l|o World report
advised that BAC limits for this group
oo sol lowor l|o limils or l|o qoorol
oulolio. Cly 1 o l|o 13 coulrios
w|ic| |ovo 8/C limils or l|o qoorol
oulolio |ovo sliuloloo lowor 8/C
limils or l|oso youq oo ovico orivors,
and most of these countries are in the
Eurooo Roqio.
Figure 7. Blood alcohol concentration limits (g/dl) by country/area
b 0.05
> 0.05
Laws at subnational level
No limit stipulated
No law
No data
21
Rooom orool|-losliq oo olico
c|oc|oils oro imorlol oorcomol
moc|oisms l|ol |ovo ooo s|ow
lo roouco olco|ol-rololoo cros|os.
Sovoly-io or col o coulrios
report that they use one or both of these
mol|oos o oorcomol. Howovor, oly
23 coulrios [13} roorl o oorcomol
roliq o ovor 7 o o scolo o C lo 1C
[soo Toolo /.3 i Slolislicol /ox}. T|is
rorosols 21 o |iq|-icomo coulrios,
11 o mioolo-icomo coulrios oo
|usl o low-icomo coulrios. To|o
loqol|or, l|oso oiqs s|ow l|ol oly
1C o orlicioliq coulrios, covoriq
24 o l|o worlos oulolio, |ovo ool|
oooguolo ori|-oriviq lows [os oooo
oy o 8/C limil o loss l|o or oguol lo
C.C5 q/ol} oo oorcomol roliqs o
over 7.
Use of motorcycle helmets
What is known?
Wearing a motorcycle helmet
corroclly co roouco l|o ris| o oool|
oy olmosl 4C oo l|o ris| o sovoro
i|ury oy ovor 7C ,J5.
W|o molorcyclo |olmol lows oro
oorcoo ooclivoly, |olmol-wooriq
rolos co icrooso lo ovor C
,Jc, J/.
The effectiveness of motorcycle
helmets in reducing head injuries
is i orl o rosull o l|o guolily o
l|o |olmols. Roguiriq |olmols lo
meet a recognized safety standard
is important to ensure that helmets
can effectively reduce the impact of
a collision to the head in the event
of a crash ,J.
Cvor C [~13} o coulrios
participating in this global survey
|ovo lows sol ol oil|or l|o oliool or
suooliool lovol l|ol roguiro |olmols
lo oo wor oy usors o molorizoo
lwo-w|oolors. Howovor, loqislolio is
incomplete in many of these countries.
For isloco, somo coulrios mo|o
oxcolios or molorcyclisls usiq low-
Loss l|o |ol o
coulrios worlowioo
|ovo ori|-oriviq
lows oosoo o o olooo
alcohol concentration
limil l|ol is oguol lo or
loss l|o C.C5 q/ol.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 All countries should have a drinkdriving
law and should strictly enforce it.
4 Drinkdriving laws should be based
on blood alcohol concentration, or the
equivalent breath alcohol content limits,
which should be 0.05 g/dl or below.
4 All countries should set limits of 0.02 g/dl
or below for young/novice drivers.
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PHOTO LEFT Alcometers are part of the Mexican
qovormols roqrommo lo roouco ori|-oriviq.
CENTRE Holmols oro ooclivo ol roouciq l|o ris| o |ooo
injuries but do not prevent a crash from occurring.
Sooroliq molorcyclisls rom ol|or molorizoo
vo|iclos is oo woy lo roouco l|o li|oli|ooo o cros|os
involving motorcyclists from occurring.
RIGHT l \iol Nom, w|oro c|iloro roguolly rioo
molorcyclos lo oo rom sc|ool, o mooolory |olmol-
wooriq low is occomoioo oy uolic oworooss
campaigns and extensive helmet distribution.
22
oworoo oqios, w|ilo ol|or coulrios
oxoml oll ossoqors, or orsos wil|
religious headgear. This survey found
l|ol 74 o orlicioliq coulrios |ovo
|olmol lows l|ol oro comro|osivo i
scoo, i.o. l|ol roguiro ool| orivors oo
ossoqors o molorizoo lwo-w|oolors lo
woor |olmols o oll rooos oo roqoroloss
of engine type
1
[soo Toolo /. i Slolislicol
1 Some of these have exceptions, such as exempting those for medical reasons or for religious
reasons.
/ox}. Furl|ormoro, l|o rosulls s|ow l|ol
|olmol sloooros oro loc|iq i o |iq|
roorlio [43, ~7} o coulrios,
l|us colliq ilo guoslio l|o ooilily o
o low o |olmol-wooriq lo oc|iovo ils
uroso. To|o loqol|or l|oso oiqs
moo l|ol oly 4C [~7C} o coulrios
|ovo comro|osivo |olmol lows and
roguiro |olmols lo mool o sociic
sloooro [soo Fiquro 8}.
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Figure 8. Motorcycle helmet laws and helmet standards by country/area
Has a law and standard
Has a law but no/unknown standards
No law
No data
Cly 4C o coulrios
have a comprehensive
|olmol low oo roguiro
helmets to meet a
specic standard.
23
Evo w|oro comro|osivo lows oro
i loco, oorcomol is low i mosl
coulrios. Cly 25 [~45} o coulrios
rolo l|oir oorcomol o |olmol-uso lows
os |iq|or l|o 7 o o scolo o C lo
1C [soo Toolo /. i Slolislicol /ox}.
Fiolly, l|o imocl o |olmol lows l|ol
are in place is also difcult to ascertain
i moy coulrios. Cly 34 o coulrios
|ovo oolo o |olmol-wooriq rolos, oo
both the reliability and the generalizability
o l|o rosulls vory cosioorooly [soo
oqo 35}.
Seat-belt use
What is known?
Wooriq o sool-ooll rooucos l|o
ris| o o ololily omoq rol sool
ossoqors oy 4C-5C ,J-4.
Sluoios suqqosl l|ol sool-oolls co
roouco ololilios omoq roor-sool cor
occuols oy 25-75 ,J, 4Z}.
Mooolory sool-ooll lows, l|oir
oorcomol, oo ororiolo
uolic oworooss comoiqs |ovo
ooo s|ow lo oo vory ooclivo i
icroosiq rolos o sool-ooll wooriq
,4, J, 4J.
W|ilo sool-ooll lows oro wioosrooo - wil|
88 [~15} o coulrios orlicioliq
in the global survey reporting national or
suooliool lows - i moy coulrios l|o
low ooos ol oly lo oll cor occuols
[i.o. lo rol oo roor-sool occuols}.
Cly 57 [~1C1} o coulrios roguiro
oll cor occuols lo woor sool-oolls, oo
l|is quro is muc| |iq|or i |iq|-icomo
coulrios [7} l|o i mioolo-icomo
coulrios [54} or low-icomo coulrios
[38} [soo Toolo /.4 i Slolislicol /ox}.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 All countries should have mandatory laws
on helmet use on motorized two- and
three-wheelers.
4 These laws should cover all riders who are
legally allowed to ride on motorized two-
or three-wheelers, all engine types and all
road types.
4 Countries need to enact laws requiring
helmets to meet a national or international
standard.
4 Countries need to establish systems to
collect data on rates of helmet-wearing.
Cly 38 o low-
income countries and
54 o mioolo-icomo
coulrios roguiro sool-
belts to be used in cars
oy ool| rol-sool oo
roor-sool ossoqors.
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Twolvo or col [~21} o coulrios |ovo
o sool-ooll low ol oll [soo Fiquro }.
Eorcomol o sool-ooll lows is woo| i
moy coulrios. Cly 1 [~34} o
coulrios rolo oorcomol o l|oir sool-
ooll lows ooovo 7 o o scolo o C lo 1C.
Cly 14 o coulrios [~25} |ovo o
sool-ooll low l|ol olios lo oll occuols
and an enforcement rating of greater
l|o 7 o o scolo o C lo 1C [soo Toolo
/.4 i Slolislicol /ox}.

The ability to ascertain the effectiveness
o l|oso lows is oicull i rolovol oolo
oro ol ovoiloolo i l|is survoy ovor 47
of countries reported having no data
o rolos o sool-ooll uso i rol sools,
oo 71 roorloo o oolo o rolos o
wooriq roor sool-oolls.
Sool-ooll lows cool oo ooclivo i
lorqo umoors o cors oro ol lloo wil|
sool-oolls, os is l|o coso i moy low-
income countries. Although the survey
oio ol collocl iormolio o sool-ooll
roguiromols or imorloo cors, oolo
rom l|o survoy s|ow l|ol o l|o 5
countries that manufacture or assemble
cors, ovor oo guorlor [2} oo ol
roguiro sool-oolls lo oo lloo i ool| rol
and rear seats.
Figure 9. Seat-belt laws by country/area
National law applies to all car occupants
Law at subnational level
No law or law does not apply to all car occupants
No data
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Vehicle manufacturers and assemblers
should be required to t seat-belts in
both front and rear seats of all vehicles,
irrespective of the end market.
4 Seat-belt laws must be improved to cover
all occupants.
4 Enforcement efforts must be strengthened
in many countries and must be equally
applied to the occupants of both front and
rear-seats in cars.
4 Countries need to establish systems to
collect data on rates of seat-belt use.
4 Enforcement efforts must be backed
by intensive mass-media education
programmes that highlight the risk of
injury when not wearing a seat-belt and
increase the perceived likelihood of being
detected and penalized.
25
Use of child restraints
What is known?
C|iloro w|o oro uroslroioo i
o cor oro ol icroosoo ris| o i|ury
and death in the event of a collision.
/roriolo c|ilo roslroil sysloms,
w|ic| icluoo c|ilo sools or iols
oo oooslor sools or oloor c|iloro,
oro oosiqoo wil| l|o c|ilos
developmental stage in mind. They
wor| lo socuro l|o c|ilo i o woy l|ol
reduces the chance of a severe injury
occurring.
l corroclly islolloo oo usoo, c|ilo
restraints reduce deaths among
iols oy oroximololy 7C oo
oool|s o smoll c|iloro oy oolwoo
54 oo 8C ,J, 44.
Mooolory c|ilo roslroil lows oo
their enforcement lead to an increase
in the use of child restraints ,4, 44.
The global survey found that just under
|ol o orlicioliq coulrios [~87}
report any legislation at all on the use of
c|ilo roslroils [soo Fiquro 1C}. Howovor,
this gure hides considerable variation
oy roqio oo icomo slolus [soo Toolo
/.4 i Slolislicol /ox}. Moro l|o C
o |iq|-icomo coulrios |ovo oliool
loqislolio o c|ilo roslroils, w|ilo l|o
roorlio i low-icomo coulrios is
oly 2C.
Evo w|oro loqislolio is i loco,
the results of the survey suggest that
oorcomol o c|ilo roslroil lows is
vory low i mosl coulrios oly 14 o
l|oso coulrios wil| oliool loqislolio
on the use of child restraints report
enforcement as being above 7 on a
scolo o C lo 1C. T|is moos l|ol oly
of all participating countries have a child
roslroil low and rate its enforcement as
ovor 7 o o scolo o C lo 1C [oo l|oso
oro oll |iq|-icomo or mioolo-icomo
coulrios}. /s woll os woo| loqislolio
oo oor oorcomol, rovious rosoorc|
indicates that the prohibitive cost of child
restraints in many countries is also an
important factor that affects usage.
1usl uoor |ol o
coulrios |ovo o low
roguiriq l|o uso o
child restraints for
young children in
vehicles.
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Legislation: summary
W|ilo osilivo slos loworos oocliq
ororiolo loqislolio |ovo ooo lo|o
i oll roqios o l|o worlo, muc| romois
to be done.
Although all countries reported national
or subnational legislation related to
ol loosl oo o l|o vo |oy ris| oclors
[sooo, ori|-oriviq, |olmols, sool-
oolls oo c|ilo roslroils} oly 48 o
countries have national or subnational
lows rololiq lo oll vo ris| oclors. l
oooilio, loqislolio o ris| oclors is
still incomplete in its coverage in many
[85} coulrios. W|oro lows o l|oso ris|
oclors oxisl, l|oy oro olo ioooguololy
oorcoo - orliculorly i low-icomo
oo mioolo-icomo coulrios.
Covormols ooo lo oocl oo oorco
comro|osivo lows l|ol roguiro oll
road users to be protected by means
of appropriate occupant restraints and
to respect alcohol and speed limits that
roouco l|o ris| o o rooo lroc cros|.
T|oso lows ooo lo osuro l|ol loqol
loopholes are avoided that could exempt
orliculor rooo usors. Eorcomol oorls
musl oo |iq|ly visiolo, woll-uolicizoo,
Figure 10. Child restraint legislation by country/area
National child restraint laws
No law
No data
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Child restraint laws need to be enacted and enforced. These laws should specify
the type of restraint, the childs age for which each restraint is appropriate, and
the seating position.
4 Mechanisms should be established to improve access to affordable child restraints.
4 Countries need to establish systems to collect data on rates of child restraint use.
4 Programmes to increase use of child restraints need to address social norms and
encourage a culture of safety. The public needs to be aware of the safety benets
of using child restraints.
27
susloioo, oo imlomoloo oy l|o uso
of appropriate measures and penalties
or iriqomol. Noqovormolol
organizations and other civil society
groups can play an important role in
generating public and political support for
oviooco-oosoo rooo sooly moosuros.
Eorcomol is mosl ooclivo w|o
suorloo oy ilosivo uolic oworooss
campaigns that both highlight the safety
oools o comlyiq wil| l|o loqislolio
and also increase the perception of
ooiq oolocloo oo oolizoo w|o
ol comlyiq wil| l|o low. /s woll os
icroosiq oworooss o l|o lows - oo
of the penalties for not respecting them
- uolic oworooss comoiqs ooo lo
wor| loworos ouiloiq o culluro o sooly
so l|ol l|o qoorol uolic oro oworo o
l|o sooly roosos oo|io l|oso lows.
Few countries have reliable
data on road trafc injuries
Dolo o l|o moqiluoo o l|o roolom
oo l|o ris| oclors ivolvoo oro ossoliol
to developing a systems approach to
road safety. A comprehensive assessment
of the magnitude of road trafc injuries
should consider not only mortality but also
o-olol i|urios oo rosulliq oisooilily,
os woll os l|o ocoomic cosl o rooo
lroc i|urios oo l|o cosl-ooclivooss
of interventions.
/ umoor o ol|or ioicolors co, i
moiloroo occurololy oo roqulorly,
provi de essent i al i nformat i on t o
gover nment s i n t ar get i ng t hei r
interventions and in evaluating the
effectiveness of their current national
road safety programmes. These include
the proportion of road trafc deaths that
oro ollriouloo lo olco|ol os woll os |olmol
oo sool-ooll uso rolos.
Cly 22 o oll coulrios rosooiq lo
l|o survoy |oo
oolo o olol oo o-olol rooo
lroc i|urios, lus
oslimolos o l|o cosl lo l|o ocoomy,
plus
data on monitoring and evaluation
indicators such as rates of helmet
oo sool-ooll uso.
Data on fatalities
Comoriq oolo ocross olios roguiros
a standardized denition of a road trafc
ololily. Howovor, coulrios roorl o wioo
range of denitions for a road trafc
death. These denitions use different time
orioos oolwoo o rooo cros| oo oool|
and include or exclude different types of
road users. The same denitions are also
ol olwoys usoo cosislolly i l|o somo
country ,4.
The current recommended denition of
a road trafc fatality for harmonization
of surveillance purposes is any person
killed immediately or dying within 30
days as a result of a road trafc injury
accident ,45. T|o c|oico o 3C ooys
wos oosoo o rosoorc| w|ic| s|owoo
l|ol mosl orsos w|o oio os o rosull o o
cros| succumo lo l|oir i|urios wil|i 3C
ooys o susloiiq l|om oo l|ol, w|ilo
oxlosio o l|is 3C-ooy orioo rosulloo
i o morqiol icrooso i umoors, il
roguiroo o oisroorlioololy lorqo
increase in surveillance efforts ,/.
/ll|ouq| l|oro oro movos wil|i somo
roqios lo mo|o l|is 3C-ooy ooilio
l|o sloooro, l|o rosulls o l|is survoy
indicate that this goal remains largely
unattained. The time periods used in
ooilios o rooo lroc-rololoo oool|s
range from died at the scene of the
cros|", l|rouq| o 7-ooy orioo oo o
3C-ooy orioo, lo oy oool| l|ol rosulls
from a road trafc crash regardless of the
time that has elapsed. At the global level
28
oly 8C coulrios [45} uso o 3C-ooy
ooilio or o rooo lroc ololily [soo
Fiquro 11}. Evo wil|i l|o Eurooo
Roqio, w|ic| |os mooo cosiooroolo
oorls lo oriq coulrios i lio wil|
l|o 3C-ooy ooilio o o rooo lroc
ololily, l|oro is wioo voriolio. /ll|ouq|
definitional issues can be overcome
oy olyiq corroclio oclors, or
harmonization and comparison purposes
il woulo oo oosior i oll coulrios usoo l|o
same denition.
oorroorliq |os ooo oc|owlooqoo
for many years as another important
rooso w|y il is oicull lo comoro rooo
lroc cros| oolo oolwoo coulrios. Somo
coulrios |ovo lo|o slos lo oooross l|is
issuo oo lo oo|usl l|oir ow oolo or li|
l|oir oiorol oolooosos, oul moy |ovo
ol. Foclors l|ol co oocl l|o guolily o
oolo roorloo icluoo olilicol i1uocos,
competing priorities and availability of
resources.
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Simlo cosuolly roqislors co
be used to obtain a minimum
oolosol w|ic| rovioos
iormolio o o-olol
injuries.
Figure 11. Time period used to dene a road trafc fatality by country/
area and income group
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
HIC
Other
Within 1 year
Within 30 days
Within 7 days
Within 24 hours
On the scene
0 90
MIC LIC
Number of countries
2
The extent of underreporting is also
i1uocoo oy
l |o socl or l |ol rocoros l |o
iormolio,
l|o roorlio o cros|os ivolviq
vuloroolo rooo usors [i moy
countries these types of crashes are
moro li|oly lo oo uoorroorloo},
oor or oosol li|s oolwoo olico,
lrosorl oo |ooll| sorvico oolo,
w|ic| moos l|ol quros or oolo
w|o oio olor oomissio lo |osilol
moy ol oo ro1ocloo,
oxomlios rom roorliq corloi
cros|os, suc| os l|oso ivolviq
o-molorizoo or mililory vo|iclos,
and
w|ol|or somliq slroloqios oro
employed and extrapolated.
Fiolly, o imorlol oclor i l|o guolily
o o coulrys |ooll| oolo i qoorol is
l|o oguolily o occoss o ils oolo lo
health care facilities.
Co woy o imroviq l|is roolom
is lo li| oolo sourcos. Sluoios |ovo
s|ow |iq|or lovols o uoorroorliq
in data collected by the police and
transport sectors compared to health
soclor oolo, w|ic| suqqosls l|o ooo
or li|s lo imrovo oolo guolily ,4c.
T|is survoy s|owoo l|ol oly 14 o
countries used health data as a source
o l|oir ololily iormolio, oil|or oloo
or i comoiolio wil| oolo rom ool|or
sourco [Fiquro 12}. Hol o l|o coulrios
reported data on road trafc fatalities on
the basis of police records only.
Al l the above compl exi ti es l i mi t
lrosoliool comorisos. Cosoguolly
a number of mechanisms have been
developed to try to address some of the
issuos o uoorroorliq oo lo mo|o
data more comparable. In this global
survoy wo usoo [o} l|o Smooo Coociol
,4/ lo oo|usl oll coulrios rooo lroc
ololily oolo lo o 3C-ooy ooilio, oo
[o} oovolooo o sociol moool usiq
oqolivo oiomiol roqrossio [soo
Slolislicol /ox or moro iormolio}.
Toolo 4 s|ows l|o roorloo oolo oo
rolo or 1CC CCC oulolio vorsus l|ol
ooloioo oy l|o moool, ioicoliq o 4
difference globally.
Figure 12. Proportion of countries using different data sources for
road trafc fatalities
Health (7%)
Police (50%)
Linked to health/
other sector (7%)
Other (15%)
Transport (11%)
Statistics (9%)
No data (2%)
3C
Data on non-fatal injuries
l oooilio lo morlolily oolo, iormolio
o o-olol i|urios is imorlol oocouso
it provides a complete picture of the
imocl o rooo lroc cros|os or olicy-
mo|iq. ll co, or oxomlo, quioo
|osilol sloiq, ooclor oo urso
lroiiq, oo ollocolio o uos or
hospital admissions and rehabilitation.
Howovor, il is ol olwoys ossoliol lo sol
up a sophisticated injury information
syslom, w|o rosourcos oro scorco somo
type of casualty register or repeated
survoys co oo oguolly usoul.
Prooloms rololiq lo l|o guolily oo
roliooilily o oolo o o-olol i|urios
are probably even more complex
than those relating to data on deaths.
Reliable assessment of the severity of
i|ury roguiros somo cliicol oxorioco
or mooicol oxorliso. / ow coulrios
employ hospital staff to code injuries
w|o l|o oliol is oisc|orqoo rom coro
- usiq o sloooroizoo scoriq mol|oo
suc| os l|o /oorovioloo l|ury Scolo,
l|ury Sovorily Scoro or l|o lloroliool
Clossicolio o Disoosos cooos - oo
l|o li| l|oso oolo lo olico/lrosorl
databases ,4-5.
Howovor, i moy coulrios l|o lovol
of severity of an injury is recorded by
the police at the site of the crash. This
results in less reliable categorization of
i|urios. T|o loc| o |ormoizolio i
lormioloqy usoo olso mo|os coulry
comorisos oicull. l somo coulrios,
sorious" is oooo os roguiriq |osilol
ollolio", w|ilo i ol|ors il is ioliol
coro or ol loosl 24 |ours", w|ilo yol
others have longer admission times.
T|oro is usuolly lilllo lioiso oolwoo
l|o olico oo |ooll| ocililios lo lroc|
REPORTED DATA
a
MODELLED DATA
a
WHO REGION n
RATE PER 100 000
POPULATION n
RATE PER 100 000
POPULATION
AFRICAN REGION 52 302 7.2 234 768 32.2
REGION OF THE AMERICAS 139 466 15.5 142 252 15.8
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION 143 977 8.4 285 020 16.6
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 76 912 14.1 175 668 32.2
EUROPEAN REGION 113 346 12.8 117 997 13.4
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 135 316 7.6 278 321 15.6
GLOBAL 661 319 10.1 1 234 026 18.8
a
Adjusted for 30-day denition.
Table 4. Road trafc deaths by WHO region using
reported and modelled data
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Encourage the use of the 30-day denition of road trafc fatality for
harmonization across data sources.
4 Improve data linkages between police, transport and health sectors.
4 Increase human capacity to undertake data collection, analysis and interpretation.
4 Improve the use of ICD
1
coding in vital registration to adequately reect road
trafc deaths.
1
The International Classication of Diseases (ICD) is used to classify diseases and other health problems recorded on
many types of records, including death certicates and health records. The most recent (10th) revision of the ICD codes
came into use in 1994 but some countries still use previous versions.
31
|ow loq o oliol is oomilloo or oo
so the category of serious can range
rom o ow culs oo oruisos lo sovoro
|ooo i|urios. To comouo l|is, i mosl
|iq|-icomo coulrios l|oso ivolvoo i
o cros| wil| oy lyo o i|ury oro usuolly
seen in an accident and emergency room
or isuroco urosos, w|ilo i low-
l|is oooos o occoss lo coro, o qooo
ro-|osilol coro syslom, ocos, oo
ol|or vorioolos [soo 8ox 4}.
T|is survoy s|owoo o 12C rolio oolwoo
oool|s oo sovoro i|urios. l l|is woro
applied to the global total of 1.27 million
oool|s, il woulo moo l|ol oroximololy
25.4 millio oolo oro i|uroo sovoroly
enough to be seen in an emergency
room. This supports previous estimates
o l|o lolol umoor o o-olol i|urios
[oll sovorily lovols} os oolwoo 2C oo 5C
million ,4, /.
The majority of
countries do not
have robust data on
o-olol rooo lroc
injuries.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 The data collected by the health sector need to be improved. This is particularly true with regard
to data on non-fatal injuries. This can take the form of discharge data using ICD coding, injury
surveillance systems or, where this is not feasible, intermittent surveys or casualty registers which
collect only minimum data ,5.
4 There is a need for standard denitions of levels of severity of non-fatal injuries to allow them to
be accurately recorded and collated. The denitions should be simple enough to be administered by
both health and non-health personnel.
4 Countries should be encouraged to link all data sources on road trafc injuries in order to help
address underreporting.
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PHOTO LEFT Training police in Addis Ababa on data
colloclio is oo moosuro usoo oy l|o El|ioio
government to improve estimates of road trafc injury
fatalities.
CENTRE / urso olloos lo o molorcyclisl wil| o |ooo
i|ury i C|ioq Moi, T|oiloo.
RIGHT Romomooriq l|oso |illoo i rooo lroc cros|os
in France.
32
Box 4: Pre-hospital care
Muc| co oo ooo lo lowor l|o ouroo o oool| oo oisooilily rom rooo
trafc injuries by strengthening trauma care services across the spectrum
rom ro-|osilol coro l|rouq| lo ro|ooililolio. T|o c|oi o survivol slorls
ol l|o scoo o l|o iciool. Proml, qooo guolily ro-|osilol coro co
save the lives of many injured persons.
T|is qloool survoy s|owoo l|ol 7 o l|o 178 coulrios |ovo ormol
ro-|osilol coro sysloms. T|o guolily o l|oso sysloms, |owovor, wos
ol ovoluoloo. T|oy coulo roqo rom so|islicoloo sysloms wil| |iq|ly
guolioo slo lo l|oso l|ol roly oly o rsl rosooors, o.q. oyslooors.
T|o guic| orrivol o omorqocy rososo looms is o imorlol oclor
i roouciq oovorso |ooll| cosoguocos o o cros|. /ll|ouq| mosl
coulrios |ovo oo uivorsol ro-|osilol coro occoss lolo|oo umoor,
13 coulrios |ovo u lo l|roo oiorol oliool lolo|oo umoors oo
o url|or 25 coulrios |ovo locol or roqio-socic umoors. T|is co oo
cousiq or l|o loy orso w|o |os lo romomoor l|o oiorol umoors
oo l|o oocioo w|ic| umoor lo uso. For oxomlo, i Soul| /rico i
you oro usiq o mooilo |oo you oro roguiroo lo oiol 112, w|ilo o
o loolio l|o umoor is 1C177. To comouo mollors, o umoor o
private ambulance companies cannot be accessed unless one has medical
isuroco w|ic| covors l|is sorvico.
T|o mosl commo ro-|osilol coro occoss umoor usoo is 112 [usoo oy 2 coulrios}, ollowoo oy 11 [usoo
rooomiolly i l|o /moricos} oo [usoo rooomiolly i /rico} [soo Toolo /.8 i Slolislicol /ox}. /s
iloroliool lrovol icroosos, il will oo icroosiqly imorlol lo wor| loworos oo qloool or roqiool |oo umoor.
For isloco, l|o Eurooo io is moviq loworos l|o ooolio o oo uivorsol umoor [112} or oll ils momoor
countries.
Where no pre-hospital trauma care system exists, trained
community members can provide rst aid.
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33
DEATHS AND
INJURIES DEATHS ONLY INJURIES ONLY
OTHER TYPES
OF STUDIES
COUNTRIES
REPORTING AT
LEAST 1 STUDY
WHO REGION n n n n n
AFRICAN REGION 15 2 0 17
REGION OF THE AMERICAS 14 0 1 15
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION 6 1 7
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 10 1 1 12
EUROPEAN REGION 25 2 27
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 11 2 13
ALL 81 5 1 4 91
Table 5. Countries with one or more studies on the economic cost of
road trafc crashes by WHO region
Data on economic costs
Considerable economic and social costs
rosull rom oool|s, i|urios oo oisooilily
caused by road trafc crashes. The survey
rosulls s|owoo l|ol
Loss l|o |ol o oll orlicioliq
countries have conducted a study on
l|o cosl o rooo lroc oool|s oo/
or i|urios [soo Toolo 5}.
Most surveys are not national
but based on a sample and are
usually conducted in a teaching
|osilol. Dolo orow rom l|om,
w|ilo usoul, l|orooro |ovo limiloo
generalizability.
Cross oulul mol|oooloqy is l|o
most common method used to assess
costs. While this type of costing is
usoul or |ooll| sorvicos, il s|ows
oly l|o li o l|o icooorq. Loss o
roouclivily, oomoqos, rooucoo
guolily o lio oo ol|or oclors oro
important indirect costs that need to
be included if the true cost to society
is to be calculated.
W|i l o coul r y-l ovol cosl i q
studies are important for internal
comorisos, ol o qloool lovol l|oy
|ovo cosiooroolo limilolios wil|
regard to comparisons in terms of the
oiorol mol|oooloqios omloyoo,
the different currencies used and the
oiorol yoors i w|ic| l|o somlos
woro collocloo.
Howovor, l|is lyo o iormolio ol
country level is extremely important
or s|owiq l|o imocl o rooo lroc
crashes on all the sectors involved and
for convincing politicians to invest in
rovolio. Kowiq l|o ooclivooss
o ilorvolios oo cosoguol cosl-
oool rolios woulo oo mosl ooociol
to countries.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Countries should be encouraged to conduct
national studies on the costs of road trafc
crashes as well as on the cost-effectiveness
of interventions they put into place.
4 Where possible, costing should include
both direct and indirect costs.
34
WHO REGION LOW-INCOME MIDDLE-INCOME HIGH-INCOME TOTAL
AFRICAN REGION
a
9 2 11
REGION OF THE AMERICAS
b
9 3 12
SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION
a
2 2 4
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 0 2 1 3
EUROPEAN REGION 1 11 21 33
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION 1 6 5 12
GLOBAL 13 32 30 75
a
No high-income countries.
b
No low-income countries.
Table 6. Countries with targets included in their road
safety strategies by WHO region and income level
Data on monitoring and
evaluation
Cly 75 o l|o 178 coulrios survoyoo
[42} |ovo o oliool rooo sooly slroloqy
w|ic| icluoos lorqols. Cvor oo-l|iro
o l|oso coulrios oro i Euroo w|oro o
Eurooo io lorqol wos sol somo yoors
oqo or oc|iovomol oy 2C1C [soo Toolo
}. Cl|or roqios li|o /rico |ovo olso
recently adopted targets although these
have yet to be reected at country level.
Targets are not the only method of
monitoring or evaluating progress. Pages
18-28 ooscrioo l|o oviooco o o umoor
of proven interventions that are critical to
improving road safety. These include
roouciq sooo oo ori|-oriviq, oo
icroosiq l|o uso o |olmols, sool-oolls
and child restraints.
While some countries have put into
loco loqislolio lo oooross l|oso ris|
oclors, ow coulrios |ovo osloolis|oo
systems to collect data on monitoring or
evaluating the success of these measures
at a national level.
l l|is survoy oly 34 o coulrios
roorloo oolo o molorcyclo |olmol-
wooriq rolos, wil| l|o lovols o |olmol-
wooriq roorloo voryiq wiooly, os s|ow
i Fiquro 13 oo Toolo /. i l|o Slolislicol
/ox. Howovor, l|o mol|oooloqios
usoo lo oolormio l|oso quros woro ol
ovoluoloo os orl o l|is sluoy, w|ilo or
somo coulrios l|o |olmol-wooriq rolos
roorloo woro rosulls o smoll sluoios i
orliculor qooqro|ic oroos, w|ic| limil
their generalizability.
Lovols o sool-ooll wooriq omoq rol
sool occuols woro roorloo or 5
coulrios oo roqo rom uoor 1C lo
ovor C [soo Fiquro 14 oo Toolo /.4
i Slolislicol /ox}. Limilolios o l|o
methodologies used are similar to those
Figure 13. Levels of motorcycle helmet
wearing in 60 countries
a

17%
3%
22%
59%
024%
2549%
5074%
75100%
a
In 51 countries this estimate was based on an observational study,
the source of which is noted in the country proles. In 9 countries the
estimated wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.
% of countries
% motorcycle helmet
wearing (range)
Figure 14. Seat-belt wearing rates
in 95 countries
a
21%
18%
14%
40%
7%
<30%
3049%
5069%
7089%
>90%
% seat-belt
wearing (range)
% of countries
a
In 86 countries this estimate was based on an observational study,
the source of which is noted in the country proles. In 9 countries the
estimated seat-belt wearing rate is the opinion of the consensus group.
35
WHAT CAN BE DONE
4 Countries need to step up efforts to collect robust data on a number of intermediate indicators that
relate to road trafc injury prevention and that can be used for monitoring and evaluation research.
These include:
t rates of helmet use;
t rates of seat-belt use;
t the proportion of drivers with blood alcohol concentration over the legal limit;
t rates of child restraint use.
4 While high-income countries often use sophisticated survey methodology, basic helmet and seat-belt
wearing surveys are relatively simple and cheap to conduct. Surveys are essential for comprehensive
monitoring to take place.
4 These data are pivotal to making policy decisions based on evidence, and to evaluating measures
that are put in place.
4 The health sector should play an important role in research related to risk factors.
o |olmol-wooriq oolo. Forly-sovo or
cent of countries reported having no data
o rolos o sool-ooll uso i rol sools,
oo 71 roorloo o oolo o rolos o
wooriq roor sool-oolls.
The proportion of deaths related to
alcohol reported in this study varies from
coulrios w|oro l|is quro is uoor 5, lo
l|oso w|oro olco|ol colrioulos lo ovor
|ol o oll rooo lroc ololilios [soo Fiquro
15 oo Toolo /.3 i Slolislicol /ox}.
Howovor, oly |ol o orlicioliq
countries have any data on the proportion
of road traffic deaths attributable to
olco|ol - oo l|oso l|ol oo roguolly
only have data from more sophisticated
lorliory |osilols, w|ic| limils l|o
ossioilily o mo|iq qoorolizolios o
the basis of the information.
Figure 15. Proportion of alcohol-related fatal
crashes in 93 countries
a
11%
28%
15%
11%
17%
15%
3%
<5%
59%
1019%
2029%
3039%
4049%
>50%
% alcohol-relatedness
(range)
a
In 90 countries this estimate was based on ofcial data, the source of
which is noted in the country proles. In 3 countries the proportion given
is the opinion of the consensus group.
% of countries
3
Conclusions
Strengths and weaknesses
of this survey
T|is survoy is o rsl slo loworos o orooo
global assessment of road safety. It brings
loqol|or o uiguo sol o oolo o o umoor
o rooo sooly vorioolos or 178 coulrios,
occouliq or ovor 8 o l|o worlos
population. It brings road safety into line
wil| ol|or issuos suc| os climolo c|oqo,
looocco oo luoorculosis, w|oro roqulor
ossossmols ollow coulrios lo moilor
their progress over time compared to that
of other countries.
T|o survoy mol|oooloqy wos oosiqoo lo
increase the accuracy and completeness
o l|o oolo l|ol woro suomilloo lo WHC,
oy roguiriq rosoools rom mullilo
soclors lo lo|o orl oo rooc| cososus
o l|o iol oswors. / oooiliool
oool o l|o mol|oooloqy wos lo oslor
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37
mullisoclorol collooorolio oy li|iq
rooo sooly roclilioors wor|iq i l|o
somo coulry. Somo Noliool Dolo
Coordinators reported that the consensus
qrou mooliq wos l|o rsl limo l|ol
practitioners from different sectors had
met to discuss road safety. As a result of
l|o roqiool lroiiq wor|s|os |olo os
orl o l|is ro|ocl, olwor|s o Noliool
Dolo Cooroiolors |ovo ooo oovolooo
and are already being used to facilitate
regional collaboration.
Nool|oloss, os wil| oy sluoy, l|oro oro
o umoor o limilolios, omoly
T|o comorooilily o oolo ocross
coulrios is somow|ol limiloo oocouso
o oiorol ilorrololios o lorms
usoo i l|o guosliooiro [o.q. w|ol
coslilulos o rurol rooo or o |iq|woy
oiors oolwoo coulrios}, coulrios
reporting data from different years
[2CC or 2CC7}, oo oiorol sourcos
o oolo usoo or vorioolos [o.q. ololily
data in some countries came from the
olico soclor, oo i ol|ors rom l|o
|ooll| soclor, w|ic| |os imlicolios
o comlolooss}.
T|o survoy ocusoo o oliool
lovol oolo. T|is mool l|ol, or l|o
coulrios w|oro ris| oclor loqislolio
is oocloo ol l|o suooliool lovol,
l|o ooloils o l|oso vorioolos woro
ol rocorooo. Similorly, w|ilo moy
lows o rooo lroic-rololoo ris|
factors are enacted at national
lovol, oorcomol oo roqulolory
measures are often carried out at
the subnational or local level.
Fiolly, oolo colloclio i l|is ro|ocl
ivolvoo l|o uso o sol-oomiisloroo
guosliooiros w|ic| co ilroouco
a number of potential biases. In
oooilio, o ooqroo o suo|oclivily
wos ilrooucoo os rosoools
woro os|oo lo rolo l|oir perception
of enforcement of the legislation on
ris| oclors i l|oir coulry.
Key messages and
recommendations
This survey covered the magnitude of road
lroc i|urios os woll os l|o oxisloco o
islilulios, olicios, loqislolio oo oolo
colloclio sysloms, oo orcoivoo lovols
of enforcement of legislation at a country
level. The main ndings are summarized
os ollows
Rooo lroc ololilios romoi o mo|or
uolic |ooll| roolom, wil| l|o
|iq|osl ololily rolos or 1CC CCC
oulolio i mioolo-icomo oo
low-icomo coulrios. Poooslrios,
cyclisls, oo usors o molorizoo
lwo- or l|roo-w|oolors [vuloroolo
rooo usors"} loqol|or occoul or
approximately half of all road trafc
oool|s orouo l|o worlo. \uloroolo
rooo usors oro orliculorly ol ris|
i low-icomo oo mioolo-icomo
countries in Asia.
W|ilo moy coulrios |ovo o oosic
loqislolivo romowor| i loco or
rooo sooly, oly 47 |ovo lows
rololiq lo oll l|o vo |oy ris| oclors
roviowoo - sooo, ori|-oriviq,
|ol mols, sool-ool ls oo c|i l o
roslroils. Furl|ormoro l|oso lows
oro roguolly ol comro|osivo i
their scope.
Eorcomol o lows rololiq lo l|oso
ris| oclors or rooo lroc i|urios is
perceived to be suboptimal in many
countries.
l sl i l ul i ool romowor|s oro
insufciently developed or resourced
in many countries to be effective.
For isloco, w|ilo 7 o coulrios
report the existence of a national
rooo sooly slroloqy, oly oo-l|iro
of countries report government
endorsement of the strategy that has
both precise targets and sufcient
uoiq or ils imlomololio -
ool| o w|ic| oro imorlol or l|o
success of a strategy.
38
T|oro oro sovorol limilolios i l|o
data that countries collect and report
o rooo lroc i|urios. oorroorliq
o rooo lroic oool|s - o cruciol
indicator in terms of assessing
moqiluoo - is o mo|or roolom i
moy coulrios. l oooilio, oly
22 o oll coulrios ioicoloo l|ol
l|oy |oo oolo o olol oo o-olol
rooo lroc i|urios, oslimolos o l|o
cosl lo l|oir ocoomy, oo oolo o
monitoring and evaluation indicators
suc| os rolos o |olmol uso oo sool-
ooll wooriq.
T|o rosulls rosoloo suqqosl l|ol w|ilo
mosl coulrios |ovo lo|o slos loworos
ooorossiq rooo sooly, oooiliool oorls
oro ooooo
1. Covormols ooo lo lo|o ilo
consideration the needs of all road
usors w|o mo|iq olicy oocisios
that impact on road safety. To
oolo, l|o ooos o vuloroolo rooo
users have been neglected in many
countries and should be given
roowoo om|osis, orliculorly w|o
decisions are made about road
oosiq oo iroslrucluro, loo uso
planning and transport services.
2. Covormol s ooo l o oocl
comro|osivo lows lo rolocl oll
road users by setting speed limits
that are appropriate to the type and
uclio o l|o rooo, sliuloliq
blood alcohol concentration limits
l|ol |ol roouco ori|-oriviq, oo
roguiriq l|o uso o ororiolo
rolocli o moosuros. Exi sli q
loqislolio s|oulo oo roviowoo oo
omoooo lo coorm wil| qooo
practices that are based on sound
evidence of effectiveness.
3. Eorcomol o oll rooo sooly lows
ooos lo oo imrovoo. Eorcomol
oorls musl oo woll-uolicizoo,
susloioo, oo imlomoloo l|rouq|
the use of appropriate measures and
penalties for infringement.
4. Countries need to encourage
collaboration among different sectors
involved in collecting and reporting
road trafc injury data. This involves
imroviq oolo li|oqos oolwoo
olico, lrosorl oo |ooll| sorvicos,
|ormoizolio o coso-ooilios, os
woll os icroosiq |umo coocily lo
uoorlo|o oolo colloclio.
5. Covormols ooo lo osuro l|ol l|o
institutions that have been nominated
os rososiolo or lo|iq oclio
on road safety have the necessary
human and nancial resources to act
effectively. The evidence suggests that
the development and endorsement
o o oliool slroloqy wil| roolislic
lorqols oo oormor|oo uoiq
for implementation are important
oclors loworos mooliq loq-lorm
road safety goals.
The results of this survey can be used
as a tool to inform policy decisions in
co|uclio wil| ol|or iloroliool oo
oliool sluoios oo roqrommos - or
oxomlo, l|o iloo Nolios Roqiool
Commissios ro|ocl o solliq rooo
lroic cosuolly roouclio lorqols, or
alongside implementation and evaluation
of the good practice manuals developed
l|rouq| l|o iloo Nolios Rooo Sooly
Collaboration. The results can also be
used to leverage political support and
resources for safer road transportation for
oll rooo usors, icluoiq i iloroliool
orums. Co |oy milosloo i iloroliool
rooo sooly ovols will oo l|o Firsl Cloool
Miisloriol Cooroco o Rooo Sooly lo
oo |olo i Moscow i Novomoor 2CC.
Duriq l|o Cooroco, ooloqolos oro
li|oly lo coll or o Decade of Action
3
on Road Safety. S|oulo l|is roosol
oo ooorsoo oy momoor coulrios,
such a decade could be an important
opportunity to further catalyse action.
The results of this Global status report
and the gaps it has identied should
sorvo os |oy olomols i l|o oiscussios
during the Ministerial Conference on
Rooo Sooly os woll os or loiq l|o
activities envisaged in the context of the
Decade of Action.

An i ncreasi ng body of research
oomoslrolos woys lo rovol cros|os or
lo roouco l|o sovorily o i|urios w|o l|oy
oo occur, oo coulrios |ovo lo|o moy
slos loworos ulliq i loco oviooco-
oosoo ilorvolios lo mo|o rooos
soor. /l l|o iloroliool lovol, |iq|-
level commitment has been evidenced
by various international resolutions and
collooorolivo ro|ocls. T|is survoy s|ows,
|owovor, l|ol muc| moro romois lo
oo ooo. No coulry co ooro lo sil
ooc| oo ossumo l|ol ils rooo sooly
wor| is comlolo, oo l|o iloroliool
community must continue to recognize
road trafc injuries as an important health
and development issue and intensify
support for their prevention.
4C
References
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722-3C5
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SS/TP-DiscussioPoors/oC5.o, occossoo /ril 2CC}.
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lslilulo o Toc|oloqy, 2CC4.
2. Fic| D1 ol ol. Speed, speed limits and accidents [Pro|ocl Roorl 58}. Crowl|oro, Trosorl Rosoorc|
Looorolory, 14.
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|or|oo|oulu, Lui|oolo|ii||o, 11.
2. Cruoy C ol ol. The effect of 20 mph trafc speed zones on road casualties in London, 19862006. Looo,
Looo Sc|ool o Hyqioo oo Troicol Mooicio, [i ross}.
3C. Comlo RP ol ol. Cros| ris| o olco|ol imoiroo oriviq. l Moy|ow DR, Dussoull C, oos. Proceedings of the
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[Co}.o, occossoo 14 /ril 2CC}.
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Dussoull C, oos. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Trafc Safety,
Montreal, 49 August 2002. Molrool, Sociolo oo lossuroco oulomooilo ou Cuoooc, 2CC245-5C [|ll//
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of Preventive Medicine, 2CC1, 21-84.
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of Preventive Medicine, 1, 157-7.
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2CC2, 32-274.
35. Liu 8 ol ol. Holmols or rovoliq i|ury i molorcyclo rioors. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,
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/ril 2CC}.
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Coucil, 1.
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41. Motor vehicle occupant protection facts 2006. Wos|iqlo, DC, Noliool Hiq|woy Troc Sooly /omiislrolio,
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Filos/81C54.o, occossoo o /ril 2CC}.
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Prevention, 2CC7, 13183-185.
43. Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. Looo, Fl/
Fouoolio or l|o /ulomooilo oo Socioly, 2CC [|ll//www.w|o.il/rooosooly/ro|ocls/mouols/soolooll/
sool-ooll.o, occossoo 7 /ril 2CC}.
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of Preventive Medicine, 2CC1, 2131-37.
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[|ll//www.uoco.orq/lros/moi/w/ ooocs/qlosso3.o, occossoo 7 /ril 2CC}.
4. Dorri|s HM, Mo| PM. IRTAD special report. Underreporting of road trafc casualties. T|o Hoquo, Nol|orloos
Miislry o Trosorl, Puolic Wor|s oo Wolor Mooqomol, 2CC7 [|ll//www.w|o.il/rooosooly/uolicolios/
irloo_uoorroorliq.o, occossoo 7 /ril 2CC}.
47. Smooo R1. Somo slolislicol osocls o rooo sooly rosoorc|. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 14,
11-23.
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l|o /ovocomol o /ulomolivo Mooicio, 1C.
4. Coos WS ol ol. T|o l|ury Sovorily Scoro rovisiloo. The Journal of Trauma, 188, 28-77.
5C. International statistical classication of diseases and related health problems, tenth revision. \olumo 1 Tooulor
lisl, \olumo 2 lslruclio mouol, \olumo 3 loox. Coovo, Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio.
51. Holoor ol ol. Injury surveillance guidelines. Coovo, Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio, 2CC1.
43
Country pro les
1. Exloolory olos
8oc|qrouo
Mol|oooloqicol voriolios
Tormioloqy oo ilorrololio
Prosololio o oolo
2. loiviouol coulry rolos [lisloo ol|ooolicolly}
Exloolory olos
Background
The country proles in this section present a selection of information about road safety as reported by each of the
178 orlicioliq coulrios/oroos. /ooiliool oliool oolo co oo ouo i l|o Slolislicol /ox [Toolos /.2 - /.7}.
T|o coulry survoy lools moy oo oowlooooo rom l|o ollowiq woosilo www.w|o.il/violoco_i|ury_rovolio/
rooo_sooly_slolus/2CC
Methodological variations
Co |uoroo oo sovoly-oiq|l coulrios/oroos orlicioloo i l|o survoy or l|o Global status report on road safety
[soo Toolo 2 o oqo 1C}. W|ilo mosl coulrios/oroos ollowoo l|o sloooroizoo mol|oooloqy [soo oqos 8-1C for
moro ooloils}, i oiq|l o l|om [/uslrolio, Cormoy, Kozo||slo, Puorlo Rico, Soil \icol oo l|o Croooios,
Siqooro, |roio oo zoo|islo} l|o guosliooiro wos comloloo oy l|o Noliool Dolo Cooroiolor [NDC}
[soo Toolo /.1 i Slolislicol /ox} oo o cososus mooliq wos |olo. l oooilio, i oll coulrios/oroos o l|o
WHC Eoslor Mooilorrooo Roqio, l|o guosliooiro wos ol sol-oomiisloroo oul wos comloloo l|rouq|
oco-lo-oco ilorviows oolwoo l|o NDCs oo ioiviouol rosoools. Cososus mooliqs woro, |owovor, |olo
i l|oso coulrios/oroos i occorooco wil| l|o ro|ocl mol|oooloqy.
Dolo oro roorloo or oulolio, icomo qrou oo qross oliool icomo or coilo or l|o lolosl yoor ovoiloolo
[soo oxloolory olos i l|o Slolislicol /ox or moro ooloils}.
Terminology and interpretation
T|o ollowiq lorms oo issuos s|oulo oo cosiooroo w|o roviowiq l|o ioiviouol coulry rolos
T|o guosliooiro os|oo or iormolio o o umoor o loics, wil| ollow-u guoslios oxloriq ooc| loic
i url|or ooloil. For moy loics rosoools woro os|oo lo s|i follow-up questions depending on their
oswor lo l|o lo-lovol guoslio. Cosoguolly, l|o coulry rolos oo ol roorl iormolio rom ollow-u
guoslios i l|oso s|oulo |ovo ooo s|ioo. Howovor, i l|oso guoslios woro osworoo l|o rososos oro
rocorooo i l|o Slolislicol /ox.
Road classications [i orliculor l|o ooilio o o uroo rooo, o rurol rooo oo o |iq|woy} vory qroolly
rom coulry lo coulry. Rosoools woro os|oo lo roorl o l|o sooo limils o oiorol |ios o rooo
according to the denitions used in the country concerned.
Rosoools woro os|oo, os ioiviouols, lo rolo l|o effectiveness of enforcement of various elements of
oliool rooo sooly loqislolio o l|o oosis o l|oir roossiool oiio or orcolio. / scolo o C lo 1C
wos usoo, w|oro C wos ol ooclivo" oo 1C wos |iq|ly ooclivo". T|o qrou o rosoools l|o lrioo lo
reach consensus on an enforcement score. These scores are therefore subjective and should be seen only
os o ioicolio o |ow oorcomol is orcoivoo i l|o coulry. Moy rosoools oxrossoo oicully i
ossossiq low oorcomol ol o oliool lovol sico il olo vorios rom roqio lo roqio wil|i o coulry oo
the intensity of the enforcement may vary at different times.
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits refer to the maximum amount of alcohol that is legally acceptable
i l|o olooo o o orivor o l|o rooo - i.o. l|o olooo olco|ol lovol ooovo w|ic| o orivor moy oo uis|oo oy
low. For l|o urosos o l|is roorl, l|o 8/C limil i coulrios w|oro olco|ol cosumlio is ro|ioiloo |os
ooo rocorooo os zoro wil| o oxloolory oololo.
47
W|oro rosoools roviooo oxloolory iormolio o rates of helmet wearing and/or seat-belt use
- or isloco, o ooscrilio o l|o mol|oooloqy or qooqro|icol covoroqo - l|is iormolio is roorloo i
footnotes.
/ motorcycle helmet law is ossossoo os olios lo oll rioors - yos" i l|o low roguiros orivors oo ossoqors
[ool| ooulls oo c|iloro} lo woor o |olmol. Lows wil| oxcolios o l|o qrouos o roliqio, mooicol cooilios
or ol|or roosos oro ioicoloo wil| l|o oololo somo oxcolios".
Rosoools woro os|oo lo roorl o vehicle standards roguiroo or cor mouoclurors or ossomolors i
l|o coulry. T|orooro o iormolio is icluooo o vo|iclo sloooros or coulrios w|oro mouocluro or
ossomoly oo ol lo|o loco. Somo coulrios oly slriqol sloooros lo imorloo vo|iclos oul oolo o suc|
sloooros woro ol collocloo os orl o l|is survoy.
\orioolos |ovo ooo coooo Dolo ol ovoiloolo [-}" i l|o iormolio wos ol roviooo l|rouq| l|o oliool
data collection process.
Presentation of data
Country proles contain data o rooo lroc ololilios oo o-olol i|urios os reported oy coulrios/oroos.
Dolo rom oiorol coulrios oro ol ocossorily comoroolo, os oiorol ooilios oo limo romos |ovo
been used.
Duo lo soco coslroils i oololos, l|o oolo sourco |os ooo summorizoo os Polico, Trosorl or Hooll|
i l|o oolo oro rom l|o Miislry o llorior, Miislry o Trosorl or Miislry o Hooll|, rosoclivoly.
T|o roorlio o oool|s w|oro l|o sox is u|ow |os ol ooo roorloo i l|o rolos.
In the charts presenting data on deaths by road user category, roorlios moy ol sum lo 1CC ouo lo
rouoiq. Somo coulrios clossiy rooo lroc ololilios occoroiq lo l|o vo|iclo or rooo usor ol oull" rol|or l|o
occoroiq lo w|o oioo, or uso coloqorios oiorol rom l|oso roguosloo i l|o guosliooiro. l l|oso coulrios
oool|s omoq vuloroolo rooo usors oro ovo moro li|oly lo oo uoorroorloo.
The standard colour coding of the pie charts usoo lo rorosol l|o rooo usor coloqorios roguosloo i l|o
guosliooiro is s|ow oolow. /ooiliool coloqorios oro rorosoloo oy o-sloooro colours.
Drivors o 4-w|ooloo vo|iclos Cyclists
Possoqors o 4-w|ooloo vo|iclos Pedestrians
Cccuols [orivors/ossoqors} 4-w|ooloo vo|iclos Cl|or
Rioors [orivors/ossoqors} o molorizoo 2- or 3-w|oolors socioo
Trend graphs oro s|ow oil|or os rooo lroc oool| rolos or 1CC CCC oulolio [o o qroo ooc|qrouo} or
os o oosolulo umoor o rooo lroc oool|s [o o oluo ooc|qrouo}, ooooiq o w|ic| quros woro sulioo
oy l|o coulry. Duo lo soco coslroils, o oroilrory cul-o oil o 17C wos olioo lo l|o ow coulrios l|ol
provided many decades of trend data.
Where the primary source of information or ool| l|o io oo lroo qro|s wos ol sliuloloo, l|o sourco |os
ooo roorloo os 'Coulry guosliooiro.
Information about the number of vehicles in the country includes only registered vehicles, oo roorlios o
vorious lyos o suc| vo|iclos. T|oso roorlios moy ol sum lo 1CC ouo lo rouoiq. l somo coulrios,
respondents noted that a substantial proportion of the vehicle eet may not be registered.
48
49
POST-CRASH CARE
Formal, publicly available pre-hospital care system
National universal access number
No
n/a
DATA
Reported road trafc fatalities (2007)
1 835
c
Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries (2007)
3 212
d
Costing study available
No
c
Police data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
d
Police data.
AFGHANISTAN
Population: 27 145 275
Income group: Low
Gross national income per capita: $319
REGISTERED VEHICLES
731 607 total (2008)
Motorcars
Motorized 2- and 3-wheelers
Minibuses, vans, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
59%
12%
20%
1%
8%
Data not available.
n/a Data not required/not applicable.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Lead agency
Funded in national budget
Yes
Yes
National road safety strategy
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
DEATHS BY ROAD USER CATEGORY
NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Speed limits set nationally
Local authorities can set lower limits
Maximum limit urban roads
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
BAC limit general population
BAC limit young or novice drivers
Random breath testing and/or police
Road trafc deaths involving alcohol
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b
Yes
Motorcycle helmet law

Applies to all riders
Helmet standards mandated
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Applies to all occupants
Seat-belt wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
Child restraints law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
Enforcement score represents consensus based on professional opinion of respondents, on a
scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.
b
Alcohol consumption prohibited by law.
Random breath testing and/or police checkpoints
10
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS
No car manufacturers
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Formal audits required for major new road construction projects
Regular audits of existing road infrastructure
Yes
Yes
PROMOTING ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT
National policies to promote walking or cycling
National policies to promote public transportation
No
No
Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health.
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
TRENDS IN ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
50
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
DATA
384
d
(77% males, 23% females)

1 344
e
No
d
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene.
e
Police data.
Lead agency
Funded in national budget No
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Interministerial Committee of Road Safety
REGISTERED VEHICLES
349 646 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
68%
7%
8%
12%
5%
ALBANIA
Income group: Middle
Gross national income per capita: $3 290
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
5%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
30% Front
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Internal Affairs Ministry (Directory of Road Police).
c
1996, Citizen Society of Road Safety, data from pilot cities.
10
9
8
9
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
Yes
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs (Road Police Directory) and Ministry of Transport
(General Directory of Road Transport)
2001 2006 2002 2003 2004
Year
2005 2007
4
0
8
2
12
6
10
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health.
Drivers
4-wheelers (24%)
Source: 2006, Ministry of Transport
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers (9%)
Cyclists (6%)
Pedestrians (40%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (22%)
Data not available.
51
ANGOLA
Lead agency
National Directorate of Road Trafc
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Not formally endorsed by government.
DATA
1 814
c
Reported non-fatal road trafc injuries

No
c
Transport data, dened as died at the crash scene.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
671 060 total (2007)
Registered vehicle types: data not available
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
5
5
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
1 000
0
2 000
1 500
500
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2003
2 500
Year
2007
Source: National Directorate of Road Trafc
2004 2005 2006
52
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
DATA
4 063
d

174 339
e
Yes (deaths and injuries)
d
Health data, dened as died at the scene of the crash. National Registry
of Transit Records (RENAT) reported 4 175 deaths in 2007.
e
Health data.
ARGENTINA
Lead agency
Funded in national budget Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
National Road Safety Agency
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
4060 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
13%
b
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
48%
b, c
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2005, Argentina National Risk Factor survey.
c
Front seats only.
3
3
1
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Car manufacturers required to adhere to standards on
Fuel consumption
Seat-belt installation for all seats
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
National policies to promote public transportation No
No (subnational)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
12 399 887 total (2007)
Occupants 3- and
4-wheelers (42%)
Source: Ministry of Health Argentina, 2006
Cyclists (6%)
Unspecied (23%)
Riders motorized
2-wheelers (10%)
Pedestrians (19%)
Source: The Health Statistics and Information Ofce, the Department of Policies,
Regulation, and Institutes at the National Ministry of Health, Argentina
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
4 500
Year
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
1981 2001 2006 1991 1986 1996
53
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
371
c

2 720
d
No
c
Police data, no specied time period.
d
Police data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia
REGISTERED VEHICLES
366 836 total (2007)
Motorcars
Buses
Other
79%
7%
15%
ARMENIA
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
6%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
3
5
5
5
5
Drivers
4-wheelers (34%)
Source: 2007, Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia
Pedestrians (39%)
Cyclists (<1%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (26%)
0
200
100 N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
600
Year
Source: Road Police of the Police of the Republic of Armenia
300
400
500
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
54
AUSTRALIA
a
a
Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).
Income group: High
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 616
i
(20052006)
31 204
j
i
Transport data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
j
Health and Transport data, hospitalized cases only.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
14 774 921 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
78%
4%
15%
3%
<1%
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Department of Infrastructure, Transport,
Regional Development and Local Government
Pedestrians (13%)
Source: 2007, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development
and Local Government: Monthly Road Death Series
Drivers
4-wheelers (49%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(15%)
Cyclists (3%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (21%)
20
10
0
30
15
5 D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1970 1998 1978 1982 1986 1990 1974
35
Year
1994 2006
Source: 2008, Department of Infrastructure, Transport,
Regional Development and Local Government
25
2002
Enforcement
b
No (subnationally)
n/a
n/a
n/a
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
No (subnational)
0.05 g/dl
c
0.00.02 g/dl
d
n/a
30%
e
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
No (subnational)
Yes
f
Yes
f
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
No (subnational)
Yes
g
97% Front,

92% Rear
h
n/a
Enforcement
b
No (subnational)
n/a
b
c
No national limit, but all states and territories have a consistent BAC limit of 0.05 for general
population.
d
For young provisional drivers, all states and territories have a zero BAC requirement, with exception
of one territory with a BAC limit of 0.02 g/dl.
e
19992003, Transport data.
f
No national law, but all states and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and compliance
with a helmet standard.
g
No national law, but all states and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants.
h
2006, Transport data, national survey.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Data cleared by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport,
Regional Development and Local Government.
55
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
691
e

53 211
f
e
Statistics Austria, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Statistics Austria.
AUSTRIA
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 796 973 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
73%
11%
14%
<1%
2%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.01 g/dl
Yes
8%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
95%
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
89% Front, 49% Rear
d
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Statistics Austria.
c
Some exceptions.
d
2007, Austrian Road Safety Board survey.
9
7
7
9
9
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Other (3%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(45%)
Pedestrians (16%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(17%)
Cyclists (5%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs & Statistics Austria
Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health, Family and Youth.
Passengers
4-wheelers (14%)
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
Austrian Road Safety Council
0
2 500
Year
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Statistics Austria
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
56
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 107
c

3 432
d
No
c
Police data, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
d
Police data.
Data not available.
AZERBAIJAN
REGISTERED VEHICLES
784 018 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Non-motorized vehicles
Other
77%
<1%
2%
16%
4%
<1%
1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
State Road Police
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
3%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, State Road Police.
9
9
9
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
9
9
Drivers
4-wheelers (28%)
Source: 2007, Head Department of State Road Police
Riders motorized
Cyclists (1%)
Pedestrians (38%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (31%)
0
1 400
Year
Source: Azerbaijan Republic. Trend Data on Road Trafc Accidents in 19982006
200
400
600
800
1 200
1 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1989 2005 1993 1997 2001 2003 2007 1991 1995 1999
57
POST-CRASH CARE
DATA
50
d

1 682
e
No
d
Police data, dened as died within 1 year and 1 day.
e
Health data.
BAHAMAS
Population: 331 278
Income group: High
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Road Trafc Department
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
27 058 total (2007)
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
48 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
5%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
1015%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, from hospital reports.
c
Estimation by consensus group.
3
5
3
0
0
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000
100
Year
2007
Source: Ministry of Health
2001 2003 2004 2006 2002 2005
40
80
60
20
Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(42%)
Source: Country questionnaire
Cyclists (22%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (22%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(14%)
58
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
91
e

3 415
f
Yes (deaths only)
e
Police data, dened as any death caused directly by road trafc injury,
regardless of time period.
f
General Directorate of Trafc data.
BAHRAIN
Population: 752 648
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
382 977 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
81%
1%
13%
<1%
2%
3%
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
General Directorate of Trafc
5
4
4
4
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b
No
8%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
22%
d
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
2007, General Directorate of Trafc.
d
2008, Ministry of Works.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Pedestrians (29%)
Source: 2007, General Directorate of Trafc
Drivers 4-wheelers
(39%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (7%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (20%)
0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
14
Year
Source: 2007, General Directorate of Trafc
8
10
1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
12
2007
2
4
6
2001
59
Drivers 4-wheelers (4%)
Passengers 4-wheelers (22%)
Riders motorized
Other (9%)
Cyclists (3%)
Pedestrians (54%)
Source: National Road Trafc Accident Report 2006, Bangladesh Road Transport Authority
BANGLADESH
Income group: Low
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
3 160
c
403 000
d
c
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene. Respondents concerned
this gure greatly underestimates the true number of deaths, citing
example of Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2003, which estimated the
annual number of deaths to be 13 200.
d
2003, Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey.
Lead agency
National Road Safety Council
No
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 054 057 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
15%
62%
10%
6%
3%
4%
1
3
0
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
25 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a

No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
Data not available.
Data cleared by the Directorate General of Health Service.
2000
1000
0
3000
1500
500
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
4000
Year
3500
2500
Source: National Road Safety Action Plan 20082010, National Road Safety Council
1995 1997 2001 2005 2007 1999 2003
60
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
BARBADOS
Population: 293 891
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Data not available.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(24%)
Source: 2007, Royal Barbados Police Force
Passengers
4-wheelers (50%)
Pedestrians (18%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(8%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
Drinkdriving not dened by BAC limit.
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
2
8
8
7
REGISTERED VEHICLES
126 262 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
82%
2%
8%
4%
<1%
4%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, National Insurance and Social Security.
DATA
38
c

2 372
d
No
c
d
Actual data collected by Royal Barbados Police Force.
61
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 517
c

7 991
d
c
Ministry of Home Affairs, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Ministry of Home Affairs data.
Data not available.
BELARUS
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 147 625 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
74%
12%
12%
1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Standing Committee by Council of Ministers of
Republic of Belarus, Ensuring Road Safety
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
13%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Ministry of Home Affairs.
9
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
6
7
6
7
Drivers
4-wheelers (24%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Home Affairs
Riders motorized
Cyclists (9%)
Pedestrians (40%)
Passengers
4-wheelers
(23%)
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus
0
25
Year
5
10
20
15
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1989 2005 1993 1997 2001 2003 2007 1991 1995 1999
62
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 067
d

65 850
e
No
d
Statistics Belgium, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
e
Statistics Belgium estimate.
Data not available.
BELGIUM
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
6 362 161 total (2007)
Motorcars
Buses
Trucks
Other
79%
6%
<1%%
10%
4%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Interministerial Committee for Road Safety
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
b
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
79% Front, 46% Rear
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
Some exceptions.
c
Belgian Road Safety Institute: 2007 observational study (front seats), 2006 self-report survey (rear
seats).
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
Yes
6
3
5
8
3
Unspecied (6%)
Occupants
4-wheelers (56%)
Pedestrians (10%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (8%)
Source: 2007, Statistics Belgium
Other (5%)
Data cleared by the General Directorate for Mobility and Road Safety.
0
35
Year
5
10
20
15
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
25
30
1971 1981 1991 2001 2006 1976 1986 1996
63
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
68
c

652
d
No
c
Health data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash. Police data
reported 47 deaths in 2006.
d
Belize Institute of Statistics.
BELIZE
Population: 287 699
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
National Road Safety Committee
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
b
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
Some exceptions.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
1
3
3
4
REGISTERED VEHICLES
54 225 total (2007)
Drivers (13%)
Source: Belize Institute of Statistics
Passengers (51%)
Pedestrians (23%)
Cyclists (13%)
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2001
100
Year
2007
Source: Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Unit
2003 2004 2006 2002 2005
10
80
60
20
40
30
90
70
50
Data not available.
64
BENIN
Income group: Low
Lead agency
National Centre for Road Safety
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
DATA
605
b
3 251
c
No
b
c
Transport data.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
None
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
Yes
2
1
5
REGISTERED VEHICLES
222 850 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
67%
7%
11%
5%
<1%
10%
Source: 2007, Centre National de Scurit Routire
Drivers 4-wheelers
(11%)
Pedestrians (25%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(37%)
Passengers
4-wheelers
(24%)
Cyclists (3%)
200
0
400
300
100
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
800
Year
Source: National Road Safety Centre Database
500
600
700
1991 1995 2001 2005 2007 1993 1999 2003 1997
65
BHUTAN
Population: 658 479
POST-CRASH CARE
No
Yes
b
b
For free ambulance transport to hospital.
DATA
Reported road trafc fatalities (2006 2007)
111
c
Reported non-fatal road trafc
injuries (2006 2007)
724
d
No
c
Police data for 12-month time period, dened as died within 30 days of
the crash.
d
Police data for 12-month time period.
Lead agency
Road Safety and Transport Authority
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
35 703 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
55%
21%
2%
13%
<1%
9%
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
30 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a

Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
3
3
9
4
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
66
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 073
d
13 481
e
No
d
National Police data, dened as died at the crash scene.
e
National Police data.
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
Inter-institutional Road Safety Council
REGISTERED VEHICLES
699 646 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
25%
5%
56%
11%
1%
2%
BOLIVIA
(Plurinational State of)
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
No consensus
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
No consensus, but group agreed that enforcement is lax.
3
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
Pedestrians (35%)
Source: 2007, National Police data
Riders motorized
Cyclists (1%) Passengers
4-wheelers (49%)
Other (1%)
800
0
1 200
1 000
600
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000
1 600
Year
2007
Source: National Police, National Statistics Institute
2004 2006 2001
1 400
2002 2005 2003
400
200
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Sports and the Bolivian National Police.
67
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
428
e
11 647
f
No
e
Institute for Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(dened as died at the crash scene), and Ministry of Internal Affairs of
the Republic of Srpska (dened as died within 30 days of the crash).
f
Data from multiple sources.
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
675 063 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
85%
1%
9%
1%
5%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
Yes
Yes
a
Formally approved in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only (not in the Republic of Srpska).
Ministry of Communication and Transport
of Bosnia and Herzegovina
BOSNIA AND
HERZEGOVINA
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
7%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
b
Yes
b
c
2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska (data for Republic of Srpska only).
VEHICLE STANDARDS
d
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
d
Data for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only.
7
6
5
6
6
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Data cleared by the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(38%)
Pedestrians (24%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (6%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Srpska. Data for Republic of Srpska only
Other (5%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (23%)
68
BOTSWANA
Lead agency
Department of Road Transport and Safety
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
DATA
497
d
7 142
e
No
d
Transport data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
e
Transport data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
293 755 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
39%
1%
44%
5%
<1%
10%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
1%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
75%
c
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, National Road Trafc Crash Database, based on occasional, non-comprehensive surveys.
c
2007, National Road Trafc Crash Database, rate among drivers and rear-seat passengers involved in a
crash.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
7
8
7
9
Source: 2007, National Road Trafc Crash Database
Drivers 4-wheelers
(23%)
Pedestrians (26%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(1%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (48%)
Cyclists (2%)
20
10
0
30
15
5 D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
35
Year
Source: National Road Trafc Crash Database
25
1982 1992 2002 2007 1987 1997
No (subnational)
69
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
35 155
c

407 685
d
c
Health data (Mortality Information System), dened as died anytime after
the crash.
d
State Trafc Departments, National Trafc Department, Ministry of Cities
data.
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
National Trafc Department (DENATRAN)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
49 644 025 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
61%
22%
<1%
10%
4%
1%
2%
BRAZIL
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
6080 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
88% Front, 11% Rear
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60%
b
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
Data from Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology.
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
Yes
6
6
7
4
Pedestrians (28%)
Source: 2006, Ministry of Health Mortality Information System
Other (37%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(20%)
Cyclists (5%)
Source: Ministry of Health Mortality Information System
1981 2001
Year
2006
5
0
15
30
10
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1986 1991 1996
20
25
70
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
6
d

132
e
No
d
Police data, dened as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.
e
Police records.
Data not available.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
BRITISH VIRGIN
ISLANDS
a
a
Non WHO member-area.
Population: 23 000
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
14 505 total (2007)
Source: 2007, Police department
Drivers 4-wheelers
(33%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (50%)
Riders motorized
4
6
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1997
8
Year
2007
Source: Royal Virgin Islands Police Force
2001 2003 2004 1998 2006 1999 2002 2000 2005
2
0
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Development.
6
3
7
5
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
32 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
4%
c

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
80%
c
Enforcement
b
Yes
b
c
2007, Police observational data.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

No
No
71
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
54
c

556
d
c
d
Police data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
304 432 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
83%
4%
4%
1%
<1%
<1%
7%
Data not available.
BRUNEI
DARUSSALAM
Population: 390 056
Income group: High
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Brunei Darussalam Road Safety Council
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
80 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
3.7%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
98%
b
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
70% Front
b
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Police data.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No

4
6
9
7
7
20
0
40
30
10 N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2002
60
Year
2007
Source: Department of Investigations and Trafc Control, Royal Brunei Police Force
2004 2005 2006 2003
50
Other (2%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(46%)
Pedestrians (9%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(11%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (30%)
Cyclists (2%)
Source: Department of Investigations and Trafc Control, Royal Brunei Police Force
Data cleared by the Ministry of Communications.
72
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 006
c

9 827
d
No
c
d
Police data.
Data not available.
BULGARIA
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 628 680 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
75%
3%
10%
1%
10%
Unspecied (2%)
Occupants
4-wheelers (65%)
Pedestrians (26%)
Cyclists (4%)
Source: 2007, Trafc Police Department, Ministry of Interior
Other (2%)
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
State-Public Consultative Commission
on the Problems of Road Safety
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
5%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Trafc Police Department, Ministry of Interior.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
National policies to promote public transportation Yes
No (subnational)
4
6
8
7
7
Source: Trafc Police Department, Ministry of Interior
0
1 800
Year
200
400
600
800
1 200
1 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1 600
1 400
1972 1982 1992 2002 2007 1977 1987 1997
73
BURKINA FASO
Income group: Low
Lead agency
National Ofce of Road Safety
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
DATA
619
c
7 359
d
c
Police and Health data, dened as died at the crash scene.
d
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
515 453 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Other
30%
31%
18%
9%
12%
Other (13%)
Source: Gendarmerie Nationale
Occupants
4-wheelers
(53%)
Pedestrians (34%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
1
3
1
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
74
BURUNDI
Income group: Low
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
65
d
2 718
e
No
d
Health data, dened as died anytime after the crash.
e
Health data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
59 486 total (1998 June 2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
26%
19%
31%
5%
19%
Data not available.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.1 g/dl
0.1 g/dl
Yes
70%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
95% Front,

0% Rear
c
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2005, Police Spciale de Roulage et de la Scurit Routire.
c
Source and methodology not specied.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
No
5
1
5
8
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control.
75
CAMBODIA
Income group: Low
Lead agency
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 545
f
25 858
g
f
Data from multiple sectors, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
g
Data from multiple sectors.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
154 389 total (2007)
Motorcars
Buses
Trucks
9%
84%
4%
<1%
2%
Data not available.
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
n/a
c
n/a
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
No
21%
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b

Yes
No
0%
e
Enforcement
b
Yes
b
c
Regulations are in place, but not yet enforced.
d
2006, Ministry of Health observational study in Phnom Penh.
e
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
0
2
1
1
Drivers 4-wheelers (4%) Other (4%)
Source: 2007, Road Trafc Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(63%)
Cyclists (5%)
Pedestrians (13%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (11%)
400
0
800
600
200
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1 800
Year
1 000
Source: 19952005, Ministry of Interior/Trafc Police; 20062007,
Road Trafc Accident Victims Information System (RTAVIS)
1 600
1 400
1 200
1995 1997 2001 2005 2007 1999 2003
76
CAMEROON
Lead agency
Ministry of Transport
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
Yes
DATA
990
b
2 471
c
b
c
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
312 259 total (2005)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
56%
21%
9%
8%
5%
1%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
Yes
1
4
3
3
Pedestrians (10%)
Source: Consensus group estimate, based on 2001 data
Drivers 4-wheelers
(15%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(17%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (40%)
Cyclists (18%)
400
0
800
600
200
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1 600
Year
d
d
Data for 2002 not provided.
Source: Ministry of Transport
1 000
1 200
1 400
1972 1980 1988 1996 2005 1976 1984 1992 2000
77
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
2 889
h

199 337
i
h
i
Police data.
CANADA
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
20 065 000 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
52%
3%
43%
3%
<1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
a
With support and collaboration by the Canadian Council of Motor Transport Administrators and its members.
Road Safety Directorate, Transport Canada
a
Enforcement
b
No (subnationally)
Yes
up to 70 km/h
n/a
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.00.04 g/dl
Yes
30%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
No (subnational)
Yes
d
Yes
d
99%
e
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
No (subnational)
Yes
f
93% Front, 87% Rear
g
n/a
Enforcement
b
No (subnational)
n/a
b
c
2006, Coroners data compiled by Trafc Injury Research Foundation.
d
No national law, but all provinces and territories require motorcycle helmets for all riders and
compliance with a national helmet standard.
e
2006, Transport Canadas National Trafc Collision Data le, rate among drivers and passengers
involved in crashes occurring on public roads.
f
No national law, but all provinces and territories require the use of seat-belts by all vehicle occupants.
g
2006, Transport Canada, Average for Rural and Urban Roads Surveys.
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No (subnational)
No (subnational)
Other (1%)
Drivers
4-wheelers
(54%)
Pedestrians (13%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(7%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (22%)
Cyclists (3%)
Source: Police-reported records of trafc collisions that occurred on public roads during 2006
Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Source: Country questionnaire
Data cleared by the Public Health Agency of Canada.
0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
35
Year
5
10
15
20
30
25
1971 1981 1991 2001 2006 1976 1986 1996
78
CAPE VERDE
Population: 530 437
Lead agency
General Directorate of Road Transport
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
Yes
DATA
49
d

899
e
No
d
e
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
54 158 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
66%
8%
20%
5%
1%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
b
No
90%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
80%
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
Exceptions include children and the armed forces.
c
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS


No
Yes
3
6
9
7
8
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Source: Direao Geral dos Transportes Rodovirios
YEAR
NUMBER OF
DEATHS
2006
2007
73
49
Data cleared by the Ministry of Internal Administration.
79
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
Income group: Low
DATA
583
d

225
e
No
d
Police data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash, from capital
(Bangui) only.
e
Transport data based on police reports.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 834 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
21%
77%
<1%
<1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Directorate of Transport and Road Safety
Data not available.
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
4060 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
No

Enforcement
b
No (subnational)
n/a
b
c
Some exceptions.
4
4
3
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Population and HIV/AIDS and the
Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation.
80
CHAD
Income group: Low
DATA
840
d

4 536
e
No
d
Transport and Police data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
e
Directorate General for Surface Transport.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
124 088 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
16%
52%
20%
9%
3%
Lead agency
National Commission on Road Safety
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
No
51%
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
1% Front, <1% Rear
c
Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
0
2
1
4
81
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
2 280
e

50 010
f
e
Health data, dened as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.
f
Police data.
CHILE
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 824 570 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
61%
2%
28%
5%
2%
2%
<1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
Yes
National Trafc Safety Commission (CONASET)
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.5 g/dl
0.5 g/dl
Yes
21%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
100%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
National Police of Chile data for 2007.
c
National Trafc Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2005 for greater Santiago only.
d
National Trafc Safety Commission (CONASET) data for 2007 conducted in multiple cities.
50% Front, 42% Rear
d
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
3
3
5
4
Pedestrians (40%)
Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry
Passengers
4-wheelers (13%)
Other (27%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(3%)
Cyclists (6%)
Source: National Institute of Statistics/Ministry of Health/Civil Registry
1991 2001
Year
2005
2
0
6
16
4
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1995 1999
8
10
2003 1993 1997
12
14
82
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
89 455
e

431 139
f
e
f
Police data.
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
Yes
Inter-Ministerial Convention on Road Trafc Safety
CHINA
Population: 1 336 317 116
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
30-50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
4%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
16%
c
No consensus
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50%
d
No consensus
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2006, Police data.
c
Zhang J, Zhuo J, Chen NA. Study of motorcycle helmet use in Guangxi. Chinese Journal of Disease
Control & Prevention, 2004, 8(6):512515.
d
20052006, Study in Guangzhou City and Nanning City.
8
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
No consensus
REGISTERED VEHICLES
145 228 994 total (2006)
Drivers passenger vehicles (5%)
Passengers of
cars (17%)
Other (14%)
Source: Trafc Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security
Riders motorbikes
(28%)
Cyclists (9%)
Pedestrians (26%)
2
0
4
3
1
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
10
Year
Source: Trafc Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security
5
6
7
8
9
1971 1981 1991 2001 2006 1976 1986 1996
83
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
DATA
5 409
d

38 727
e
d
National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, dened as
died within 30 days of the crash.
e
National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences.
COLOMBIA
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 951 225 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
36%
39%
17%
4%
3%
<1%
<1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ministry of Transportation
4
5
6
7
3
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.04 g/dl
0.04 g/dl
Yes
3%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
97%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
82%
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Ministry of Transportation (SIAT-RNAT).
c
20072008 Road Prevention Fund. Use of helmets that meet a regulatory standard: 70%.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
Pedestrians (34%)
Source: 2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences
Passengers
4-wheelers (11%)
Other (5%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(36%)
Cyclists (8%)
Source: Ministry of Transportation, National Institute of Legal Medicine and
Forensic Sciences, Road Prevention Fund
1997 2001 2002 2003
Year
2007
5
0
15
25
10
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1998 1999 2000
20
2004 2005 2006
Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Protection.
84
COMOROS
Population: 839 187
Income group: Low
DATA
12
d

120
e
No
d
Military Police data, dened as died within 24 hours of the crash.
e
Military Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
22 378 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
86%
6%
5%
3%
Lead agency
Directorate for Road Safety, Circulation
and Regulation
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
30 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b
Yes
4%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
2007, National Military Police.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
3
4
Pedestrians (17%)
Source: 2007, Gendarmerie
Drivers 4-wheelers
(17%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(8%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (58%)
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Solidarity and Gender Equality.
85
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
214
b

2 506
c
No
b
c
Police data.
CONGO
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Lead agency
Directorate General for Land Transport
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
100 000 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
56%
3%
31%
5%
<1%
4%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
4060 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
4
3
3
Data not available.
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Social Affairs and Family and the
Ministry of Security and Public Order.
86
COOK ISLANDS
Population: 13 325
DATA
5
b

382
c
No
b
Health data (Rarotonga only), dened as died at the crash scene.
c
Police and health data.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
Lead agency
Police Department
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.04 g/dl
0.04 g/dl

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
4
4
REGISTERED VEHICLES
10 692 total (20062007)
Pedestrians (40%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(60%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Health Annual Statistical Bulletin
2
0
4
3
1
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
10
Year
Source: Country questionnaire, Rarotonga only
5
6
8
7
9
1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 1993 1997 2001 2005
87
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
710
c

19 903
d
No
c
Judicial Branch data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
d
National Institute of Insurance.
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Council on Road Safety (COSEVI)
COSTA RICA
Source: 2007, Judicial Branch
Passengers
4-wheelers
(18%)
Pedestrians (33%)
Cyclists (9%)
Riders motorized
Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
797 902 total (2007)
0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
20
Year
e
e
Data for 2001 not provided.
Source: Council on Road Safety (COSEVI). National Institute
for Statistics and Census (Vital Statistics)
8
10
12
16
18
2
4
6
14
1995 1999 2004 2007 1997 2002 2006 1998 2003 1996 2000 2005
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
82%
b
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
National survey conducted in 2004.
6
6
6
7
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
No
6
88
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
619
d
25 092
e
d
e
Police data.
Data not available.
CROATIA
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 949 936 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
77%
8%
9%
<1%
6%
Lead agency
Yes
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
30%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
45%
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Ministry of Interior.
c
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
6
7
6
5
7
Drivers 4-wheelers
(29%)
Pedestrians (20%)
Cyclists (5%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior
Other (7%)
Riders motorized
Data cleared by the National Institute of Public Health.
Passengers
4-wheelers (21%)
0
1 800
Year
Source: Ministry of Interior
200
400
600
800
1 200
1 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1 600
1 400
1972 1982 1992 2002 2007 1977 1987 1997
89
CUBA
DATA
994
f

7 507
g
f
Health data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
g
National Transportation Directorate data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
National Highway and Transportation Commission
REGISTERED VEHICLES
658 003 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
36%
33%
13%
13%
3%
2%
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes
30%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
95%
d

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
70% Front
e
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
2007, Forensic Medicine Institute, Ministry of Public Health.
d
2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs.
e
2007, National Transportation Directorate, Ministry of Internal Affairs, only applies to cars with seat-
belts or those manufactured after 2001.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
No
5
4
8
8
5
0
15
10
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1972
25
Year
2007
Source: National Statistics Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, 20062007
1997 1982
20
1977 1987 2002 1992
Occupants 4-wheelers
(18%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Health
Pedestrians (33%)
Unspecied (12%)
Other (8%)
Cyclists (14%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(12%)
Bus passengers
(3%)
90
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
89
f

2 119
g
Yes (deaths only)
f
g
Police data.
CYPRUS
Population: 854 671
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
592 480 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
69%
7%
18%
2%
1%
4%
Lead agency
Road Safety Council
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
18%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
68% Drivers
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
81% Front, 9% Rear
e
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Police records.
c
Some exceptions.
d
2007, Police in cooperation with the Government Statistical Service, 56% passengers.
e
2007, Police records, national observational study.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
3
6
5
6
7
Drivers 4-wheelers
(37%)
Pedestrians (18%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(28%)
Cyclists (3%)
Source: 2007, Police records
Passengers
4-wheelers
(14%)
0
180
Year
20
40
60
80
120
100
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
160
140
1971 1981 1991 2001 2006 1976 1986 1996
91
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 455 110 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
75%
15%
9%
<1%
1%
Lead agency
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
CZECH REPUBLIC
Income group: High
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
3%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
97% Drivers
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
90% Front, 80% Rear
d
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Czech Police.
c
2007, Czech Police, 85% for passengers.
d
2006, Transport Research Centre.
8
5
9
7
9
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
No (subnational)
DATA
1 222
e

23 060
f
e
f
Police data.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(41%)
Pedestrians (19%)
Cyclists (10%)
Source: 2007, Police Presidium of the Czech Republic, Directorate of Trafc Branch
Other (1%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(11%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (18%)
0
20
Year
4
8
16
12
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
6
10
18
14
2
1972 1982 1992 2002 2007 1977 1987 1997
92
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF
THE CONGO
Income group: Low
DATA
281
c
3 478
d
No
c
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene, Kinshasa only.
d
Police and health data, Kinshasa only.
Lead agency
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
311 781 total (2007)
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
80% Front, 40% Rear
b
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, estimated based on nes given out by the Road Trafc Police.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
5
7
5
7
Other (1%)
Source: 2007, Road Trafc Police, National Road Safety Committee
Passengers
4-wheelers
(35%)
Pedestrians (59%)
93
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
DATA
1 414
d

1 121
e
No
d
National Police and General Ground Travel Bureau data, dened as died
at the crash scene.
e
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 121 244 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
28%
44%
8%
16%
2%
<1%
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
35 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
5560% Front
c
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
2006, General Ground Travel Bureau, study involving drivers and front-seat passengers only.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
Yes
2
2
2
6
Data not available.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(42%)
Source: 2007, General Ground Travel Bureau
Passengers
4-wheelers (45%)
Pedestrians (5%)
Riders motorized
YEAR DEATHS
2005
2006
2007
1 366
1 386
1 414
Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance.
94
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
ECUADOR
Population: 13 341197
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
The National Commission of Ground Transit

and Transportation
DATA
1 801
c

9 511
d
c
National Institute of Statistics and Census data, dened as died within 24
hours of the crash.
d
National Institute of Statistics and Census data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
961 556 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
38%
9%
43%
8%
1%
<1%
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
9%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
30% Front, 10% Rear
b

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, National Directorate of Ground Transit and Transportation.
3
5
2
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
0
400
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2001
2 000
Year
e
2006
e
No data supplied for 2002.
Source: National Directorate of Transit, Department of Archives and Statistics;
Guayas Transit Commission
2004
600
2003
200
2005
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
1 600
1 800
Other (42%)
Occupants 4-wheelers (14%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (<1%)
Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics and Census
Pedestrians (43%)
95
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
12 295
d

154 000
e
No
d
Health data, dened as died at the crash scene.
e
2007, Health data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
No
National Council for Road Safety
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 300 000 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
60%
19%
18%
2%
1%
EGYPT
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
No
70% Passengers
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
70% Drivers
c
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
7
4
7
Data not available.
Pedestrians (20%)
Source: 2005, National Information Center for Health & Population
(48%)
Other (30%)
Cyclists (2%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers (<1%)
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Population.
96
EL SALVADOR
DATA
1 493
c

11 655
d
c
Forensic Medicine, Police and Health data, dened as died anytime after
the crash.
d
Health data.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
No
Deputy Ministry of Transportation
REGISTERED VEHICLES
630 638 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
45%
7%
38%
7%
1%
2%
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
4%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Assistant Directors Ofce of Ground Transportation, National Civil Police.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
No
4
5
6
7
0
10
0
20
5
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1972 1987 1977
30
Year
1982
Source: Data for 1970 to 1998, General Bureau of Statistics and Census.
Data for 1999 to 2007, Forensic Statistics Section of the Institute of Forensic Medicine.
15
2002 1992 1997 2007
25
2008, Institute of Forensic Medicine, compared with data of the National Civil Police
and the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare
Pedestrians
(63%)
Other (4%)
Cyclists (4%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(2%)
Passsengers
4-wheelers (18%)
97
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
84
d

1 453
e
d
e
Police data.
ERITREA
Income group: Low
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
REGISTERED VEHICLES
60 849 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
51%
5%
21%
16%
3%
5%
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ministry of Transport and Communication
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
1.2%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Trafc Police archive.
c
Some exceptions.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
2
6
9
7
9
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
0
200
Year
Source: Land and Transport Department
60
80
100
180
140
120
160
40
20
1992 1998 2004 2007 1995 2001
No (subnational)
98
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
196
d

3 270
e
d
Estonian National Road Administration data, dened as died within
30 days of the crash.
e
Estonian National Road Administration data.
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
708 794 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
74%
2%
11%
1%
12%
ESTONIA
Income group: High
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
The Road Safety Committee of the Government
of the Republic of Estonia
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
48%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
90% Front, 68% Rear
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Estonian National Road Administration.
c
2007, Trafc Behaviour Monitoring.
9
6
7
8
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Affairs.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(39%)
Pedestrians (19%)
Cyclists (9%)
Source: 2007, Estonian National Road Administration
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(6%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (27%)
0
35
Year
Source: Estonian National Road Administration
5
10
25
15
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
30
20
1972 1982 1992 2002 2007 1977 1987 1997
99
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
2 517
d
24 792
e
d
e
Police data adjusted by comparing with health data.
ETHIOPIA
Income group: Low
Lead agency
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
244 257 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
29%
3%
34%
27%
7%
Data not available.
2
1
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
No
10%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
60%
c
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
20%
c
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
2007, Consensus group estimate.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport and Communications.
0
1.0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1998 2001 1999
4.0
Year
2000
0.5
2004 2002 2003 2007
3.0
2.5
3.5
2.0
1.5
2006 2005
Source: 2007, Federal Police Commission Annual Report
Pedestrians (55%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (37%)
Other (1%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (<1%)
100
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
59
e

663
f
e
f
Police data.
10
5
9
7
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
27%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
90%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
95% Front, 70% Rear
d
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2006, Fiji Police.
c
d
2007, Fiji Police.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
7
Drivers 4-wheelers
(26%)
Pedestrians (25%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (49%)
Source: 2007, Fiji Police
FIJI
Population: 838 698
Lead agency
Yes
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
78 833 total (2008)
40
0
80
60
20 N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1996
120
Year
2006
Source: Fiji Police
2001 2003 2004 1998
100
1997 1999 2002 2000 2005
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Women and Social Welfare.
101
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
380
f

8 446
g
f
Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central
Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland, dened as died within 30 days
of the crash.
g
Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central
Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 656 370 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
61%
8%
2%
<1%
29%
FINLAND
Income group: High
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ministry of Transport and Communications
of Finland
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
24%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
95% Drivers
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
89% Front, 80% Rear
d
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and Central Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland.
c
Some exceptions.
d
e
2007, Central Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland, data for rear-seat passengers apply to urban
areas only.
9
7
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
7
7
Data cleared by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(52%)
Pedestrians (13%)
Cyclists (6%)
Source: Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and
Central Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland
Other (1%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(11%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (18%)
0
16
Year
Source: Road Trafc Accidents 2007, Statistics Finland and
Central Organization for Trafc Safety in Finland
2
4
10
6
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
12
8
14
1986 1992 1998 2004 2007 1989 1995 2001
102
Data cleared by the Interministerial Road Safety Task Force.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
4 620
e

77 007
f
e
Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire (ONISR) data,
dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire (ONISR) data.
FRANCE
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
39 926 000 total (20062008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
77%
6%
14%
1%
<1%
1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Interministerial Road Safety Task Force
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
27%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
95%
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
98% Front, 83% Rear
b
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2006, Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire (ONISR).
c
Some exceptions.
d
2006, ONISR, Observational study, data apply to motorcyclists (99% for moped riders).
8
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
7
7
5
No (subnational)
10
0
20
5
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1972 1987 1977
40
Year
1982
Source: Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire
15
2002 1992 1997 2007
30
25
35
Other (1%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(43%)
Pedestrians (12%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(25%)
Cyclists (3%)
Source: 2007, Observatoire national interministriel de scurit routire (ONISR)
Passengers
4-wheelers (16%)
103
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
56
c

387
d
No
c
Police and health data, dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
d
Actual data from the Gambia Police Force and Royal Victoria Teaching
Hospital.
GAMBIA
Income group: Low
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Lead agency
National Roads Authority
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
14 450 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
61%
12%
6%
7%
14%
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
4
3
4
4
Data cleared by the Department of State for Works, Construction and Infrastructure.
104
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
737
c

7 349
d
No
c
Ministry of Internal Affairs data, dened as died within 20 days of the
crash.
d
Ministry of Internal Affairs data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
567 900 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
83%
<1%
10%
7%
Lead agency
Transport Commission

Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
GEORGIA
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
No
37%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia.
8
7
9
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No (subnational)
6
8
Data not available.
Data cleared by the Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs.
Pedestrians (28%)
Unspecied (72%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia
Cyclists (<1%)
0
1 400
Year
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia
200
400
600
800
1 200
1 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1972 1982 1992 2002 2007 1977 1987 1997
105
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
4 949
e

431 419
f
e
Federal Statistics Ofce data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Federal Statistics Ofce data.
Data not available.
GERMANY
a
a
Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt (no consensus meeting).
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
55 511 374 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
84%
7%
8%
<1%
1%
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
12%
c

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
Yes
97% Drivers, 96% Passengers
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
9596% Front, 88% Rear
d

Enforcement
b
Yes
b
Enforcement score represents professional opinion of BASt, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not
effective and 10 is highly effective.
c
2006, Federal Statistics Ofce.
d
2007, Federal Highway Research Institute.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
Yes
Federal Ministry for Trafc, Building and Housing
Data cleared by the Federal Highway Research Institute BASt.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(43%)
Source: 2006, Federal Statistics Ofce
Cyclists (10%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (15%)
Pedestrians (14%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(18%)
Other (1%)
0
16
Year
Source: Federal Statistics Ofce
2
4
10
6
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
12
8
14
1991 2000 1994 1997 2003 2006
106
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transportation.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 856
b

14 492
c
b
National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports), dened
as died within 30 days of the crash.
c
National Road Safety Commission data (based on police reports).
GHANA
Income group: Low
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Road Safety Commission
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
Yes
3
2
2
2
0
REGISTERED VEHICLES
931 642 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
53%
16%
8%
9%
13%
1%
Other (2%)
Passengers
4-wheelers
(35%)
Pedestrians (42%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers (5%) Cyclists (4%)
Source: National Road Safety Commission, Road Trafc Accident Statistics 2006
0
4
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1992 1998 1994
12
Year
1996
Source: Building and Road Research Institute
2
2004 2000 2002 2006
8
6
10
107
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 657
e

20 675
f
No
e
National Statistical Service data, dened as died within 30 days of the
crash.
f
Police data.
Data not available.
GREECE
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
7 212 236 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
65%
17%
17%
<1%
1%
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
7.2%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
75% Front, 42% Rear
d
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2006, Road Trafc Police and Port Police Authorities, drivers involved in fatal crashes.
c
Some exceptions.
d
2006, Road Trafc Police and Port Police Authorities, includes only people involved in reported road
trafc crashes.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes

Yes
Yes
6
7
6
7
7
Drivers 4-wheelers
(35%)
Source: 2006, National Statistical Service
Cyclists (1%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (15%)
Pedestrians (16%)
Riders motorized
Other (2%)
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity.
0
2 500
Year
Source: National Statistical Service
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1971 1976 1986 2006 1981 1991 1996 2001
108
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
GUATEMALA
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
Ministry of the Interior, Department of Transit
of the National Civil Police
DATA
581
b

2 586
c
No
b
National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records), dened as
died at the crash scene.
c
National Statistical Institute data (mainly from police records).
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 613 796 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
Unspecied
28%
24%
11%
7%
5%
<1%
23%
2%
Data not available.
Pedestrians (23%) Drivers (28%)
Passengers and
unspecied (49%)
Source: 2004, National Civil Police, Institute of National Statistics
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
1090 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
3
3
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No (subnational)
0
100
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000
400
Year
2006 2004
150
2002
50
2005
200
250
300
350
2003 2001
Source: Vital Statistics
109
GUINEA-BISSAU
Income group: Low
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
DATA
117
c

No
c
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
4
3
REGISTERED VEHICLES
57 839 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
73%
9%
17%
<1%
110
GUYANA
Population: 737 906
DATA
207
c

1 356
d
c
Police data, dened as death resulting from injuries due to a road
accident event (time period not specied).
d
Ministry of Home Affairs data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
n/a
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Ministry of Home Affairs
REGISTERED VEHICLES
127 825 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Other
35%
29%
15%
7%
14%
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
48 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
b
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
Some exceptions.

VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
No
4
7
0
5
0
100
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1997
250
Year
2007 2003
150
1999
50
2005
200
2001
Source: Trafc Headquarters
2004 2000 2006 2002 1998
Source: 2007, Guyana Police Force Trafc Headquarters
Pedestrians (30%)
Other (3%)
Cyclists (16%)
Riders motorized
Passsengers
4-wheelers (25%)
111
Data cleared by the Ministry of State Health.
HONDURAS
DATA
974
e

3 156
f
e
National Transit Bureau data, dened as died within 24 hours
of the crash.
f
Ministry of Security and Ministry of Health data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
786 682 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
62%
12%
11%
10%
4%
1%
<1%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.07 g/dl
0.07 g/dl
Yes
8%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
80% Front, 10% Rear
d

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, National Transit Bureau, proportion of fatal crashes due to alcohol.
c
2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security.
d
2007, National Transit Bureau.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
7
3
4
c
5
Source: 2007, National Transit Bureau/Ministry of Security
Pedestrians (9%)
Other (9%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (5%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(21%)
Passsengers
4-wheelers (51%)
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2003
700
Year
2007 2005 2006
200
400
500
2004
Source: Forensic Medicine Bureau/Public Ministry
300
600
100
112
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 232
e

27 452
f
Yes (deaths only)
e
f
Police data.
HUNGARY
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 625 386 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
83%
4%
12%
1%
1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Interministerial Committee for Road Safety
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
12%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
95%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
71% Front, 40% Rear
d
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2006, Central Statistical Ofce.
c
Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers.
d
2007, Observational study.
4
5
9
4
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
Yes
No (subnational)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(34%)
Source: 2007, Trafc Accidents 2006 Yearbook
Cyclists (12%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (21%)
Pedestrians (23%)
Riders motorized
Other (1%)
0
30
Year
5
10
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
15
20
25
1970 1975 1985 2005 1980 1990 1995 2000
113
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
30
e

2 092
f
e
Statistics Iceland Mortality Coding Register data, dened as died within
f
Icelandic Accident Register data.
ICELAND
Population: 301 006
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
293 299 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
71%
5%
7%
3%
<1%
14%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
The Road Trafc Directorate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
20%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
95%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
88% Front, 68% Rear
d
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, The Road Trafc Directorate.
c
Estimation by consensus group, drivers and passengers.
d
2007, National telephone survey conducted by Capacent Gallup.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No (subnational)
No (subnational)
7
7
8
8
8
Riders motorized
Passengers
4-wheelers (32%)
Source: The Road Trafc Directorate yearly report 19982007
Pedestrians (10%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(53%)
Year
Source: Road Trafc Directorate
0
18
2
4
10
6
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
12
8
14
16
1972 1977 1987 2007 1982 1992 1997 2002
114
INDIA
Population: 1 169 015 509
Income group: Low
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
105 725
d
452 922
e
d
e
Police data.
Lead agency
Department of Road Transport
and Highways
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
72 718 000 total (2004)
Trucks and Lorries
Light motor vehicles
(goods and passengers)
Buses
Two wheelers
Cars, jeeps and taxis
Tractors and trailers
Other
3%
5%
1%
71%
13%
6%
1%
40 000
0
80 000
60 000
20 000 N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2002 2003 2004
120 000
Year
2005 2006
100 000
Source: National Crime Records Bureau
Data not available.
Speed limits set nationally No (subnationally)
Enforcement
b
Yes
n/a
n/a
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
Some exceptions.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
Yes
3
2
2
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Passenger cars and taxis (15%) Unspecied (11%)
Source: Road Accidents in India 2006. Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(27%)
Cyclists (4%) Pedestrians (13%)
Other (29%)
115
Drivers 4-wheelers (3%) Other (4%)
Source: 2008, National Police. Based on data collected in 3 provinces,
deaths at the crash scene only
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(61%)
Cyclists (13%)
Pedestrians (15%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (4%)
INDONESIA
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
16 548
e
66 040
f
Yes (deaths only)
e
f
Police data.
Lead agency
National Cabinet
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
63 318 522 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
15%
73%
8%
4%
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
70 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
b
Yes
93%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a

Yes
No
85%
d
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
Some exceptions.
c
2007, National rate estimated from study of helmet wearing in 31 cities in 10 provinces.
d
2005, Jakarta survey.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
Yes
3
7
7
Source: National Police
4 000
0
8 000
6 000
2 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1997 1999 2000
18 000
Year
2002 2007
10 000
12 000
1998 2001 2003 2004
14 000
16 000
2005 2006
116
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
Reported road trafc fatalities
(20072008 Iranian Calendar)
22 918
e

(20072008 Iranian Calendar)
685 611
f
e
Forensic Medicine data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Health data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Headquarter for Transportation and Fuel Management
REGISTERED VEHICLES
17 000 000 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
48%
37%
<1%
5%
<1%
9%
IRAN
(Islamic Republic of)
Data not available.
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
1315%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
7580%
d
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
2008, Trafc Police, 2025% drivers, 34% passengers.
d
2007, Trafc Police.
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
6
1
8
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education.
Pedestrians (33%)
Source: 1998, Forensic Medicine Organization
Drivers 4-wheelers
(16%)
Unspecied (11%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (29%)
Riders motorized
117
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 789
b

7 467
c
No
b
Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police
Statistics, dened as died within 7 days of the crash, excludes Kurdistan
region.
c
Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology and Police
Statistics, excludes Kurdistan region.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
Supreme Council Road Safety
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 242 269 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
35%
53%
7%
5%
IRAQ
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
100 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
8
5
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
Yes
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Source: Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, data since 1990
exclude Kurdistan region
1980 2000
Year
2005
5
0
15
35
10
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1985 1990 1995
20
20
25
118
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
365
d

8 575
e
d
Road Safety Authority data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
e
Road Safety Authority data.
Data not available.
IRELAND
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 444 159 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
76%
2%
16%
2%
<1%
4%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Road Safety Authority

Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
No consensus
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
37%
b
No consensus
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No consensus
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
86% Front, 63% Rear
c
No consensus
Enforcement
a
Yes
No consensus
a
b
Based on Bedford D, McKeown N, Vellinga A, Howell F (2006) Alcohol in fatal road crashes in Ireland in
2003 Population Health Directorate, Health Service Executive.
c
2006, Road Safety Authority Seat Belt Wearing Survey.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
250
0
350
300
200
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1997 1999 2000
500
Year
2002 2006
400
Source: Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006
450
1998 2001 2003 2004 2005
100
150
50
Data cleared by the Department of Transport.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(40%)
Source: Road Safety Authority, Road Collision Facts Ireland 2006
Cyclists (3%)
Pedestrians (20%)
Riders motorized
Other (8%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (22%)
119
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
398
e

2 079
f
e
f
Police data.
ISRAEL
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 283 634 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
78%
4%
14%
2%
1%
1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Road Safety Authority
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
8%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
95%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Israeli Police.
c
2006, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority, drivers and passengers.
d
2007, Observational study conducted by the National Road Safety Authority.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No (subnational)
8
6
5
9
5
94% Drivers, 88% Front passengers, 45% Rear
d
Drivers 4-wheelers
(31%)
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police
Cyclists (2%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (27%)
Pedestrians (32%)
Riders motorized
0
800
Year
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Police
100
200
300
700
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
500
400
600
1972 1977 1987 2007 1982 1992 1997 2002
120
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
5 669
d

332 995
e
d
ISTAT (National Statistics Ofce) and ACI (Automobile Club dItalia) data,
dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
e
ISTAT and ACI data.
ITALY
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
43 262 992 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
83%
13%
3%
<1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
General Directorate for Road Safety
Drivers 4-wheelers
(32%)
Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Ofce) and ACI (Automobile Club dItalia)
Cyclists (6%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (17%)
Pedestrians (13%)
Riders motorized
Other (6%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
No consensus
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
b
Yes
60%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
65% Front, 10% Rear
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
Some exceptions.
c
2007, SISTEMA ULISSE Monitoraggio Nazionale sulluso dei dispositivi di sicurezza.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
7
7
7
7
7
3 000
0
5 000
4 000
2 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000
8 000
Year
2002 2006
6 000
Source: ISTAT (National Statistics Ofce) and ACI (Automobile Club dItalia)
7 000
2001 2003 2004 2005
1 000
121
JAMAICA
DATA
350
c

14 069
d
No
c
c
Health data.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2000, Healthy Lifestyle Survey.
3
b
2
3
b
5
4
REGISTERED VEHICLES
320 000 total (2007)
0
4
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1991
20
Year
2007
Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force
1999
6
1995
2
2003
8
10
12
14
16
18
1993 2001 1997 2005
Source: 2007, Police Trafc Headquarters, Jamaica Constabulary Force
Pedestrians (31%)
Cyclists (8%)
Riders motorized
Passsengers
4-wheelers (29%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(23%)
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
Yes
122
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
6 639
f

1 034 445
g
f
Police data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash. Vital statistics
data (2006): 8 195 deaths, dened using International Classication of
Diseases (ICD) codes.
g
Police data.
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Central Trafc Safety Policy Council
JAPAN
Income group: High
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
n/a
a
No consensus
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
8%
c
No consensus
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
Yes
No consensus
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
95%99% Drivers
d
No consensus
Enforcement
b
Yes
No consensus
a
Different system of road classication used.
b
c
2007, Police data.
d
2007, National Police Agency/Japan Automobile Foundation.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
e
No
e
e
Some irregular or informal safety checks are conducted.
No consensus
Drivers 4-wheelers
(28%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (9%)
Cyclists (13%)
Pedestrians (32%)
Riders motorized
Source: 2006, Police data
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
25
Year
Source: Vital Statistics compiled by Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
5
10
15
20
1971 1981 1991 2001 2006 1976 1986 1996
REGISTERED VEHICLES
91 378 636 total (2006
h
& 2008
i
)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
63%
14%
18%
<1%
5%
h
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (data on motor-driven
cycles and small-sized special motor vehicles).
i
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.
123
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
992
d

17 969
e
d
Public Security Directorate/Jordan Trafc Institute data, dened as died
within 30 days of the crash.
e
Public Security Directorate/Jordan Trafc Institute data.
JORDAN
REGISTERED VEHICLES
841 933 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
65%
<1%
12%
18%
2%
3%
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Road Safety Council
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
5080 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
2006, Jordan Trafc Institute.
6
3
4
65% Drivers, 10% Front passengers
c
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
Yes
Pedestrians (25%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(36%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (39%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(<1%)
8
4
0
12
6
2
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1989 1995 1991
20
Year
1993
10
2003 2001 1997 1999 2007
16
14
18
2005
124
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
4 365
d

32 988
e
d
Ministry of Internal Affairs, Health Ministry and Statistics Agency, dened
as died within 7 days of the crash.
e
Health data.
KAZAKHSTAN
a
a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 105 954 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
79%
2%
13%
3%
4%
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
Yes
Road Police Department
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes
3%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
Enforcement score represents professional opinion of NDC, on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not
b
c
2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
10
5
5
7
7
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Traumotology and
Orthopedics Scientic Research Institute.
Pedestrians (16%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Internal Affairs
Unspecied (84%)
125
Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
2 893
c

12 470
d
No
c
d
Police data.
KENYA
Income group: Low
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 004 243 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
56%
18%
11%
10%
2%
3%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
Yes
4
2
3
Data not available.
Passengers
4-wheelers
(33%)
Pedestrians (47%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers (1%) Cyclists (9%)
Source: 2007, Trafc Police
0
1 000
500
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1970 1978 1982
3 500
Year
1990 2006
1 500
Source: Kenya Trafc Police Department
2 000
1974 1986 1998 2002
2 500
3 000
1994
126
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
7
c
d

No
c
d
19992006, health data.
Data not available.
KIRIBATI
Population: 95 067
Lead agency
Kiribati Police Service
No
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
30%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
20032008, Kiribati Police Service.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
0
2
1
6
REGISTERED VEHICLES
16 000 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
60%
13%
22%
5%
1%
Passengers
4-wheelers (13%)
Pedestrians (6%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(44%)
Source: 2007, Emergency Accident Record Book, Ministry of Health and Medical Services
Drivers 4-wheelers
(38%)
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Medical Services.
Source: Kiribati Police Service, data for South Tarawa,
Betio and referral cases from other islands
4
0
8
6
2
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1999
18
Year
2007 2002 2004 2005
10
2000 2003 2001 2006
14
12
16
127
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
482
c

8 584
d
No
c
Health data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Health data.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 364 790 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
55%
<1%
35%
7%
2%
<1%
KUWAIT
Income group: High
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
45 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
6
9
3
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
128
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 252
c
6 223
d
No
c
Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data, dened as died within 1 year
of the crash.
d
Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs data.
Data not available.
KYRGYZSTAN
Income group: Low
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Commission of Trafc Accident Prevention
to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
b
No
n/a
a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
5
7
4
7
REGISTERED VEHICLES
318 581 total (2007)
Drivers (23%)
Source: 2007, Central Administration of Road Safety to the Ministry of Internal Affairs
of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republican Medical Information Center to the Ministry of
Public Health of the Kyrgyz Republic
Cyclists (1%)
Pedestrians (43%)
Passengers (32%)
Other (1%)
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Executive Director of
Road Safety Under the Kyrgyz Government.
YEAR
NUMBER OF
DEATHS
2006
2007
1 051
1 252
129
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
608
f
8 714
g
f
g
Police data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
641 081 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
2%
79%
14%
3%
1%
2%
LAO PEOPLES
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC
Income group: Low
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
Ministry of Public Works and Transport
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
48%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
No
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
n/a
e
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
20002007, Police data.
c
Some exceptions.
d
2007, Handicap International Belgium, survey conducted in Vientiane.
e
Law not yet enforced.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
3
6
5
Data not available.
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
100
0
350
300
50
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1990
450
Year
2002 2000 1994
400
1992 1996 1998
200
150
250
Source: Ministry of Communication, Transport, Post and Construction
130
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
407
e

5 404
f
e
Road Safety Directorate data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Road Safety Directorate data.
LATVIA
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 062 935 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
77%
4%
11%
1%
7%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Road Trafc Safety Council
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
21%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
93%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
77% Front, 32% Rear
d
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2006, Statistics of road accidents in Latvia, Road Trafc Safety Directorate.
c
2006, research by Road Trafc Research, LTD. Drivers and passengers of motorcycles in Riga and Riga
region.
d
2006, Observational studies by Road Trafc Research, LTD and Data Serviss, LTD.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No (subnational)
No (subnational)
6
7
7
7
6
Source: 2006, Road Safety Directorate, Statistics of Road Trafc Accidents in Latvia 2007
Cyclists (8%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(31%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (19%)
Pedestrians (37%)
Riders motorized
0
40
Year
Source: Road Safety Directorate
5
10
25
15
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
30
20
35
1986 2001 2006 1991 1996
131
LEBANON
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
100 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
15%
c
Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
2007, Internal Security Forces.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
No
4
1
2
4
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
DATA
497
d

6 266
e
d
Internal Security Forces data, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
e
Internal Security Forces data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 400 000
f
total (2007)
f
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
132
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
402
c

2 427
d
Yes (deaths only)
c
Road Safety Department data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Police data.
LESOTHO
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Road Safety Department
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.10 g/dl
0.10 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
No

Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
5
5
6
5
REGISTERED VEHICLES
Data not available
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1987 1991 1993
500
Year
1997 2007
100
Source: Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007, Road Safety Department
200
1989 1995 2001 2003
300
400
1999 2005
Unspecied
(49%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (13%)
Source: Lesotho Road Accident Statistical Report 2007, Road Safety Department
Pedestrians (34%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers (<1%)
133
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
Reported road trafc fatalities


No
LIBERIA
Income group: Low
Data not available.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
11 086 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
67%
3%
18%
7%
5%
<1%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
b
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
b
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
No laws but national regulations enforced by Liberia National Police.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
2
3
2
5
134
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
DATA
2 138
d

6 850
e
d
General Trafc Department data, dened as died within 30 days of the
crash.
e
General Trafc Department data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 826 533 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
76%
2%
12%
5%
5%
LIBYAN ARAB
JAMAHIRIYA (the)
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b
No
2%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
5%
c
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
2007, General Trafc Department.
3
5
7
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No (subnational)
Data not available.
Source: 2008, General Trafc Department
Drivers 4-wheelers
(32%)
Passengers
4-wheelers
(28%)
Unspecied (20%)
Pedestrians
(15%)
Cyclists (5%)
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Environment.
0
2 500
Year
Source: General Trafc Department
2 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1 000
500
1 500
1995 1997 2001 2005 2007 1999 2003
135
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
759
c

8 254
d
c
d
Police data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 781 686 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
89%
1%
8%
1%
1%
Lead agency
State Trafc Safety Commission
No
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
LITHUANIA
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.04 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
12%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior).
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
No (subnational)
6
6
6
6
5
Riders motorized
Cyclists (7%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (26%)
Other (3%)
Source: 2006, Police Department (Ministry of Interior)
Pedestrians (32%)
0
35
Year
Source: Police Department (Ministry of Interior)
5
10
25
15
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
30
20
1986 2001 2006 1991 1996
136
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
550
b
5 190
c
b
c
Police data.
MADAGASCAR
Income group: Low
Data not available.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
5
6
6
REGISTERED VEHICLES
197 981 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
52%
23%
16%
9%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
137
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
839
c

2 130
d
No
c
Malawi Trafc Police and Road Safety Council data, dened as died within
d
Malawi Trafc Police & Road Safety Council data.
MALAWI
Income group: Low
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Passengers
4-wheelers (28%)
Pedestrians (45%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(1%)
Cyclists (18%)
Source: 2007, National Road Council/ Malawi Trafc Police
Drivers 4-wheelers (8%) Other (<1%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
45%
b
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
Data source not available.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
5
4
7
6
REGISTERED VEHICLES
130 000 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
41%
8%
30%
16%
5%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
138
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
6 282
e

21 363
f
e
f
Police data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cabinet Committee on Road Safety
REGISTERED VEHICLES
16 825 150 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Other
45%
47%
5%
3%
MALAYSIA
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
b
Yes
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
70% Front
d
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
Some exceptions.
c
2007, Malaysian Institute on Road Safety Research.
d
2003, International Association of Trafc and Safety Sciences Research Vol 28 No. 1 (published 2004).
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
6
6
6
6
Data not available.
Passengers
4-wheelers
(10%)
Other (6%)
Source: 2007, Royal Malaysian Police
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(58%)
Cyclists (3%)
Pedestrians (10%)
0
10
5 D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
35
Year
Source: Road Safety Department Malaysia
15
20
25
30
1994 1996 2000 2004 2006 1998 2002
139
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
8
b


No
b
Police data, dened as died at the scene of the crash.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Road Trafc Police of Maldives Police Service
REGISTERED VEHICLES
33 807 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Other
8%
79%
7%
1%
5%
MALDIVES
Population: 305 556
Data not available.
Riders motorized
Source: 2007, Maldives Police Service
Cyclists (25%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
30 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
5
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
140
Data cleared by the Ministry of Equipment and Transport.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
659
c

c
Police and Health data, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
MALI
Income group: Low
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Directorate for Land, Sea and River Transport
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
4
2
5
2
REGISTERED VEHICLES
167 245 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Other
52%
6%
9%
7%
26%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
0
200
Year
d
d
Data for 2002 not provided
Source: Direction de la Rgulation de la Circulation et des Transports Urbains
du District de Bamako, data for Bamako district only
60
80
100
180
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
140
120
160
40
20
1997 1992 1995 1999 2001 2005 1998 1994 1996 2004 2000 2003 1993
141
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
14
c

1 195
d
No
c
Police data (dened as died within 30 days of the crash) and Health data
(using ICD-10 codes).
d
Police data.
MALTA
Population: 406 582
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
346 118 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
76%
6%
<1%
17%
<1%
1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Malta Transport Authority
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
96% Front, 21% Rear
b
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2006, Malta Transport Authority survey.
8
5
4
9
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
Yes
Data not available.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(29%)
Source: 2007, Malta Police, published by the National Statistics Ofce
Pedestrians (36%)
Riders motorized
Passengers
4-wheelers
(7%)
Data cleared by the Parliamentary Secretary for Health.
0
30
Year
5
25
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
15
10
20
1987 2002 2007 1992 1997
142
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1
f
(male)

35
g
No
f
Police data, dened as died within 24 hours of the crash.
g
Police data.
MARSHALL ISLANDS
Population: 59 286
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Lead agency
Department of Public Safety
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
None
c
None
c
Yes
70%
d
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
e
No
95%
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
No
n/a
5% Front, 0% Rear
d
n/a
Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
d
Police estimate for average year.
e
Some exceptions.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
6
5
7
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 487 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
63%
1%
27%
4%
2%
3%
YEAR DEATHS
2007 1 driver of 4-wheeled vehicle
143
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
MAURITANIA
Income group: Low
DATA
202
d
7 838
e
No
d
e
Police data supplemented with a study (not referenced).
Data not available.
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Department of Road Safety
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
80 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
50% Drivers
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
c
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
5
4
1
1
REGISTERED VEHICLES
350 000 total (2007)
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.
Source: Direction des Transports et de la scurit routire
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000
250
Year
2006 2004 2002 2005
50
150
200
2003 2001
100
144
MAURITIUS
DATA
140
e

2 915
f
e
Central Statistics Ofce data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Central Statistics Ofce data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Trafc Management and Road Safety Unit
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
4080 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
24%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
94% Front, 10% Rear
d

Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
2007, Forensic Science Laboratory.
d
2004, Survey conducted by the Trafc Management and Road Safety Unit.
8
4
5
9
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
334 125 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
43%
43%
7%
5%
1%
<1%
<1%
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life.
8
4
0
12
6
2
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1998 2001 1999
16
Year
2000
10
2005 2004 2002 2003 2007
14
2006
Source: Road Transport and Road Trafc Accident Statistics, 2007
Passengers
4-wheelers
(14%)
Source: 2007, Trafc Management and Road Safety Unit and the Police Road Safety Unit
Pedestrians (29%)
Cyclists (9%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(36%)
145
MEXICO
DATA
17 003
c

603 541
d
No
c
National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information data, dened
as died at the crash scene.
d
Health data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Council of Injury Prevention (CONAPRA)
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
4080 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
n/a
b
n/a
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
BAC limits are set at the subnational level (0.08 g/dl in the Federal District and most cities).
3
5
4
3
1
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No (subnational)
No (subnational)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
24 970 879 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
66%
3%
30%
1%
0
1 000 N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1996
6 000
Year
2006 2004 2002 2005
2 000
4 000
5 000
2003 2001
Source: Vital Statistics
1997 1998 1999 2000
3 000
(68%)
Source: 2006, National Institute of Statistics Geography and Information
Pedestrians (21%)
Other (1%)
Cyclists (4%)
Riders motorized
146
MICRONESIA
(Federated States of)
Population: 111 117
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
12
d
50
e
No
d
e
Police, estimate for an average year.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 217 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
42%
<1%
48%
3%
4%
3%
Enforcement
a
No (subnationally)
n/a
n/a
n/a
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
n/a
90%
b
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
100%
b
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
10%
c
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Police and Transport data.
c
Police estimate for average year.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
No
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Police estimate that
10% of road trafc deaths are
pedestrians, 30% are drivers
of motorcars, and 60% are
passengers in motorcars.
Data cleared by the Department of Health and Social Affairs.
147
MONGOLIA
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
562
d
932
e
No
d
Health data, time period not specied in denition.
e
Police data.
Lead agency
National Committee of Road Safety
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
161 989 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
68%
1%
2%
21%
8%
<1%
Data not available.
20
10
0
15
5
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2002 2003 2004 2005
25
Year
2006 2007
Source: National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health
Pedestrians (18%)
Occupants
4-wheelers (65%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(17%)
Cyclists (<1%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
4%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
7080% Drivers
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007 Police data, proportion of road trafc deaths involving drunk drivers.
c
2008, Police estimate, 1020% front-seat passengers, 510% rear-seat passengers.
4
7
3
6
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Source: 2007, National Center for Health Development, Ministry of Health
148
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
122
b

2 796
c
No
b
c
Police data.
MONTENEGRO
Population: 597 983
REGISTERED VEHICLES
199 014 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
90%
2%
<1%
6%
<1%
2%
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
6
6
6
6
Data not available.
40
0
80
60
20
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1998
200
Year
2007
Source: Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control
2001 2003 2004
100
2006 1999 2002 2000 2005
140
180
160
120
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Welfare.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(48%)
Source: 2007, Police Directorate, Department for Road Safety Surveillance and Control
Pedestrians (20%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (27%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(4%)
149
MOROCCO
DATA
3 838
e

89 264
f
No
e
f
Transport data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 284 060 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
72%
1%
23%
1%
3%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Interministerial Committee of Road Safety
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No
b
n/a
n/a
n/a
3%
c
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
Yes
67% Drivers
d

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
75% Front, 19% Rear
d

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
Alcohol consumption is prohibited.
c
2007, National Road Administration, Ministry of Equipment and Transport.
d
2007, National Committee of Prevention from Trafc Accidents, urban areas only.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
Yes
5
4
8
Riders motorized
Source: 2007, National Road Administration
Pedestrians (28%)
Other (3%)
Cyclists (7%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (30%)
Source: National Road Administration, and National Statistic Administration
8
4
0
12
6
2
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1974
16
Year
10
1994 2004
14
1979 1989 1999 1984
150
MOZAMBIQUE
Income group: Low
DATA
1 502
b

7 065
c
No
b
c
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
258 680 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Other
60%
15%
22%
3%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
National Institute of Trafc
Drivers 4-wheelers
(18%)
Passengers
4-wheelers
(14%)
Pedestrians (68%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.06 g/dl
0.06 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
No
9
7
7
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1996 2001
1 400
Year
2003 2006
200
400
2000 2002 2005
600
800
2004
1 000
1 200
1998 1997 1999
151
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
DATA
1 638
d

12 358
e
d
Police, Transport and Health data, dened as died within 30 days of the
crash.
e
Police and Transport data.
Data not available.
MYANMAR
Income group: Low
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 045 105 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
26%
65%
2%
3%
2%
2%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Trafc Rules Enforcement Supervisory Committee
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.07 g/dl
0.07 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
b
Yes
60%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a

Enforcement
a
a
b
Some exceptions.
c
2007, Road Transport Administration Department.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5
6
5
Riders motorized
Cyclists (12%)
Passengers
4-wheelers
(33%)
Other (2%)
Source: 2007, Road Trafc Administration Department
Pedestrians (30%)
800
0
1 200
1 000
600
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1998 2000 2001
1 800
Year
2003 2007
1 400
1 600
1999 2002 2004 2005 2006
400
200
152
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Services and
the Ministry of Works and Transport.
NAMIBIA
DATA
368
c
6 137
d
No
c
d
Health data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
239 612 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
45%
2%
43%
6%
1%
2%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Source: National Road Safety Council, Road Collision Statistical Report 2005
Year
8
4
0
12
6
2
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2002
18
10
2003 2005
14
2004
16
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
55% Front, 1% Rear
b

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, study on seat belt compliance by Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP Namibia).
4
5
8
6
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
153
NAURU
Population: 10 152
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1
b
(male)
9
c
No
b
Police and Health data, dened as died within 24 hours of the crash.
c
Police and Health data.
Lead agency
Nauru Police Force
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
Data not available
Data not available.
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a

No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
No
154
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
962
e

2 653
f
e
f
Police data.
Data not available.
NEPAL
Income group: Low
REGISTERED VEHICLES
617 305 total (2007)
Motorcars, jeeps, vans
Minibuses, pick-ups, mirobuses
Trucks, cranes
Buses
Other
14%
69%
2%
5%
3%
7%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works,
Department of Road
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
None
c
None
c
Yes
d
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
No

Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
d
No data on deaths, but proportion of annual road trafc crashes caused by alcohol estimated at 11%.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
5
4
6
9
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
g
Data collected by nancial year
Year
g
2.0
0
3.0
1.5
4.0
2.5
3.5
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1.0
0.5
20012002 20022003 20032004 20042005 20052006 20062007
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Population.
155
Drivers 4-wheelers (32%) Pedestrians (12%)
Source: 2007, SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research and Statistics Netherlands
Passengers
4-wheelers (14%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (24%)
NETHERLANDS
Income group: High
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
791
f
16 750
g
f
Dened as died within 30 days of the crash, Road Safety in the
Netherlands. Key Figures 2008.
g
Transport data. Hospitalized cases.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
8 862 935 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
82%
6%
2%
<1%
10%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management
Directorate-General Passenger Transport, Road Safety Division
Source: Statistics Netherlands/Ministry of Transport, 2007
1996 2006 2001 2002 2003 2004 2000
Year
2005 2007
4
2
0
6
3
1
9
5
7
8
1997 1998 1999
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Data cleared by the SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research; Ministry of
Health, Welfare and Sport; Bureau of Trafc Law Enforcement; Ministry of
Transport, Water Management and Public Works.
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
No consensus
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
25%
b
No consensus
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
92% Drivers,

72% Passengers
d

No consensus
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
94% Front, 73% Rear
e
No consensus
Enforcement
a
Yes
No consensus
a
b
Case-control study in Tilburg police district.
c
Some exceptions.
d
Applies to mopeds only.
e
2006 data, Road Safety in the Netherlands. Key Figures 2008.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
Yes
156
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
423
d

16 013
e
d
e
Transport data.
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
NEW ZEALAND
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 189 131 total (2007)
Motorcars
Buses
Trucks
82%
3%
1%
15%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
31%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
95% Front, 87% Rear
b
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Transport data.
c
Some exceptions.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
6
9
7
8
9
Other (3%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(48%)
Pedestrians (10%)
Riders motorized
Passengers
4-wheelers (28%)
Cyclists (2%)
1999 2006 2001 2002 2003 2004 2000
Year
2005 2007
4
0
8
2
14
6
10
12
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Data cleared by the National Road Safety Management Group.
157
NICARAGUA
DATA
522
c
d
4 614
e
c
Police data, denition not specied.
d
2006 Police data.
e
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Police, Special Trafc Safety Unit
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
382 707 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
31%
16%
39%
8%
2%
4%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
45 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
12%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
National Police, year not specied.
3
3
3
5
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1997
12
Year
2007
2001 1999 2003
6
8
10
1998 2002 2000 2004 2005 2006
2
4
Source: National Police, Statistical Yearbook 2007
Pedestrians (35%)
Cyclists (8%)
Riders motorized
158
Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation.
NIGER
Income group: Low
DATA
528
d

9 094
e
d
e
Police data from urban areas.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
76 061 total (2005)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
76%
15%
1%
3%
4%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
No
1%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
2007, Ministry of Transport.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
Yes
2
3
1
Drivers (20%)
Passengers
(47%)
Pedestrians (33%)
0
100
50
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1999 2001
450
Year
2003 2007
150
200
2000 2002 2005 2006
250
300
2004
350
400
159
Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health.
NIGERIA
Income group: Low
DATA
4 673
d

17 794
e
d
Federal Road Safety Commission data, dened as died within 1 year of
the crash.
e
Federal Road Safety Commission data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
7 600 000 total (2007)
Motorized 4-wheelers
Motorized 2-wheelers
Trucks
60
40
<1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Federal Road Safety Commission
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
<10%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
<5%
b

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
70% Front
b

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
Source not specied.
c
Some exceptions.
4
6
2
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS

Yes
Yes
No
No
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1971 1996
12 000
Year
2001
2 000
1991
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
1981 1976 1986
160
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
233
c

11 755
d
c
Statistics Norway data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Statistics Norway data.
NORWAY
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 599 712 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
80%
16%
3%
1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ministry of Transport and Communications
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
2030%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Norwegian Public Roads Administration.
9
93% Front, 85% Rear
b
6
9
6
4
100% Drivers and passengers
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Drivers 4-wheelers
(47%)
Source: 2007, Statistics Norway
Cyclists (3%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (20%)
Pedestrians (10%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(17%)
Other (3%)
Source: Statistics Norway
1998 2006 2002 2003 2004
Year
2005 2007
2
0
4
1
9
3
5
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1999 2000 2001
7
6
8
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Care Services.
161
OMAN
DATA
798
c

8 531
d
No
c
d
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
629 670 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
72%
1%
12%
6%
4%
6%
Lead agency
Yes
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
120 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
95% Front, 1% Rear
b

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
Estimation by consensus group, based on 4% of trafc offences relating to seat-belts.
6
4
7
9
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1997 2006
900
Year
2007
300
Source: Directorate General of Trafc Services of the Royal Oman Police
2005
400
500
600
700
2003 2004
100
200
800
2002 1999 2000 1998 2001
162
PAKISTAN
Income group: Low
DATA
5 565
c
12 990
d
No
c
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene or anytime after the
crash.
d
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 287 152 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Unspecied
27%
51%
11%
4%
5%
2%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
National Road Safety Secretariat
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
70 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
4
4
3
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
163
PALAU
Population: 20 314
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
3
d
(100% males)
91
e
No
d
Justice data, dened as died from injuries or complications resulting from a
crash.
e
Health data.
Lead agency
Patrol Division, Ministry of Justice
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 530 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
33%
14%
24%
29%
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.10 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
100%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a

No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Country questionnaire.
c
Some exceptions.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
4
5
8
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Passengers
4-wheelers (1)
Pedestrians (1)
Drivers 4-wheelers (1)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice
164
PANAMA
DATA
425
b
c
11 383
d
No
b
Comptroller General of the Republic data, dened as died within 30 days
of the crash.
c
2005, Comptroller General of the Republic data.
d
Comptroller General of the Republic data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Trafc and Ground Transport Authority

POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
REGISTERED VEHICLES
671 085 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
65%
3%
17%
9%
3%
3%
<1%
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
80 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.01 g/dl
0.01 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
7
6
9
7
Passengers
4-wheelers
(24%)
Source: 2005, Comptroller General of the Republic
Pedestrians (46%)
Cyclists (4%)
Riders motorized
Other (<1%)
0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
40
Year
Source: Comptroller General of the Republic
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1980 1990 2000 2005 1985 1995
165
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
237
d

1 210
e
No
d
e
Police data.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Income group: Low
Lead agency
No
Measurable targets
Funded
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
59 645 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
64%
2%
1%
18%
11%
4%
Data not available.
Drivers 4-wheelers (11%) Pedestrians (39%)
Source: 2007, Motor Vehicle Insurance LTD
Passengers
4-wheelers (49%)
Cyclists (1%)
0
100
50
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1991 1993 1994
250
Year
1996 1999
150
Source: Trafc Directorate, Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary
200
1992 1995 1997 1998
Data cleared by the Department of Health and Social Affairs.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes
66%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
No
a
b
c
1988, Trafc police.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No

0
1
6
5
7
166
Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
PARAGUAY
DATA
845
c

11 806
d
No
c
Police data, time period not specied in denition.
d
Health data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
576 167 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Unspecied
38%
19%
28%
8%
2%
5%
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
31% Front
b
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Journal of the Paraguayan Touring and Automobile Club. No. 103/2007, Asuncin only.
3
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No (subnational)
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
0
4
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2003
16
Year
2006
Source: Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare; National Police
(Statistics Department)
6
2
2005
8
10
12
14
2004
Other (35%)
Source: 2006, Database of the Vital Statistics Subsystem,
Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare
Passsengers 4-wheelers (1%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(24%)
Cyclists
(1%)
Pedestrians (37%)
167
PERU
DATA
3 510
d

49 857
e
d
e
Police data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
No
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 442 387 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
64%
23%
10%
3%
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
11%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
85% Front, 25% Rear
c

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, National Police.
c
2007, National Council for Road Safety.
2
1
1
7
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No (subnational)
Data not available.
0
1 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1998
4 000
Year
2007 2004 2002 2005
1 500
2 500
3 000
2003 2001
1999 2000
2 000
500
3 500
2006
Source: 2007, Institute of Legal Medicine
Cyclists (3%)
Pedestrians (78%)
Other (1%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (10%)
168
PHILIPPINES
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
No
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
34%
b
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
52% Drivers
b
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2000, Health data, survey.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No (subnational)
3
3
DATA
1 185
c
5 870
d
c
Transport data, national roads only, dened as died within 30 days of the
crash.
d
Transport data, national roads only.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 515 576 total (2007)
Motorcars
Minibus, van, etc. (seating <20)
Trucks
Buses
Other
17%
48%
29%
5%
1%
<1%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Source: 2006, Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS IN METRO MANILA,
2006
371 Deaths total
Drivers (of mechanically propelled
vehicle or pedal cycle)
Passengers (of mechanically
propelled vehicle)
Pedestrians
37%
12%
51%
Data cleared by the Department of Health; the Department of Transport and
Communications; and the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Department of Transportation and Communication
169
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
5 583
e

63 224
f
e
f
Police data.
POLAND
REGISTERED VEHICLES
18 035 047 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
75%
4%
13%
1%
7%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
The National Road Safety Council
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
14%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Police. BAC is measured in all fatal and injury crashes.
c
Some exceptions.
d
2006, National Road Safety Council observational study.
74% Front, 45% Rear
d
5
7
8
7
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
No (subnational)
Data not available.
Drivers 4-wheelers
(30%)
Source: 2007, Police, Motor Transport Institute
Cyclists (9%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (21%)
Pedestrians (35%)
Riders motorized
Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure.
0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
25
Year
5
10
15
20
1975 1999 2007 1983 1991 1995 1979 1987 2003
170
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
854
d

46 318
e
No
d
National Authority for Road Safety data, dened as died at the crash
scene or on the way to health services.
e
National Authority for Road Safety data.
PORTUGAL
Income group: High
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 948 269 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
88%
9%
2%
<1%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Authority for Road Safety
Data not available.
8
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
31%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, National Institute of Legal Medicine.
c
2004, Preveno Rodoviria Portuguesa, urban roads (2005 PRP data estimate 93% and 64% on
motorways).
86% Front, 28% Rear
c
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No (subnational)
8
8
9
9
Drivers 4-wheelers
(35%)
Source: 2007, National Authority for Road Safety
Cyclists (4%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (19%)
Pedestrians (16%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(22%)
Other (4%)
0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
30
Year
Source: The National Statistics Institute (INE)
5
10
15
20
25
1981 2001 2006 1991 1996 1986
171
Data cleared by the Department of Health.
DATA
452
f

39 888
g
(July 2007July 2008)
f
g
Automobile Accident Compensation Administration data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Department of Transportation and Public Works
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 165 543 total (July 2006 July 2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
90%
4%
2%
<1%
3%
Enforcement
c
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
c
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
42%
d

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
c
Yes
Yes
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
c
Yes
Yes
93%
e


Enforcement
c
Yes
c
d
2007, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS).
e
2006, US Department of Transportation/National Highway Trafc Safety Administration.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
Yes
Data not available.
PUERTO RICO
a,b
a
Associate WHO Member State.
b Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).
Income group: High
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
1999
18
Year
2007
Source: Institute of Forensic Science of Puerto Rico; Age-adjusted death rates
per 100 000 population, Puerto Rico 2000 Census population
2001 2003
6
8
10
2002 2000 2004 2005 2006
2
4
14
16
12
Passengers
4-wheelers
(14%)
Source: 2007 Annual Report, Trafc Department, Puerto Rico Police
Pedestrians (32%)
Cyclists (2%)
Riders motorized
Other (1%)
172
QATAR
Population: 840 635
Income group: High
DATA
199
d

1 053
e
d
Hamad Medical Corporation and Police data, dened as died within
e
Hamad Medical Corporation data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
100 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.00 g/dl
0.00 g/dl
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
90%
b

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50% Front
c

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Trafc and Patrols Department.
c
2008, Trafc and Patrols Department study.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
7
6
5
7
REGISTERED VEHICLES
605 699 total (2007)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(44%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (25%)
Source: 2007, Trafc and Patrols Department
Cyclists and
pedestrians (27%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(4%)
20
10
0
30
15
5
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1982
45
Year
25
1997 2007
35
1992 2002 1987
40
Source: Trafc and Patrols Department
173
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
6 166
e

335 906
f
e
f
Transport data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
REGISTERED VEHICLES
18 213 228 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
66%
10%
6%
17%
<1%
REPUBLIC
OF KOREA
Income group: High
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
16%
b
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
85%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
77% Front
d
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Trafc Accidents in Korea 2007, Road Trafc Authority.
c
2007, National Police Agency. Observational study in 33 cities, drivers and passengers.
d
2005, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
7
2
8
7
7
Source: Road Trafc Accidents in Korea 2007, Road Trafc Authority
Drivers 4-wheelers
(26%)
Pedestrians (37%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(21%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (11%)
Cyclists (5%)
Data cleared by the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs.
0
4
2
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
16
Year
Source: Road Trafc Authority
6
8
10
12
14
1992 1998 2004 2007 1995 2001
174
REPUBLIC OF
MOLDOVA
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
589
c

2 985
d
No
c
National Bureau for Statistics (compiles Police and Health data), dened
as died within 1 year of the crash.
d
National Bureau for Statistics data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
448 202 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
74%
6%
3%
16%
1%
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Trafc Safety Board
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
No consensus
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
17%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No consensus
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Trafc police database (trafc deaths with alcohol detected / number of road trafc deaths
per year).
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
2
1
Drivers 4-wheelers
(25%)
Source: 2007, Trafc Police database
Cyclists (2%)
Pedestrians (34%)
Riders motorized
Other (2%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (33%)
0
35
Year
15
5 D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
20
10
25
30
1989 2001 2007 1995 1998 1992 2004
175
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
2 712
e

29 832
f
e
f
Police data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
The Interministerial Council for Road Safety
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 611 362 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
79%
1%
11%
3%
<1%
4%
2%
ROMANIA
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.00 g/dl
0.00 g/dl
Yes
2%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
Yes
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
80% Front, 20% Rear
c
Enforcement
b
Yes
b
c
2007, National Road Trafc Police Directorate.
d
2007/2008, Unofcial Road Trafc Police estimation for motorcycle riders.
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
5
8
5
3
Pedestrians (11%)
Source: 2007, National Road Trafc Police Directorate
Drivers 4-wheelers
(52%)
Cyclists (7%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(8%)
Passsengers
4-wheelers (23%)
1 000
0
2 000
1 500
500 N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1999
3 000
Year
2007
Source: National Road Trafc Police Directorate
2004 2006 2001
2 500
2002 2005 2003 2000
176
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
RUSSIAN
FEDERATION
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
The Commission of the Government of
Russian Federation for Road Safety
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
10%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
No consensus
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
33% Front
b
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
6
6
6
7
8
DATA
33 308
c

292 206
d
c
Ministry of Internal Affairs data, dened as died within 7 days
of the crash.
d
Ministry of Internal Affairs data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
38 695 996 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
72%
8%
13%
2%
5%
Pedestrians (36%)
Source: 2007, The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Drivers 4-wheelers
(34%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(2%) Passsengers
4-wheelers (28%)
Data cleared by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
0
40 000
Year
Source: The Road Safety Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
35 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
10 000
5 000
15 000
30 000
25 000
20 000
1991 1999 2007 1995 1997 1993 2005 2003 2001
177
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
RWANDA
Income group: Low
DATA
308
d
2 158
e
No
d
e
Police data.
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
3040 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
b
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
80%
c
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
No law, but a police directive requires helmet use by all drivers and passengers of motorized
2-wheeled vehicles.
c
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
9
8
9
REGISTERED VEHICLES
61 000 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
35%
37%
22%
4%
1%
1%
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(16%)
Source: Trafc Police
Pedestrians (40%)
Other (10%)
Cyclists (18%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (12%)
Data cleared by the Ministry of Infrastructure.
0
600
Year
Source: Service de Scurit Routire
500
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
300
100
400
200
1995 1999 2003 2007 1997 2001 2005
178
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
30
b

590
c
b
Trafc Department (Police), dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
c
Trafc Police.
SAINT LUCIA
Population: 164 924
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Road Transport Board
Drivers 4-wheelers
(50%)
Source: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force
Passengers
4-wheelers (39%)
Pedestrians (11%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
32 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
0
1
8
7
REGISTERED VEHICLES
49 700 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
60%
2%
13%
23%
<1%
2%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services,
Family Affairs, National Mobilization and Gender Relations.
179
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
9
e

168
f
No
e
f
Police Force, Trafc Department, Health Planning Unit, Statistical Unit.
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Ministry of National Security
REGISTERED VEHICLES
24 334 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
38%
5%
44%
9%
<1%
3%
SAINT VINCENT &
THE GRENADINES
a
a Questionnaire completed by National Data Coordinator (no consensus meeting).
Population: 120 402
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
32 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
None
c
None
c

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
90%
d
Enforcement
b
Yes
b
Enforcement score based on professional opinion of respondents, on a scale of 0 to 10 where
0 is not effective and 10 is highly effective.
c
d
Estimated by respondents.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
4
9
9
6
Source: 2007, Police Force, Trafc Department
Passengers
4-wheelers
(33%)
Pedestrians (33%)
Cyclists (22%)
8
0
12
10
6
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1997
16
Year
2007
Source: Trafc Department, Police Headquarters
2001 2003 2004 1998
14
2006 1999 2002 2000 2005
4
2
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Environment.
180
SAMOA
Population: 187 023
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
Reported road trafc fatalities (average year)
20
c
(76% males, 24% females, 20042007)
(20062007)
178
d
No
c
Accident Compensation Corporation data, denition unknown.
d
Health data.
Lead agency
Land Transport Authority
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
No
Data not available.
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2004-2007, Accident Compensation Corporation.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
1
3
6
6
1
REGISTERED VEHICLES
15 903 total (2008)
10
0
25
20
5
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2004
35
Year
2007
30
Source: Accident Compensation Corporation
2005
15
2006
181
DATA
1
b
431
c
No
b
c
Health data.
Lead agency
Yes
No
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
SAN MARINO
Population: 30 926
Income group: High
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
6
6
5
9
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
Yes
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
51 590 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
66%
22%
7%
<1%
5%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Pedestrians (20%)
Source: 20042007 (5 deaths), Emergency Service
Drivers 4-wheelers
(60%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(20%)
Data cleared by the Secretariat of State for Health and Social Security.
182
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
20
d

408
e
No
d
e
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 219 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Other
25%
66%
2%
1%
6%
SAO TOME AND
PRINCIPE
Population: 157 638
Income group: Low
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
3040 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
b
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
<1%
c
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
Law entered into force July 1, 2008, therefore enforcement could not be assessed at the time of the
consensus meeting.
c
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Department of Land Transport
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
10
0
20
15
5 N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000
30
Year
2007
Source: Ministrio da Defesa e Ordem Interna
2004 2006 2001
25
2002 2005 2003
183
SAUDI ARABIA
Income group: High
DATA
6 358
b
36 025
c
b
c
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
High Council for Trafc
REGISTERED VEHICLES
7 398 600 total (2007)
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
YEAR
NUMBER OF
DEATHS
2006
2007
5 883
6 358
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
80 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
5
7
2
5
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
184
SENEGAL
Income group: Low
DATA
320
b

b
Directorate of Land Transport data, dened as died within 7 days of
the crash.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
280 594 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
67%
4%
12%
6%
5%
6%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Directorate of Land Transport
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
4
6
0
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
Drivers (19%)
Passengers (46%)
Source: 2007, Directorate of Land Transport
Pedestrians (35%)
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2002 2006
800
Year
2007
300
2005
400
500
600
700
2003 2004
100
200
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Preventive Medicine.
185
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
962
d

22 201
e
No
d
e
Police data.
SERBIA
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 235 389 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
68%
1%
1%
8%
<1%
22%
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Drivers 4-wheelers
(37%)
Source: 2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior
Cyclists (9%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (22%)
Pedestrians (25%)
Riders motorized
Other (1%)
7
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
6%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
a
b
2007, Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior.
c
2006, Pilot research of the Academy for Crime Prevention and Police Affairs, observational study.
4
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
3
Data not available.
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Infrastructure.
0
2 000
Year
Source: Statistics of the Serbian Ministry of the Interior
(data from 1999 to 2007 exclude Kosovo)
600
800
1 000
1 800
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1 400
1 200
1 600
400
200
1982 2007 1992 1997 1987 2002
186
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Social Development and
the Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Transport.
SEYCHELLES
Population: 86 606
DATA
14
c

370
d
c
Police and Health data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Police and Transport data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Land Transport Division
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
14 880 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
59%
1%
29%
10%
1%
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
80%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
95%
b

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
65%
b
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Police.
3
3
9
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Source: 2007, Seychelles Police Department and Ministry of Health
Pedestrians (28%)
Cyclists (7%)
Passsengers
4-wheelers (29%)
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
187
Data cleared by the Ministry of Transport and Aviation.
SIERRA LEONE
Income group: Low
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Sierra Leone Road Transport Authority
REGISTERED VEHICLES
39 038 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
42%
21%
32%
4%
1%
1%
DATA
71
d

298
e
No
d
Police data, dened as died within 1 year and 1 day of the crash.
e
Police data.
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Source: 2007, Sierra Leone Police Annual Statistical Analysis
Pedestrians (15%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(20%)
Passsengers
4-wheelers (60%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
70 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
b
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
No provision in law for child riders.
c
Occupants over the age of 18 years.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
Yes
6
2
6
1
1
188
SINGAPORE
a
a
Income group: High
Lead agency
Land Transport Authority/Trafc Police
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
DATA
214
f
10 352
g
f
g
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
4070 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
7%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
d
Yes
56%
e
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
50%
e
Enforcement
b
Yes
b
c
2007, Police data.
d
With some exceptions.
e
Source not specied.
9
7
8
8
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No (subnational)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
851 336 total (2007)
Motorcars
Buses
Other
61%
17%
2%
21%
Source: 2007, Trafc Police Department
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(48%)
Cyclists (10%)
Pedestrians (27%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (4%)
4
2
0
3
1
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1998 1999 2000 2001
6
Year
2005 2007
Source: Monthly Digest of Statistics Singapore, May 2008
5
2002 2003 2004 2006
Data cleared by the Land Transport Authority.
189
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
DATA
627
c

11 310
d
c
d
Police data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 039 745 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
72%
3%
1%
11%
<1%
12%
SLOVAKIA
Income group: High
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Road Safety Council
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
4%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Vehicle Register in the Slovak Republic, Ministry of Interior (SR).
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
7
9
8
8
9
Pedestrians (34%)
Source: 2007, Statistical-evidence system of road trafc accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(32%)
Riders motorized
Passsengers
4-wheelers (17%)
Cyclists (8%)
100
0
500
400
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2002
700
Year
2007
Source: Statistical-evidence system of road trafc accidents, Ministry of Interior (SR)
2005
600
2003 2004
300
200
2006
190
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
293
d

16 449
e
No
d
e
Police data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 286 903 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
79%
6%
6%
<1%
9%
SLOVENIA
Income group: High
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Interministerial Working Group on Road Trafc Safety
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
38%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
85% Front, 50% Rear
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Ministry of Interior, Police.
c
2007, Ministry of Transport, Slovenian Roads Agency, observational study.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
Yes
7
6
7
7
6
Pedestrians (11%)
Source: 2008, Ministry of Interior, Police
Drivers 4-wheelers
(43%) Cyclists (6%)
Drivers motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(18%)
Passsengers (22%)
Other (<1%)
Source: Statistical Ofce of the Republic of Slovenia
0
30
Year
15
5
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
20
10
25
1989 2007 1998 2001 1995 2004 1992
191
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
19
e

606
f
No
e
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene or during (hospital)
admission.
f
Data for Honiara only, source not specied.
SOLOMON ISLANDS
Population: 495 662
Income group: Low
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Police Trafc Division

Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes
55%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
100%
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
Trafc Police estimate.
d
Year and source not specied.
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
Yes
No
5
3
REGISTERED VEHICLES
10 000 total (2008)
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
192
SOUTH AFRICA
DATA
14 920
f

219 978
g
f
Road Trafc Management Corporation data, dened as died within 7 days
of the crash.
g
Road Trafc Management Corporation and Medical Research Council
data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Road Trafc Management Corporation
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
9 237 574 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
63%
4%
26%
4%
<1%
3%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
60%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
d

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50% Front, 8% Rear
e

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2006, Department of Transport.
c
BMW C1 motorcycle exempt due to design.
d
2008, Road Trafc Management Corporation.
e
2007, Road Trafc Management Corporation, observational study.
3
2
6
2
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
Yes
Source: 2007, Road Trafc Management Corporation
Pedestrians (39%)
Cyclists (2%)
Passsengers
4-wheelers (32%)
Riders motorized
0
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1972
40
Year
2007
Source: Department of Transport
1982 1992
10
20
30
1987 1977 1997 2002
15
25
35
5
193
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
4 104
d

143 450
e
d
General Directorate of Trafc estimate, dened as died within 30 days of
the crash.
e
General Directorate of Trafc data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
31 441 152 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
67%
14%
7%
9%
<1%
2%
SPAIN
Income group: High
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
General Directorate of Trafc
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
b
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
89% Front, 69% Rear
c

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
Some exceptions.
c
2007, General Directorate of Trafc, observational study.
8
8
8
7
c
7
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No (subnational)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(42%)
Source: 2006, General Directorate of Trafc database
Cyclists (2%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (20%)
Pedestrians (15%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(19%)
Other (1%)
1 000
0
5 000
4 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1970
10 000
Year
2005
Source: General Directorate of Trafc database
1995
6 000
1985 1990
3 000
2 000
2000
8 000
7 000
9 000
1975 1980
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs.
Data not available.
194
Pedestrians (33%)
Source: Trafc Police, 2006
Passengers (26%)
Drivers and riders
(41%)
SRI LANKA
POST-CRASH CARE
No
Yes
DATA
2 334
d
31 688
e
d
e
Police data.
Lead agency
No
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
3 125 794 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
12%
63%
6%
8%
3%
8%
Data not available.
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b

No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
With some exceptions.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
Yes
7
6
5
Data cleared by the Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition.
500
0
1 500
1 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2004
2 500
Year
2006
2 000
Source: Trafc Police
2005
195
SUDAN
DATA
2 227
c

21 329
d
c
Police data, dened as doctor report states that death was due to the
crash. Data exclude South Sudan states.
d
Police data, exclude South Sudan states.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 200 000 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
64%
3%
13%
12%
1%
7%
Data cleared by the Federal Ministry of Health.
(31%)
Other (56%)
Pedestrians
(13%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
7
10
7
7
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
196
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
90
c


No
c
Ministry of Justice and Police and Department of Health data, dened as
died anytime after the crash.
SURINAME
Population: 457 964
REGISTERED VEHICLES
151 441 total (2006)
Motorcars
Buses
54%
27%
17%
2%
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
90%
b
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Observational studies conducted by Ministry of Justice and Police.
70% Front, 30% Rear
b
5
4
7
7
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
No
Drivers 4-wheelers
(23%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of
Trafc Information Education and Statistics)
Cyclists (3%)
Passengers
4-wheelers
(20%)
Pedestrians (22%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(31%)
Source: Ministry of Justice and Police (The Department of
Trafc Information Education and Statistics)
1991 1999 2001 2003
Year
2005 2007
20
0
40
10
100
30
50
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1993 1995 1997
70
60
80
90
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Justice and Police.
197
SWAZILAND
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
Yes
Swaziland Road Safety Council
REGISTERED VEHICLES
116 050 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Unspecied
45%
3%
30%
6%
7%
4%
5%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
3%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
80%
b

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Royal Swaziland Police.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
6
6
5
7
DATA
235
c

4 584
d
c
d
Police data.
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000
300
Year
2007 2006
100
200
250
2005
Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police
2001 2002 2003 2004
150
50
Drivers 4-wheelers
(20%)
Source: 2007, Royal Swaziland Police
Pedestrians (35%)
Cyclists (2%)
Passsengers
4-wheelers (42%)
Riders motorized
198
Data cleared by the Swedish Road Administration.
SWEDEN
Income group: High
DATA
471
f

26 636
g
f
g
Police data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Swedish Road Administration
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 500 000 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
77%
8%
9%
<1%
6%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.02 g/dl
0.02 g/dl
Yes
20%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
95%
d

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
96% Front, 90% Rear
e

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2006, Estimate based on autopsies of drivers killed in crashes.
c
Some exceptions.
d
2007, Estimate provided by consensus group.
e
2006, Swedish Road and Transport Research Institute observational studies.
1
5
6
3
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
Yes
Yes
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
1972
16
Year
2007
Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses,
Road Trafc Injuries 2007 (Vgtrakskador 2007)
1982 1992
6
8
10
1987 1977 1997 2002
2
4
14
12
Passengers
4-wheelers (18%)
Source: Swedish Institute for Transport and Communication Analyses,
Road Trafc Injuries 2006 (Vgtrakskador 2006)
Pedestrians (12%)
Cyclists (6%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(16%)
Other (1%)
199
Data cleared by the Federal Ofce of Public Health.
SWITZERLAND
Income group: High
DATA
370
g

26 718
h
g
h
Swiss Council for Accident Prevention data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
5 356 000 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
72%
14%
10%
1%
3%
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Federal Roads Agency
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
16%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
d
Yes
100%
e

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
86% Front, 61% Rear
f

Enforcement
b
Yes
b
c
2007, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention.
d
Some exceptions.
e
2006, Sinus-Report 2007 der bfu, motorcycle drivers.
f
2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention.
6
7
9
7
8
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No (subnational)
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1990
1 200
Year
2006 2002 1998 2004
200
600
800
2000 1996
Source: Unfallgeschehen in der Schweiz, bfu-Statistik 2007
1992 1994
400
1 000
Source: 2006, Swiss Council for Accident Prevention
Pedestrians (21%)
Cyclists (9%)
Riders motorized
(48%)
200
SYRIAN ARAB
REPUBLIC
DATA
2 818
c
16 145
d
c
Police data, dened as died at the crash scene or in hospital.
d
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
National Committee for Road Safety
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 389 346 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
55%
9%
25%
7%
3%
1%
8
4
0
12
6
2 D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2001
14
Year
10
2005 2007 2002 2004 2006 2003
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
4560 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
81% Front
b
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Syrian Society for Road Accident Prevention.
8
8
4
9
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
201
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Department of the State Automobile Inspection
(Ministry of Internal Affairs)
TAJIKISTAN
Income group: Low
DATA
464
c

2 048
d
No
c
Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
d
Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
268 018 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
72%
4%
7%
15%
2%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.03 g/dl
0.03 g/dl
Yes
5%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic
of Tajikistan.
6
8
9
3
1
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No (subnational)
Data not available.
0
1998
600
Year
2007 2006
400
500
2005
Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan
2001 2002 2003 2004
300
1999 2000
200
100 N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
Passengers
4-wheelers
(30%)
Source: Department of the State Automobile Inspection of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Republic of Tajikistan
Pedestrians (44%)
Cyclists (6%)
Riders motorized
Other (1%)
202
THAILAND
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(70%)
Pedestrians (8%)
Cyclists (3%)
Source: 2007, Injury Surveillance (sentinel sites), Bureau of Epidemiology,
Ministry of Public Health
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
12 492
f
973 104
g
f
g
Health data.
Lead agency
Road Safety Operation Center
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
25 618 447 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
14%
63%
19%
3%
<1%
1%
20
10
0
25
15
5
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2000
30
Year
2005 2006
Source: Police Information System Center, Royal Thai Police
2007
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
80 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
4%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
27%
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a

Yes
No
56% Front, 3% Rear
e
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Based on sentinel surveillance. Deaths in hospital only, does not include deaths at the crash
scene.
c
Some exceptions.
d
2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System.
e
2005, Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (data for front-seat occupants); 2005, Asian Institute
of Technology (data for rear-seat occupants).
5
4
5
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No (subnational)
203
THE FORMER
YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC
OF MACEDONIA
DATA
140
e
6 133
f
e
State Statistical Ofce data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash.
f
Police data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Republics Council for Road Trafc Safety
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes
5%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
2%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
16%
d
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Analysis, Research and Documentation.
c
2007, Ministry of Interior- Sector for Information Technology, data relate to motorcycle riders
involved in a crash.
d
2002, PhD thesis by F. Tozija, survey of injured drivers and passengers treated in hospital.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
6
4
6
2
REGISTERED VEHICLES
259 421 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
86%
2%
8%
1%
3%
Passengers
4-wheelers (12%)
Pedestrians (34%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (4%)
Source: 2006, State Statistical Ofce
Other (10%)
0
2
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
2002
10
Year
Source: State Statistical Ofce
1
2005 2003 2004 2006
4
3
5
7
6
8
9
204
TIMOR-LESTE
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
46
d
1 686
e
No
d
Police data, dened as died as a result of injuries sustained in crash.
e
Health data.
Lead agency
National Directorate of Land Transport
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
26 649 total (2008)
Motorcars
Buses
Trucks
6%
72%
14%
<1%
8%
Data not available.
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
0
5
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
b
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a

Yes
Yes
510% Front, <1% Rear
c
Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
70% drivers, 30% passengers, consensus group estimate, 2007.
c
Consensus group estimate, 2007.
0
0
0
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
No
205
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and the Togolese Road Safety Organization.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
TOGO
Income group: Low
DATA
472
e
1 824
f
No
e
f
Police data.
Data not available.
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
b
Yes
No
1%
c
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
0%
d
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
No law, but there is a regulation that is enforced.
c
1998, Road Safety Togo.
d
4
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
No
2
REGISTERED VEHICLES
48 234 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
22%
71%
4%
<1%
<1%
2%
206
TONGA
Population: 100 336
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
8
e

No
e
Police data, dened as died within 1 year and one day of the crash.
Lead agency
Trafc Department, Ministry of Police
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
No
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
2 226 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
36%
1%
57%
<1%
<1%
5%
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes
25%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a

No
n/a
<1%
d
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
2007 Police data.
d
2003, Ministry of Health and World Health Organization observational study.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
5
7
7
Drivers 4-wheelers
(31%)
Cyclists (6%)
Source: 20062007, Ministry of Police
Passengers
4-wheelers (19%)
Pedestrians (44%)
4
0
8
6
2
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1987 1989 1990
18
Year
1992 1994
10
Source: Report by Dr G. Anthony Ryan: WHO STC to Tonga, 1995
16
1988 1991 1993
14
12
207
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
214
b

2 918
c
No
b
Trafc and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service,
dened as died within 1 year of the crash.
c
Trafc and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service.
Data not available.
Source: 2007, Trafc and Highway Patrol Branch, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Passengers
4-wheelers
(28%)
Pedestrians (32%)
Cyclists (4%)
Riders motorized
TRINIDAD AND
TOBAGO
Income group: High
Lead agency

Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
3
2
9
6
6
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
120
0
200
160
80
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1972
280
Year
2007
Source: Trafc and Highway, Patrol Branch
1992 2002 1977
240
1982 1997 1987
40
REGISTERED VEHICLES
490 987 total (2007)
208
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
TUNISIA
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Observatory for Information, Training,
Documentation and Study on Road Safety
DATA
1 497
c

14 559
d
c
d
Lead Agency and Police data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 244 918 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
62%
1%
24%
4%
1%
8%
1%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
1%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development.
5
3
5
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
Yes
Data not available.
Pedestrians (32%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(23%)
Riders motorized
Passsengers
4-wheelers (28%)
Cyclists (3%)
Source: 2007, Ministry of Interior and Local Development
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
2003
5
Year
2007
Source: Statitiscs of Road Accidents, Ministry of Interior and Local Development
2005 2006
3
4
1
2
2004
209
TURKEY
DATA
4 633
d

169 080
e
d
Turkish Statistical Institute data, dened as died at the crash scene.
e
Turkish Statistical Institute data.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Board of Road Trafc Safety
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
13 311 000 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
50%
15%
18%
6%
2%
1%
9%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
2%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
12% Drivers
b

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
70%
c

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
20052007, Security Directorate.
c
2007, Security Directorate, intercity (rural) roads only. For urban roads, 20%.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
8
9
5
8
7
No (subnational)
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
1996
10
Year
2005
Source: Turkish Statistical Institute, Trafc Accident Statistics (Road) 2007
1998 2000
5
6
7
1999 1997 2003 2004
3
4
9
8
1
2
2001 2002
Passengers
4-wheelers (31%)
Source: 2006, Security General Directorate
Pedestrians (19%)
Other (16%)
Cyclists (2%)
Riders motorized
210
Data cleared by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
650
c
1 606
d
No
c
Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of
Internal Affairs, dened as died within 7 days of the crash.
d
Data of the Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of
Internal Affairs.
TURKMENISTAN
Data not available.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Other (66%)
Source: Department of Police Road Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
Cyclists (5%)
Pedestrians (29%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
Yes
7%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2008, Department of Road Police Supervision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
9
10
8
7
REGISTERED VEHICLES
651 564 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
62%
18%
16%
4%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
211
TUVALU
Population: 10 530
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
1 per year
d
(all males)
12 per year
e
No
d
Health data, dened as died within 24 hours of the crash.
e
Police estimate.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
No
No
REGISTERED VEHICLES
906 total (20052008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
7%
66%
5%
4%
1%
17%
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
64 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
0%
c
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
0%
c
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
c
20002007, Police data.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
6
6
0
1
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1999
2
Year
2007
2003 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006
Source: Princess Margaret Hospital, Ministry of Health
YEAR DEATHS
2003
2004
2005
2006
1 pedestrian
1 pedestrian
1 pedestrian
1 pedestrian
212
Data cleared by the Ministry of Works and Transport.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
2 838
b

(20062007)
12 058
c
b
Police data, dened as died within 30 days of the crash. Data collected by
nancial year.
c
Police data, collected by nancial year.
UGANDA
Income group: Low
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
a
2
3
3
2
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
REGISTERED VEHICLES
363 658 total (2007)
Passengers
4-wheelers (43%)
Pedestrians (35%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (10%)
Source: 2006-2007 (nancial year), Uganda Police
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1991 1995
2 500
Year
d
2007
500
d
Methodology for data collection changed in 2006
Source: Uganda Police
1 000
1993 1997 1999
1 500
2 000
2001 2003 2005
213
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
9 921
c

40 887
d
No
c
d
Data source not specied.
UKRAINE
a
a
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Ministry of Public Health
Data not available.
Drivers/passengers
motorized vehicles
(44%)
Pedestrians (56%)
Source: State Medical Statistics Centre
Source: State Medical Statistics Centre
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.0 g/dl
0.0 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
No

Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
No
No
No (subnational)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
Data not available
0
2 000
1 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2003 2005 2006
10 000
Year
2007
3 000
7 000
2004
8 000
9 000
5 000
4 000
6 000
Data were not cleared by the government of the Ukraine in time
for publication of this report.
214
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES
Income group: High
DATA
1 056
c

11 155
d
Yes (deaths only)
c
d
Police data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 754 420 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
86%
1%
2%
7%
2%
3%
Data not available.
Pedestrians (28%)
Drivers 4-wheelers
(41%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(2%)
Passsengers
4-wheelers (29%)
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ministry of Interior and National Transport Authority
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.10 g/dl
0.10 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
61% Front
b
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2006, Abu Dhabi National Campaign for seat-belt use.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
7
8
8
7
0
4 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1999
12 000
Year
2006
2004
6 000
2002 2003
2 000
2005
8 000
10 000
2000 2001
215
Data cleared by the Department for Transport.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
UNITED KINGDOM
Income group: High
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
48 km/h
No consensus
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
No
17%
b
No consensus
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
c
Yes
98%
d
No consensus
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
e
No consensus
Enforcement
a
Yes
No consensus
a
b
Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report.
c
Some exceptions.
d
2006 Estimation by Department for Transport.
e
20062007, Department for Transport, observational studies.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DATA
3 298
f

264 288
g
f
g
Police data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
34 327 520 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
84%
4%
9%
1%
1%
2%
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
0
3 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1971
9 000
Year
2006 2001 1991 2005
4 000
6 000
7 000
1996 1986
Source: Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report
Road Trafc Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006
1976 1981
5 000
2 000
8 000
1 000
Passengers
4-wheelers (19%)
Source: Road Casualties Great Britain: 2006 Annual Report
Road Trafc Collision Statistics (Northern Ireland) Annual Report 2006
Pedestrians (21%)
Other (1%)
Cyclists (4%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(19%)
216
DATA
2 595
e

16 308
f
e
f
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
577 949 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
14%
9%
57%
7%
4%
9%
UNITED REPUBLIC
OF TANZANIA
Income group: Low
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
National Road Safety Council of Tanzania
4
3
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
2%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
No

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
30% Front, 5% Rear
c

Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
2007, Tanzania Police.
d
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
3
2
Passengers
4-wheelers (33%)
Source: 2007, Tanzania Police
Pedestrians (37%)
Cyclists (17%)
Riders motorized
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000
3 000
Year
2005
1 000
2 000
2 500
Source: Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority
2001 2002 2003 2004
1 500
590
217
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
42 642
f
3 305 237
g
f
US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System, dened as died within
g
Health data.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
251 422 509 total (2006)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
54%
3%
39%
4%
<1%
Enforcement
a
No (subnationally)
n/a
n/a
n/a
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
0.08 g/dl
b
0.00.02 g/dl
c
n/a
32%
d
n/a
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
58%
e
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
82% Front,

76% Rear
e
n/a
Enforcement
a
No (subnational)
n/a
a
b
No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia have a BAC limit of 0.08 for general
population.
c
No national BAC limit, but all states and the District of Colombia specify BAC limits of 0.02 or less for
young/novice drivers.
d
2006, US DOT/NHTSA study.
e
2007, US DOT/NHTSA National Occupant Protection Use Survey.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
Income group: High
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Highway Trafc Safety Administration
(US DOT/NHTSA)
Pedestrians (11%)
Source: 2006, US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System
Drivers 4-wheelers
(51%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(11%)
Cyclists (2%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (21%)
Other (4%)
Source: US DOT/NHTSA Fatality Analysis Reporting System
1978 1994 1998 2002
Year
2006
8
0
16
4
24
12
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1982 1986 1990
20
Data cleared by the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of
Transports National Highway Trafc Safety Administration.
218
POST-CRASH CARE
No
n/a
DATA
427
e

20 729
f
e
f
URUGUAY
REGISTERED VEHICLES
952 000 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
48%
44%
1%
7%
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
National Road Safety Agency (UNASEV)
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
4575 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
38%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
No
50%
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
b
Yes
b
c
2006, Faculty of Humanities Technical Forensics Institute.
d
Study by Advanced Trauma Life Support Course in Uruguay.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
1
1
5
3
1
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
100
0
150
125
75
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000
200
Year
2006
Source: National Highway Administration Directorate, based on information
from Departmental Police Headquarters
2004 2001
175
2002 2005 2003
50
25
219
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
2 034
c

No
c
Ministry of Internal Affairs data, dened as died at the crash scene.
UZBEKISTAN
a
a
Income group: Low
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
The State Motor-Vehicle Inspectorate,

Ministry of Internal Affairs
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
70 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
None
None
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
b
b
7
9
9
10
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
REGISTERED VEHICLES
Data not available
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2000 2002
2 500
Year
2006
500
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs
1 000
2001 2003 2004
1 500
2 000
2005
220
VANUATU
Population: 226 180
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
8
c
52
d
No
c
d
Health data.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
REGISTERED VEHICLES
15 461 total (2008)
Data not available.
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
3560 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
None
b
None
b
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
No
1
3
6
8
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
221
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
6 218
c

40 968
d
No
c
d
Peoples Ministry of Infrastructure.
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Peoples Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA)
REGISTERED VEHICLES
4 044 013 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
73%
7%
19%
1%
VENEZUELA
(Bolivarian Republic of)
Pedestrians (25%)
Source: 2007, Peoples Ministry of Infrastructure
Drivers 4-wheelers
(73%)
Passengers
4-wheelers (1%)
Other (1%)
Enforcement
a
Yes
No
40 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Yes
55%
b
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
Yes
a
b
2007, Peoples Ministry of Infrastructure (MINFRA).
4
7
6
6
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Source: Peoples Ministry of Health
1990 1998 2000 2002
Year
2006
5
0
15
25
10
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1992 1994 1996
20
2004
Data cleared by the Ministry of Peoples Power for Health and Social Welfare.
222
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
VIET NAM
Income group: Low
DATA
12 800
e
10 266
f
e
f
Police data. Health data reports 445 048 non-fatal road trafc injuries in
2007.
Lead agency
National Trafc Safety Committee
Yes
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
a
n/a
n/a
a
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
34%
c
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
Yes
85%
d
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
No

Enforcement
b
No
n/a
b
c
2001, Forensic Medicine data.
d
2008, National Trafc Safety Committee estimate.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
Yes
Yes
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
3
6
3
7
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
REGISTERED VEHICLES
22 926 230 total (2007)
Motorcars
5%
95%
4 000
0
8 000
6 000
2 000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1998 2000 2001
14 000
Year
2003 2007
10 000
Source: 2007, National Trafc Safety Committee
12 000
1999 2002 2004 2005 2006
223
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
DATA
188
d
e
5 838
f
No
d
e
Health data 2007.
f
Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Palestine.
Data not available.
Lead agency
No
n/a
Measurable targets
Funded
No (subnational)
n/a
n/a
WEST BANK AND
GAZA STRIP
a
a
Non WHO member-area.
Enforcement
b
Yes
No
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
b
Yes
0.05 g/dl
0.05 g/dl
No

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes
c
No
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
b
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
b
Yes
b
c
Some exceptions.
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
No
No
No
3
3
1
3
1
REGISTERED VEHICLES
78 609 total (2008)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
76%
<1%
6%
15%
1%
<1%
1%
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
80
0
160
140
60
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f

c

d
e
a
t
h
s
2002
200
Year
2006
Source: General Commissariat of the Palestinian Police,
data for remaining West Bank and Gaza Strip
2005
180
2003 2004
40
20
120
100
224
Data cleared by the Ministry of Public Health and Population.
YEMEN
Income group: Low
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
The National Committee for Road Safety
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.0 g/dl
b
0.0 g/dl
b

Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
n/a
Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
n/a
Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
No
Yes
No
No
REGISTERED VEHICLES
777 734 total (2007)
DATA
2 781
c

19 253
d
No
c
d
Police data.
8
4
0
12
6
2
D
e
a
t
h
s

p
e
r

1
0
0

0
0
0

p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1992
16
Year
10
2000 2006
14
2004 1994 1998 2002 1996
D
A
T
A

N
O
T

A
V
A
I
L
A
B
L
E
225
ZAMBIA
Income group: Low
DATA
1 266
d
9 258
e
No
d
e
Police data.
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Yes
Yes
Yes
Road Transport and Safety Agency
REGISTERED VEHICLES
222 188 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
59%
3%
21%
13%
2%
2%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
50 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
50%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
No
100%
c

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2007, Zambia Police Service and Road Transport and Safety Agency.
c
2007, Zambia Road Transport and Safety Agency.
5
1
10
5
VEHICLE STANDARDS
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1972
1 400
Year
2007 2002
600
1 000
1 200
1997
Source: Zambia Police Service
1977 1982 1987 1992
800
200
400
Source: 2007, Zambia Police Service
Pedestrians (50%)
Cyclists (11%)
Riders motorized
2- or 3-wheelers
(4%)
Passsengers
4-wheelers
(25%)
226
Data cleared by the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare.
ZIMBABWE
Income group: Low
DATA
1 037
c

13 819
d
No
c
d
POST-CRASH CARE
Yes
Yes
Data not available.
Lead agency
Measurable targets
Funded
Multiple
n/a
n/a
Trafc Safety Council of Zimbabwe
REGISTERED VEHICLES
1 556 586 total (2007)
Motorcars
Trucks
Buses
Other
78%
7%
5%
7%
1%
2%
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes
60 km/h
Drinkdriving law
Enforcement
a
Yes
0.08 g/dl
0.08 g/dl
Yes
<1%
b
Helmet wearing rate
Enforcement
a
Yes
Yes

Seat-belt law
Enforcement
a
Yes
No

Enforcement
a
No
n/a
a
b
2006, Zimbabwe Republic Police.
3
VEHICLE STANDARDS
Fuel consumption
No
No
ROAD SAFETY AUDITS
Yes
Yes
No
No
8
9
8
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

r
o
a
d

t
r
a
f
c

d
e
a
t
h
s
1971
2 500
Year
2006 2001
500
1 500
2 000
1996
Source: Zimbabwe Police General Headquarters, Planning and
Development Statistics Bureau
1976 1981 1986 1991
1 000
Occupants any motorized
vehicle (63%)
Source: 2006, Zimbabwe Police
Pedestrians (26%)
Other (5%)
Riders motorized
Cyclists (5%)
Statistical annex
1. Explanatory notes
8oc|qrouo
Dolo rocossiq
Tyos o oolo ulilizoo
Roorloo oolo
/o|usloo oolo
Mooolloo oolo
Roorocos
2. Toolos
A.1 Noliool oolo cooroiolors oy coulry/oroo oo WHC roqio
A.2 \o|iclos, rooo lroc oool|s oo roorlio o rooo usors oy coulry/oroo
A.3 Dri|iq oo oriviq lows, oorcomol oo rooo lroc oool|s ollriouloo
lo olco|ol oy coulry/oroo
A.4 Sool-ooll oo c|ilo roslroil lows, oorcomol oo wooriq rolos oy
coulry/oroo
A.5 Sooo lows oo oorcomol oy coulry/oroo
A.6 Holmol lows, oorcomol oo wooriq rolos oy coulry/oroo
A.7 Rooo sooly mooqomol, slroloqios oo olicios oy coulry/oroo
A.8 Pro-|osilol coro sysloms oy coulry/oroo
Explanatory notes
Background
T|o oolo rosoloo i l|o ollowiq oqos woro ooloioo l|rouq| o sol-oomiisloroo guosliooiro imlomoloo i
l|o 178 coulrios oo oroos l|ol orlicioloo i l|o rsl qloool survoy o rooo sooly i 2CC8. T|o survoy ocusoo
o l|o rocommooolios o l|o World report on road trafc injury prevention , os l|o oosis or ils slrucluro oo
colol. Mosl coulrios usoo l|o somo mol|oooloqy or oolo colloclio, os oullioo i o survoy rolocol oovolooo
or l|o sluoy. l ovor 5 o l|o coulrios, l|o imlomololio o l|o survoy wos cooroioloo oy o Noliool Dolo
Cooroiolor [NDC} ioolioo oy l|o coulry, oo wos comloloo oy looms o 8 |oy rosoools icluoiq l|o
NDC. T|o NDCs woro lroioo i l|o mol|oooloqy oo cooroioloo l|o colloclio, volioolio oo clooroco o
oolo, os woll os l|o oolo olry, i l|o coulrios cocoroo. T|o survoy islrumol, rolocol oo occomoyiq
quioolios oo lroiiq moloriols woro oll ovoiloolo i l|o six WHC loquoqos [/rooic, C|ioso, Eqlis|, Froc|,
Russio oo Sois|}. W|oro ooooo, NDCs cooroioloo l|o lroslolio o l|oso oocumols ilo l|o locol loquoqo
oo l|o ooc|-lrosloloo l|om or l|o oolo olry w|ic| wos ooo i Eqlis|. Moro ooloils o l|o mol|oooloqy
usoo or oolo colloclio co oo ouo ol www.w|o.il/violoco_i|ury_rovolio/rooo_sooly_slolus/2CC.
T|o ollowiq soclios coloi coulry-oy-coulry oolo ooloioo rom l|o survoy.
Toolo /.1 icluoos l|o lisl o NDCs w|o, i collooorolio wil| oliool oul|orilios, loyoo o |oy orl i
cooucliq l|o survoy.
Toolo /.2 rovioos ooloiloo oolo o l|o 3C-ooy oo|usloo umoor oo rolos or oulolio o rooo lroc
oool|s, oo o l|o roorlio o rooo usors oy coulry/oroo. T|o loolo olso icluoos mooolloo rooo lroc
oool| umoors w|ic| |ovo ooo qooroloo. / s|orl ooscrilio o l|o rocoss is rosoloo oolow.
Toolos /.3-/. rovioo iormolio o l|o slolus o lows, l|o oorcomol o lows, oo l|o covoroqo/wooriq
rolos rololiq lo l|o vo rooo lroc ris| oclors [olco|ol, sool-oolls, c|ilo roslroils, sooo, oo |olmols}.
Toolo /.7 colois oolo o olicy-rololoo rososos.
Toolo /.8 icluoos iormolio rololoo lo l|o ovoilooilily o ro-|osilol coro.
T|o ollowiq soclio qivos o orio ooscrilio o l|o oolo rocossiq, l|o commols o l|o ooloioo rosulls
[socicolly o l|o roorloo, oo|usloo oo mooolloo coulry-lovol oool| oolo} oo l|o mol|oo usoo lo oovolo
l|o moool.
Data processing
T|o oolo rocossiq ivolvoo comlolio o l|o survoy islrumol oo oolo olry ol o coulry lovol, oo volioolio
ol o roqiool lovol. Dolo clooiq, oolysis oo roorl-wriliq woro ooo ol WHC |oooguorlors i Coovo.
Reporting of country-level data
T|o ol coulry rososos woro oloroo oy NDCs ilo o olio ooloooso sociolly rooroo oy WHC or l|is
ro|ocl. NDCs olso ulooooo suorliq oocumols w|oro olicoolo oo ovoiloolo. Dolo woro l|o voliooloo ol
o roqiool lovol. Cco olizoo oo orovoo oy Roqiool Dolo Cooroiolors [RDCs}, l|o oolo woro l|o oxorloo
ilo Microsol Excol or clooiq. /l l|is sloqo, ooc| coulrys oolo woro oxomioo or occurocy, cosislocy
oo volioily o o guoslio-oy-guoslio oosis. W|oro ocossory, NDCs woro colocloo oo oooiliool suorliq
oocumols woro roguosloo lo cloriy icosislocios. / coy o l|o survoy islrumol oo sluoy rolocol co oo
ouo ol www.w|o.il/violoco_i|ury_rovolio/rooo_sooly_slolus/2CC.
22
/s orl o l|o oolo clooiq oo volioolio rocoss, oxlorolory oolysis wos ooo usiq ST/T/ ,Z. T|o somo
solworo wos usoo or oll oolysis oo rosulls rosoloo i l|o oorlior soclios o l|is roorl.
Types of data utilized
T|roo lyos o oolo oro usoo i l|is roorl
roorloo oolo rom coulrios oo socooory sourcos,
oolo oo|usloo or l|o 3C-ooy ooilio o o rooo lroc oool| i oroor lo ocililolo comorooilily,
mooolloo umoors.
Reported data
l oooilio lo l|o oolo ooloioo oiroclly rom coulrios, socooory oolo sourcos woro usoo lo
clossiy coulrios ilo icomo coloqorios,
qoorolo rooo sooly ioicolors suc| os l|o oo|usloo rooo lroc oool|s oo mooolloo rooo lroc oool| rolos
[wil| o C coooco ilorvol} os roorloo i Toolo /.2.
Poulolio oo icomo oolo rom l|o iloo Nolios Poulolio Divisio ,J oo l|o Worlo 8o| ,4 woro usoo
or l|is oolysis.
Poulolio oslimolos or 2CC7 oro roorloo i Toolo /.2. W|oro l|oro wos o oslimolo ovoiloolo or o coulry
or l|ol yoor, uolis|oo oolo or l|o lolosl yoor woro usoo. For l|o mooolliq rocoss, oulolio oslimolos
corrosooiq lo l|o yoor o roorliq woro usoo ,4.
l Toolo /.2, Worlo 8o| [/llos mol|oo} qross oliool icomo or coilo [CNl} or 2CC7 ,5 [or lolosl ovoiloolo
yoor} wos usoo lo coloqorizo coulrios ilo
low-icomo ~ S35 or loss,
mioolo-icomo ~ S3 lo S11 455,
|iq|-icomo ~ S11 45 or moro.
Moro ooloiloo suoqrouiqs woro usoo i l|o mooolliq rocoss.
Adjusted data
/s oiscussoo i l|o rsl soclio o l|is roorl [soo oqo 28}, uoorroorliq |os ooo oc|owlooqoo or moy
yoors os o imorlol rooso or l|o oicully i comoriq rooo lroc cros| oolo oolwoo coulrios. /ooilioolly,
l|o loc| o |ormoizoo ooilios or rooo lroc oool|s, l|o uso o oiorol oolo sourcos, oo l|o guolily o l|o
roorliq syslom |ovo olso ooo oocumoloo. Cosoguolly o umoor o moc|oisms woro omloyoo lo oooross
somo o l|oso issuos i oroor lo mo|o oolo moro comoroolo. T|is qloool survoy omloyoo l|o ollowiq lwo
mol|oos
l|o Euroooo Cooroco o Miislors o Trosorl [ECMT} sloooroizoo 3C-ooy rooo cros| ololily oclors ,c
lo oo|usl oll roorloo coulry/oroo oolo,
o moool usiq oqolivo oiomiol roqrossio [soo oqo 233}.
T|o roorloo" oolo i Toolo /.2 |ovo ooo oo|usloo lo l|is 3C-ooy ooilio [soo Toolo 1 or oo|uslmol oclors}
oo l|o ow oo|usloo umoor is l|orooro usoo i l|o corrosooiq moool oo ils rosull is rosoloo i Toolo
A.2.
23C
Modelled data
Developing a model
8ooro l|o mooolliq oxorciso, simlo oxlorolory oolysos woro ooo lo ovoluolo l|o oislrioulio o l|o roorloo
oolo, lo iooliy ololiol oulliors oo lo oolormio l|o oxlol o missiq oolo. Docisios os lo w|ol|or lo icluoo
l|oso oulliors i l|o oolysos, or w|ol|or lo oxcluoo l|om, woro lo|o ol sovorol sloqos o l|o oolysis. W|oro
ororiolo, imulolio wos ooo lo comosolo or missiq iormolio.
Completeness of data
Hoviq oo|usloo l|o roorloo oolo lo o 3C-ooy ooilio lo ocililolo comorooilily, l|o oxl slo i l|o rocoss
wos lo oxloro l|o comlolooss o l|o roorloo oool| oolo o l|o oosis o roorloo vilol roqislrolio [\R} oolo.
lormolio o l|o comlolooss o \R oolo wos ooloioo rom rovious WHC uolis|oo roorls ,/, oo wos
uooloo wil| l|o lolosl iormolio rom l|o WHC morlolily ooloooso. T|is iormolio wos l|o usoo lo clossiy
coulrios ilo lwo qrous, omoly
Crou 1 coulrios wil| \R comlolooss qroolor or oguol lo 85 oo oxlorol cousos o oool| coooo lo
uoolormioo ilol loss l|o 3C [Toolo 2},
Crou 2 coulrios wil| \R comlolooss loss l|o 85 or oxlorol cousos o oool| coooo lo uoolormioo
ilol qroolor l|o 3C.
Group 1 coulrios icluoo 37 |iq|-icomo, 3 mioolo-icomo oo 2 low-icomo coulrios [Toolo 2}. Dolo rom
l|oso coulrios woro usoo os o rooroco i coslrucliq l|o oqolivo oiomiol moool. /s suc|, o oslimolio wos
ooo or l|oso coulrios.
Group 2 coulrios icluoo 3 |iq|-icomo, 48 mioolo-icomo oo 43 low-icomo coulrios. Eslimoloo oolo oosoo
o l|o rooiclio moool ooscriooo ooovo oro roviooo or l|oso coulrios.
Coulrios/oroos wil| oulolios o loss l|o 1CC CCC oo w|ic| l|us |ovo low umoors o oool|s woro olso
oxcluooo rom l|o mooolliq rocoss [Toolo 3}.
Toolo /.2 qivos l|o 3C-ooy oo|usloo umoor o oool|s or oll coulrios, oo or qrou 2 coulrios l|o mooolloo
umoor o oool|s wil| o C coooco ilorvol. T|oso wil|oul o roqo oro Crou 1 oo l|o coulrios i Toolo 3
w|oro o mooolliq wos ooo.
30-DAY TOTAL ADJUSTMENT FACTOR
ON THE SCENE/1 DAY 77% 1.30
3 DAYS 87% 1.15
6 DAYS 92% 1.09
7 DAYS 93% 1.08
30 DAYS 100% 1.00
365 DAYS 103% 0.97
Table 1. ECMT standardized 30-day road
crash fatality adjustment factors
231
Table 2. Countries/areas in Group 1
COUNTRY/AREA INCOME LEVEL
Argentina MIC
Australia HIC
Austria HIC
Bahamas HIC
Bahrain HIC
Barbados MIC
Belarus MIC
Belgium HIC
Belize MIC
Bosnia and Herzegovina MIC
Brazil MIC
Brunei Darussalam HIC
Bulgaria MIC
Canada HIC
Chile MIC
Colombia MIC
Costa Rica MIC
Croatia MIC
Cuba MIC
Cyprus HIC
Czech Republic HIC
Estonia HIC
Fiji MIC
Finland HIC
France HIC
Georgia MIC
Germany HIC
Greece HIC
Hungary HIC
Iceland HIC
Ireland HIC
Israel HIC
Italy HIC
Japan HIC
Kazakhstan MIC
Kuwait HIC
Kyrgyzstan LIC
Latvia MIC
Lithuania MIC
Malaysia MIC
Malta HIC
Mauritius MIC
Mexico MIC
Montenegro MIC
Netherlands HIC
New Zealand HIC
Norway HIC
Panama MIC
Poland MIC
Portugal HIC
Qatar HIC
Republic of Korea HIC
Republic of Moldova MIC
Romania MIC
Russian Federation MIC
Saint Lucia MIC
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines MIC
Serbia MIC
Singapore HIC
Slovakia HIC
Slovenia HIC
South Africa MIC
Spain HIC
Sweden HIC
Switzerland HIC
Thailand MIC
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia MIC
Tonga MIC
Trinidad and Tobago HIC
Ukraine MIC
United Kingdom HIC
United States of America HIC
Uruguay MIC
Uzbekistan LIC
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) MIC
LIC = low-income countries
MIC = middle-income countries
HIC = high-income countries
Table 3. Countries/areas with
population size less than 100 000
British Virgin Islands
a
HIC
Cook Islands HIC
Kiribati MIC
Marshall Islands MIC
Nauru MIC
Palau MIC
San Marino HIC
Seychelles MIC
Tuvalu MIC
a
Non-member area.
MIC = middle-income countries
HIC = high-income countries
232
Variables used in the model
Toolo 4 summorizos l|o ioooool vorioolos usoo i l|o moool oo l|o oolo sourco.
Estimation method
T|o l|iro sloqo usoo oolo rom Crou 1 coulrios lo oovolo o slolislicol moool lo rooicl rooo lroc oool|s
[oil oslimolos} or Crou 2 coulrios icluoiq C coooco limils. T|o romowor| usoo lo rooicl rooo
lroc morlolily wos coslrucloo usiq solocloo vorioolos [ioolioo l|rouq| o liloroluro roviow} w|ic| |ovo oirocl
rololios|i lo l|o oulcomo vorioolo [rooo lroc oool|}. T|oso vorioolos woro lolor qrouoo ilo l|roo coloqorios
oxosuro oclors [Ej}, ris| or rovolivo oclors [Rj}, oo miliqoliq oclors [Mj}. Cross oliool icomo [lj} |os o
i1uoco o l|o rsl lwo coloqorios [Fiquro 1}.
l l|is romowor|, l|o rooo lroc morlolily oulcomo [j} is o uclio o o sol o ioooool vorioolos ooscriooo
os oxosuro oclors [Ej}, ris| or rovolivo oclors [Rj}, miliqoliq oclors [Mj} oo qross oliool icomo [lj}. T|is
co oo oxrossoo os ollows Yj= f (Rj, Mj, Ij, Ej).
T|o rololios|i oolwoo l|o oulcomo oo l|o ioooool vorioolos is o olioor uclio. T|o umoor o oool|s
[j} is o o-oqolivo iloqor coul oolo, l|us l|o sloooro orooc| , lo oo usoo is l|o Poisso roqrossio or
ool|or orm o roqrossio oosoo o l|o Poisso. T|o mosl commoly usoo roqrossio moool or coul oolo lrools
l|o rososo os o Poisso vorioolo. l l|o Poisso roqrossio moool, l|o moo oguols l|o vorioco, cooiliool o
oxloolory vorioolos. l roclico, |owovor, l|is ossumlio wos ol solisoo. For l|is rooso, o oqolivo oiomiol
roqrossio moool wos c|oso w|oro l|o ossumlio or l|o oooool vorioco oo Poissos orliculor coso o
oqolivo oiomiol moool oro oooguololy solisoo.
VARIABLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION COMMENTS
Income (GNI) World Bank (4,5)
Income level World Bank (5) Grouping used: low, middle, lower middle, upper middle, high. Designation based on
20002004 World Bank data, corresponding to year of income level used
Population Estimated gures from UN Population Division (3)
Vehicle density: Number of cars per
population
Number of vehicles: This GSRRS survey
Population: World Bank (3)
Road density: Total road per land area 20002006 World Road Statistics,
International Road Federation, 2008 (J)
Total road/land km
2

Corresponding or latest year data
Existence of national helmet law This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
National policies that encourage walking
and/or cycling
This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
National policies that support investment
in public transport
This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
National speed limits on urban roads This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
National speed limits on rural roads This GSRRS survey WHO questionnaire
Alcohol consumption World Health Statistics, 2008 (!0) Alcohol consumption among adults aged >15 years for 2003
Strength of health system World Health Statistics, 2008 (!0) Hospital beds (per 10 000 population)

GSRRS = Global Status Report on Road Safety
GNI = Gross National Income per capita
Table 4. Independent variables used in modelling process
233
/l l|o oo, o oqolivo oiomiol roqrossio mooolliq loc|iguo usiq ST/T/ solworo ,Z wos usoo lo rooicl l|o
umoor o rooo lroc ololilios wil| oulolio sizo os o oxosuro oclor. T|o moool wos coslrucloo o l|o
oosis o roorloo oolo rom l|o 75 Crou 1 coulrios/oroos moliooo i Toolo 2.
T|o ull i-ool| ooscrilio o l|o mol|oooloqy oo ormulos or l|o mooolliq rocoss oro ovoiloolo ol l|o
ollowiq woosilo www.w|o.il/violoco_i|ury_rovolio/rooo_sooly_slolus/2CC

Figure 1. Framework for determinants of road trafc mortality
DETERMlN/NTS CF RC/D TR/FFlC MCRT/LlT
l
N
D
E
P
E
N
D
E
N
T

\
/
R
l
/
8
L
E
S
E/PCSRE F/CTCRS
\o|iclo oosily
Rooo oosily
RlSK F/CTCRS,
PRE\ENTl\E CR
MCDER/TlNC ME/SRES
Policios o socic
ilorvolios oo l|oir
oorcomol
olco|ol
sooo
ivoslmol i uolic
transport
MlTlC/TlNC F/CTCRS
Slroql| o |ooll| syslom
suc| os l|o rosoco
o ro-|osilol coro,
omorqocy coro
lNCCME RC/D TR/FFlC MCRT/LlT [CTCCME j}
234
References
1. Pooo M ol ol., oos. World report on road trafc injury prevention. Coovo, Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio,
2CC4 [|ll//www.w|o.il/violoco_i|ury_rovolio/uolicolios/ rooo_lroc/worlo_roorl/o/ioox.|lml,
2. STATA Data analysis and statistical software [|ll//www.slolo.com, occossoo 14 /ril 2CC}.
3. World population prospects: the 2006 Revision. Highlights. Now or|, iloo Nolios Poulolio Divisio,
2CC7.
4. World development indicators. Wos|iqlo, DC, lloroliool 8o| or Rocoslruclio oo Dovolomol/
T|o Worlo 8o|, 2CC7.
5. GNI per capita 2007: Atlas method and PPP. Wos|iqlo, DC, T|o Worlo 8o|, 2CC7 [|ll//silorosourcos.
worlooo|.orq/D/T/ST/TlSTlCS/Rosourcos/CNlPC.o, occossoo /ril 2CC}.
. 1ocoos C, T|omos //, /slro /. Estimating global road fatalities [TRL Roorl 445}. Crowl|oro, Trosorl
Rosoorc| Looorolory, 2CCC [|ll//www.lrosorl-li|s.orq/lrosorl_li|s/looroo/uolicolios/1_32_
TRL445.o, occossoo 22 1ouory 2CC8}.
7. Global Burden of Disease, 2004 update. Coovo, Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio, 2CC8 [|ll//www.w|o.il/
|ooll|io/qloool_ouroo_oisooso/ 2CC4_roorl_uoolo/o/ioox.|lml, occossoo 14 /ril 2CC}.
8. Mol|ors CD ol ol. Couliq l|o oooo oo w|ol l|oy oioo rom o ossossmol o l|o qloool slolus o couso
o oool| oolo. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2CC5, 83171-177.
. World road statistics 2008. Coovo, lloroliool Rooo Fooorolio, 2CC8.
1C. World health statistics 2008. Coovo, Worlo Hooll| Crqoizolio, 2CC8 [|ll//www.w|o.il/w|osis/
w|oslol/2CC8/o/ioox.|lml, occossoo 14 /ril 2CC}.
11. Comoro /C, Trivooi PK. Regression analysis of count data. Ecoomolric Socioly Mooqro|, No. 3C. Now
or|, Comorioqo ivorsily Pross, 18.
235
COUNTRY/AREA WHO REGION NAME OF NATIONAL DATA COORDINATOR(S)
Afghanistan Eastern Mediterranean Qarizadah, Wassima
Albania Europe Bozo, Maksim
Angola Africa Chicola, Felix
Argentina Americas Abriata, Graciela
Armenia Europe Avetisyan, Lilit
Australia Western Pacic Goldsworthy, John
Austria Europe Kisser, Rupert
Azerbaijan Europe Talishinskiy, Rustam
Bahamas (the) Americas Rolle, Garlon
Bahrain Eastern Mediterranean Obeid, Amjad
Bangladesh South-East Asia Rahman, AKM Fazlur
Barbados Americas Taylor, Denise Carter
Belarus Europe Pikirenia, Ivan
Belgium Europe Meerkens, Anne
Belize Americas Andrewin, Aisha
Benin Africa Imorou Karimou, Yacoubou
Bhutan South-East Asia Karma, Doma
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Americas Angulo Martinez, Augusto
Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe Kovacevic, Jasminka; Seranic, Alen
Botswana Africa Mmutle, Marvin Golekoamang
Brazil Americas Alves da Silva, Marta Maria
a
Americas George, Ivy
Brunei Darussalam Western Pacic Saidon, Rozaly
Bulgaria Europe Kovacheva, Irina
Burkina Faso Africa Cisse, Ahmad Nassourou
Burundi Africa Nzeyimana, Claire
Cambodia Western Pacic Raingsey, Prak Piseth
Cameroon Africa Missimikim, Martial
Canada Americas Jonah, Brian
Cape Verde Africa Santos, Antonio
Central African Republic (the) Africa Gondamovo, Paul
Chad Africa Gock, Mahamat
Chile Americas Rajs, Danuta
China Western Pacic Duan, Leilei
Colombia Americas Gaitn Rodrguez, Yazmn
Comoros (the) Africa Yahaia, Mohamed
Congo (the) Africa Kouni-Okogna, Jean Roger
Cook Islands Western Pacic Herman, Josephine
Costa Rica Americas Guzmn Duarte, Teresita
Croatia Europe Brkic Bilo, Ivana
Cuba Americas Valds Lazo, Francisco
Cyprus Europe Antoniades, Costas; Kalakouta, Olga
Czech Republic (the) Europe Benesova, Veronika
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Africa Musari, Masuga
Dominican Republic Americas Prez, Simon Luis
Ecuador Americas Naranjo, Sara
Egypt Eastern Mediterranean Saad, Rania
Table A.1: National data coordinators by country/area and WHO region
236
El Salvador Americas Morn de Garca, Silvia
Eritrea Africa Abraham Tesfamichael, Ghirmay
Estonia Europe Kedars, Ursel
Ethiopia Africa Asrat, Abebe
Fiji Western Pacic Tuiketei, Timaima
Finland Europe Jskelinen, Petri
France Europe Laumon, Bernard
Gambia (the) Africa Camara, Abdoulie
Georgia Europe Kheladze, Kakha
Germany Europe Schleh, Rosemarie
b
Ghana Africa Afukaar, Francis
Greece Europe Efthymiadis, Dimitrios
Guatemala Americas Morales Sandoval, Salvador
Guinea-Bissau Africa Vera Cruz De Oliveira, Golda Sayonara
Guyana Americas Anderson, Lucy
Honduras Americas Cerrato Cruz, Orlin Javier
Hungary Europe Bnyi, Mria
Iceland Europe Thorsteinsdttir, Rsa
India South-East Asia Kumar, Ashok
Indonesia South-East Asia Yusharmen
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Eastern Mediterranean Moghisi, Alireza
Iraq Eastern Mediterranean Khalil, Sundus Shoki
Ireland Europe Hayes, Declan
Israel Europe Peleg, Kobi; Levi, Sarit
Italy Europe Lecce, Maria Giuseppina
Jamaica Americas Grant, Andriene
Japan Western Pacic Nakahara, Shinji
Jordan Eastern Mediterranean Mujahed, Jamil
Kazakhstan Europe Batpenov, Nurlan
Kenya Africa Githinji, Wilfred Mwai
Kiribati Western Pacic Rubeiariki, Mweritonga
Kuwait Eastern Mediterranean Al-Otaibi, Hamed
Kyrgyzstan Europe Toimatov, Samatbek
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Western Pacic Phoutsavath, Phisith
Latvia Europe Feldmane, Jana
Lebanon Eastern Mediterranean Akl, Ziad
Lesotho Africa Rangoako, Thabiso
Liberia Africa Kekula, Joseph
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Eastern Mediterranean Jabeal, Ibrahim Ali
Lithuania Europe Meiiene, Ramune
Madagascar Africa Rasamilalao, Dsir
Malawi Africa Chirwa, James Mathewes
Malaysia Western Pacic Ramly, Rosnah
Maldives South-East Asia Naaz, Aishath
Mali Africa Sylla, Assa
Malta Europe Calleja, Neville; Galea, Audrey
Marshall Islands (the) Western Pacic Edwards, Russell
237
Mauritania Africa Traor, Abdallah Mohamed Khairou
Mauritius Africa Jewon, Mahmad Saeed
Mexico Americas Rosas Osuna, Rodrigo
Micronesia (Federated States of) Western Pacic Skilling, Vita
Mongolia Western Pacic Sakhiya, Ariuntuya
Montenegro Europe Stojanovic, Svetlana
Morocco Eastern Mediterranean Boulaajoul, Benaceur
Mozambique Africa Sithoe, Paulo Jorge
Myanmar South-East Asia Lwin, Thit
Namibia Africa Shigwedha, Laina
Nauru Western Pacic Dowiyogo, David
Nepal South-East Asia Baral, Prabha
Netherlands (the) Europe Vis, Martijn
New Zealand Western Pacic Brown, Jennifer
Nicaragua Americas Torres Araica, Francisca
Niger (the) Africa Bagoudou, Chekarao
Nigeria Africa Labinjo, Mariam
Norway Europe Linhave, Jakob; Vind, Signe
Oman Eastern Mediterranean Al-Wahaibi, Salim
Pakistan Eastern Mediterranean Khan, Shahzad Ali
Palau Western Pacic Aguon, Ismael
Panama Americas Castaedas, Enrique
Papua New Guinea Western Pacic Kanguma, Peri
Paraguay Americas Maldonado de Gonzlez Cabello, Mercedes
Peru Americas Loayza, Manuel
Philippines (the) Western Pacic Magturo, Theodora Cecile
Poland Europe Krl, Barbara
Portugal Europe Amann, Gregria Paixo von
Puerto Rico
c
Americas Lopez Charneco, Magdalena
Qatar Eastern Mediterranean Almusleh, Abdulwahab
Republic of Korea (the) Western Pacic Kim, Young-Taek
Republic of Moldova (the) Europe Gornea, Filip
Romania Europe Arafat, Raed
Russian Federation (the) Europe Kipor, Gennady
Rwanda Africa Rurangirwa, Dominique
Saint Lucia Americas Jaime, Alina
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Americas Duncan, Roger
Samoa Western Pacic Vasa, Ponifasio
San Marino Europe Gualtieri, Andrea
Sao Tome and Principe Africa Lima, Antonio
Saudi Arabia Eastern Mediterranean Al Enizy, Faisal
Senegal Africa Coulibaly, Siaka
Serbia Europe Paunovic, Milena
Seychelles Africa Andr, Patrick
Sierra Leone Africa Yansaneh, Ahmed
Singapore Western Pacic Ho, Seng Tim; Lee, Alvin
Slovakia Europe Smrek, Martin
Slovenia Europe Koir, Matej
Solomon Islands Western Pacic Ogaoga, Divinol
South Africa Africa Mosako, Magdeline
(Table A.1 continued)
238
Spain Europe Lizarbe, Vicenta
Sri Lanka South-East Asia Jayatillaka, Jayalath Pushpakumara
Sudan (the) Eastern Mediterranean Idries, Amjad
Suriname Americas Forster, Allan
Swaziland Africa Maphanga, Muzi
Sweden Europe Lekander, Thomas
Switzerland Europe Graz, Bertrand
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Eastern Mediterranean Hamdan, Ahmad
Tajikistan Europe Razzakov, Abduvali
Thailand South-East Asia Siriphanich, Tairjing
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Europe Tozija, Fimka
Timor-Leste South-East Asia Ximenes, Rafael dos Santos
Togo Africa Fatonzoun, Innocent Mawutoe
Tonga Western Pacic Akau'ola, Siale
Trinidad and Tobago Americas Ruiz, Carla
Tunisia Eastern Mediterranean Somrani, Naoufel; Frigui, Af
Turkey Europe Inan, Huseyin Fazil
Turkmenistan Europe Ovezklichev, Begklich
Tuvalu Western Pacic Kaitu, Kakee Pese
Uganda Africa Kwamusi, Paul
Ukraine Europe Fedenko, Irina
United Arab Emirates (the) Eastern Mediterranean Altair, Yousef
United Kingdom (the) Europe Bellis, Mark; Hughes, Sara
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Africa Mang'enya, Rosa
United States of America (the) Americas Dellinger, Ann
Uruguay Americas Borba, Norberto
Uzbekistan Europe Azizov, Mirhakim; Kasimova, Gulnora
Vanuatu Western Pacic Taura, Ben
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Americas Hernndez, Fedor
Viet Nam Western Pacic Nguyen, Thi Hong Tu
West Bank and Gaza Strip
a
Eastern Mediterranean Naji, Basem
Yemen Eastern Mediterranean Alraiby, Jamila
Zambia Africa Mwali, Mutaba
Zimbabwe Africa Magirigide, Nyasha
a
Non member-area.
b
Questionnaire completed by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt).
c
23
COUNTRY/AREA
GENERAL INFORMATION VEHICLES
Population
numbers
a
for 2007
GNI per capita
b
for
2007 in US dollars Income level
c
Number of
registered vehicles
Afghanistan 27 145 275 319
f
Low 731 607
Albania 3 190 012 3 290 Middle 349 646
Angola 17 024 084 2 560 Middle 671 060
Argentina 39 531 115 6 050 Middle 12 399 887
Armenia 3 002 271 2 640 Middle 366 836
Australia 20 743 179 35 960 High 14 774 921
Austria 8 360 746 42 700 High 5 796 973
Azerbaijan 8 467 167 2 550 Middle 784 018
Bahamas (the) 331 278 18 570
f
High 27 058
Bahrain 752 648 20 610
f
High 382 977
Bangladesh 158 664 959 470 Low 1 054 057
Barbados 293 891 11 290
f
Middle 126 262
Belarus 9 688 795 4 220 Middle 3 147 625
Belgium 10 457 343 40 710 High 6 362 161
Belize 287 699 3 800 Middle 54 225
Benin 9 032 787 570 Low 222 850
Bhutan 658 479 1 770 Middle 35 703
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 9 524 568 1 260 Middle 699 646
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 934 816 3 790 Middle 675 063
Botswana 1 881 504 5 840 Middle 293 755
Brazil 191 790 929 5 910 Middle 49 644 025
h
23 000
f
43 686
f
High 14 505
Brunei Darussalam 390 056 30 580
f
High 304 432
Bulgaria 7 638 831 4 590 Middle 2 628 680
Burkina Faso 14 784 291 430 Low 515 453
Burundi 8 508 232 110 Low 59 486
Cambodia 14 443 679 540 Low 154 389
Cameroon 18 549 176 1 050 Middle 312 259
Canada 32 876 047 39 420 High 20 065 000
Cape Verde 530 437 2 430 Middle 54 158
Central African Republic (the) 4 342 735 380 Low 5 834
Chad 10 780 571 540 Low 124 088
Chile 16 634 760 8 350 Middle 2 824 570
China 1 336 317 116 2 360 Middle 145 228 994
Colombia 46 155 958 3 250 Middle 4 951 225
Comoros (the) 839 187 680 Low 22 378
Congo (the) 3 768 086 1 540 Middle 100 000
Cook Islands 13 325 13 098
f
Middle 10 692
Costa Rica 4 467 625 5 560 Middle 797 902
Croatia 4 555 398 10 460 Middle 1 949 936
Cuba 11 267 883 4 571
f
Middle 658 003
Cyprus 854 671 24 940 High 592 480
Czech Republic (the) 10 186 330 14 450 High 5 455 110
Table A.2: Vehicles, road trafc deaths and proportion of road users by country/area
24C
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS ROAD USER DEATHS (%)
Reported number of
trafc deaths
d
Modelled number of road trafc deaths
e
Estimated road
trafc death
rate per 100 000
population
e
Drivers/
passengers
of 4-wheeled
vehicles
Drivers/
passengers of
motorized
2- or 3-wheelers Cyclists Pedestrians
Other or
unspecied
users Point estimate
90% Condence
interval
1 779 10 593 6 23422 894 39.0
499 445 366522 13.9 45.3 9.0 5.7 40.0
2 358 6 425 4 3769 803 37.7
5 281 5 427 13.7 41.7 9.5 6.2 19.4 23.2
371 417 352489 13.9 60.3 0.3 39.4
1 616 1 616 7.8 70.2 14.8 2.5 12.5
691 691 8.3 59.0 17.4 5.4 15.6 2.6
1 195 1 099 9001 319 13.0 59.7 1.2 0.9 38.1 0.1
48 48 14.5 64.0 14.0 22.0 0.0
91 91 12.1 59.4 5.5 6.6 28.6
4 108 20 038 14 88229 155 12.6 26.2 8.2 2.6 53.7 9.3
36 36 12.2 73.7 7.9 0.0 18.4
1 517 1 517 15.7 47.3 3.8 9.1 39.8
1 067 1 067 10.2 56.0 15.2 8.2 9.7 11.0
65 45 15.6 63.8
g
0.0 12.8 23.4
653 2 815 2 0803 871 31.2 35.0 37.0 3.0 25.0
111 95 72115 14.4
1 394 1 594 1 2142 348 16.7 59.0 4.0 1.0 35.0 1.0
428 428 10.9 61.0 4.7 5.8 23.7 4.8
482 636 425968 33.8 70.9 0.8 1.6 26.0 0.7
35 155 35 155 18.3 9.8 20.0 4.6 27.9 37.7
5 5 21.7 83.0 17.0 0.0 0.0
54 54 13.8 75.8 11.1 1.9 9.2 2.1
1 006 1 006 13.2 65.0 0.0 4.5 26.3 4.2
804 4 595 3 2415 937 31.1 53.0 34.0 13.0
63 1 989 1 4252 898 23.4
1 668 1 749 1 3852 410 12.1 14.9 62.8 4.7 13.3 4.2
1 069 5 206 4 0606 880 28.1 55.0 17.0 18.0 10.0
2 889 2 889 8.8 76.3 7.3 2.5 13.2 0.7
49 133 96187 25.1
565
j
1 399 9752 091 32.2
814 3 696 2 5495 482 34.3
2 280 2 280 13.7 24.3 2.6 6.5 40.1 26.6
96 611 220 783 183 428333 623 16.5 22.6 28.1 9.5 26.0 13.8
5 409 5 409 11.7 17.2 36.1 7.7 33.6 5.5
15 254 163602 30.3 75.0 8.0 17.0
207 1 084 7521 575 28.8
6 6 45.0 60.0 40.0
688 688 15.4 38.3 20.0 8.6 33.1
619 619 13.6 49.9 18.8 4.5 20.0 6.8
964 964 8.6 18.0 12.0 14.0 33.0 23.0
89 89 10.4 50.6 28.1 3.4 18.0
1 222 1 222 12.0 59.4 11.4 9.5 19.2 0.5
241
COUNTRY/AREA
Population
numbers
a
for 2007
GNI per capita
b
for
c
Number of
registered vehicles
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) 62 635 723 140 Low 311 781
Dominican Republic 9 759 664 3 550 Middle 2 121 244
Ecuador 13 341 197 3 080 Middle 961 556
Egypt 75 497 913 1 580 Middle 4 300 000
El Salvador 6 857 328 2 850 Middle 630 638
Eritrea 4 850 763 230 Low 60 849
Estonia 1 335 333 13 200 High 708 794
Ethiopia 83 099 190 220 Low 244 257
Fiji 838 698 3 800 Middle 78 833
Finland 5 276 892 44 400 High 4 656 370
France 61 647 375 38 500 High 39 926 000
Gambia (the) 1 708 681 320 Low 14 450
Georgia 4 395 420 2 120 Middle 567 900
Germany 82 599 471 38 860 High 55 511 374
Ghana 23 478 394 590 Low 931 642
Greece 11 146 918 29 630 High 7 212 236
Guatemala 13 353 911 2 305
f
Middle 1 613 796
Guinea-Bissau 1 695 043 200 Low 57 839
Guyana 737 906 1 300 Middle 127 825
Honduras 7 106 001 1 600 Middle 786 682
Hungary 10 029 683 11 570 High 3 625 386
Iceland 301 006 54 100 High 293 299
India 1 169 015 509 950 Low 72 718 000
Indonesia 231 626 978 1 650 Middle 63 318 522
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 71 208 384 3 470 Middle 17 000 000
Iraq 28 993 374 1 646
f
Middle 2 242 269
Ireland 4 300 902 48 140 High 2 444 159
Israel 6 927 677 21 900 High 2 283 634
Italy 58 876 834 33 540 High 43 262 992
Jamaica 2 713 779 3 710 Middle 320 000
Japan 127 966 709 37 670 High 91 378 636
Jordan 5 924 245 2 850 Middle 841 933
Kazakhstan 15 421 861 5 060 Middle 3 105 954
Kenya 37 537 716 680 Low 1 004 243
Kiribati 95 067 1 170 Middle 16 000
Kuwait 2 851 144 40 114
f
High 1 364 790
Kyrgyzstan 5 316 543 590 Low 318 581
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) 5 859 393 580 Low 641 081
Latvia 2 277 040 9 930 Middle 1 062 935
Lebanon 4 099 115 5 770 Middle 1 400 000
Lesotho 2 007 833 1 000 Middle
Liberia 3 750 261 150 Low 11 086
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) 6 160 483 9 010 Middle 1 826 533
Lithuania 3 389 937 9 920 Middle 1 781 686
Madagascar 19 683 358 320 Low 197 981
Malawi 13 925 070 250 Low 130 000
Malaysia 26 571 879 6 540 Middle 16 825 150
242
Reported number of
trafc deaths
d
e
Estimated road
trafc death
rate per 100 000
population
e
Drivers/
passengers
of 4-wheeled
vehicles
Drivers/
passengers of
motorized
Other or
unspecied
90% Condence
interval
365 20 183 14 26329 458 32.2 40.0 59.0 1.0
1 838 1 691 1 3752 058 17.3 87.0 8.0 5.0
2 341 1 559 1 1982 119 11.7 13.5 0.8 0.5 43.2 42.0
15 983 31 439 19 41147 668 41.6 47.5 0.1 1.9 20.1 30.4
1 493 865 7271 051 12.6 26.4 2.5 4.2 63.1 3.8
81 2 350 1 3013 961 48.4
196 196 14.7 66.0 6.0 9.0 19.0
2 441 29 114 19 56244 710 35.0 42.8 1.3 0.5 54.8 0.6
59 59 7.0 75.0 25.0
380 380 7.2 70.3 10.8 5.8 12.6 0.5
4 620 4 620 7.5 59.2 25.0 3.1 12.1 0.6
54 625 420897 36.6
737 737 16.8 0.0 0.3 27.7 72.0
4 949 4 949 6.0 58.0 18.0 10.0 14.0 1.0
1 856 6 942 5 1299 892 29.6 46.0 5.0 4.5 42.0 2.5
1 657 1 657 14.9 50.3 30.2 1.3 16.1 2.1
755 1 968 1 7012 446 14.7 77.5
g
0.0 22.6
152 583 3831 209 34.4
207 147 104198 19.9 34.7 15.9 15.9 30.0 3.4
1 266 959 7941 187 13.5 72.0 5.0 5.0 9.0 9.0
1 232 1 232 12.3 54.4 10.1 11.7 22.7 1.1
30 30 10.0 85.0 5.0 10.0
105 725 196 445 155 727266 999 16.8 15.1 27.4 4.3 12.6 40.5
16 548 37 438 29 78565 158 16.2 7.0 61.0 13.0 15.0 4.0
22 918 25 491 18 72634 337 35.8 44.9 11.4 33.3 11.0
1 932 11 059 6 93321 500 38.1
365 365 8.5 61.9 7.9 2.5 20.0 7.7
398 398 5.7 57.6 9.3 1.5 31.6
5 669 5 669 9.6 49.0 26.0 5.5 13.4 6.1
350 334 270397 12.3 52.0 9.0 8.0 31.0
6 639 6 639 5.0 37.1 17.6 12.8 32.3 0.2
992 2 027 1 4073 188 34.2 75.2 0.1 24.7
4 714 4 714 30.6 16.2 83.8
3 760 12 918 7 45929 191 34.4 42.8 1.2 9.0 47.0
7 7 7.4 51.0 44.0 6.0
482 482 16.9
1 214 1 214 22.8 55.0
g
1.0 43.0 1.0
656 1 075 8641 328 18.3
407 407 17.9 50.4 4.2 8.1 37.3
536 1 170 8371 625 28.5
402 537 407728 26.7 17.6 0.2 0.0 34.0 48.2
1 235 7702 668 32.9
2 138 2 497 1 5183 760 40.5 60.0 5.0 15.0 20.0
759 759 22.4 53.7 4.5 6.9 31.9 3.0
594 6 641 4 6809 859 33.7
839 3 614 2 5995 064 26.0 36.0 0.8 18.0 45.0 0.2
6 282 6 282 23.6 23.3 58.0 3.0 10.1 5.6
243
COUNTRY/AREA
Population
numbers
a
for 2007
GNI per capita
b
for
c
Number of
registered vehicles
Maldives 305 556 3 200 Middle 33 807
Mali 12 336 799 500 Low 167 245
Malta 406 582 14 575
f
High 346 118
Marshall Islands (the) 59 286 3 070 Middle 2 487
Mauritania 3 123 813 840 Low 350 000
Mauritius 1 261 641 5 450 Middle 334 125
Mexico 106 534 880 8 340 Middle 24 970 879
Micronesia (Federated States of) 111 117 2 470 Middle 4 217
Mongolia 2 628 840 1 290 Middle 161 989
Montenegro 597 983 5 180 Middle 199 014
Morocco 31 224 137 2 250 Middle 2 284 060
Mozambique 21 396 916 320 Low 258 680
Myanmar 48 798 212 281
f
Low 1 045 105
Namibia 2 074 146 3 360 Middle 239 612
Nauru 10 152 7 842
f
Middle
Nepal 28 195 994 340 Low 617 305
Netherlands (the) 16 418 824 45 820 High 8 862 935
New Zealand 4 178 525 28 780 High 3 189 131
Nicaragua 5 603 190 980 Middle 382 707
Niger (the) 14 225 521 280 Low 76 061
Nigeria 148 092 542 930 Low 7 600 000
Norway 4 698 097 76 450 High 2 599 712
Oman 2 595 133 11 275
f
Middle 629 670
Pakistan 163 902 405 870 Low 5 287 152
Palau 20 314 8 210 Middle 5 530
Panama 3 343 374 5 510 Middle 671 085
Papua New Guinea 6 331 010 850 Low 59 645
Paraguay 6 127 077 1 670 Middle 576 167
Peru 27 902 760 3 450 Middle 1 442 387
Philippines (the) 87 960 117 1 620 Middle 5 515 576
Poland 38 081 971 9 840 Middle 18 035 047
Portugal 10 623 031 18 950 High 5 948 269
Puerto Rico
j
3 991 000
f
14 720 High 3 165 543
Qatar 840 635 66 063
f
High 605 699
Republic of Korea (the) 48 223 853 19 690 High 18 213 228
Republic of Moldova (the) 3 793 604 1 260 Middle 448 202
Romania 21 437 887 6 150 Middle 4 611 362
Russian Federation (the) 142 498 532 7 560 Middle 38 695 996
Rwanda 9 724 577 320 Low 61 000
Saint Lucia 164 924 5 349
f
Middle 49 700
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 120 402 4 210 Middle 24 334
Samoa 187 023 2 430 Middle 15 903
San Marino 30 926 41 044
f
High 51 590
Sao Tome and Principe 157 638 870 Low 1 219
Saudi Arabia 24 734 533 15 440 High 7 398 600
Senegal 12 378 532 820 Low 280 594
Serbia 9 858 424 4 730 Middle 2 235 389
244
Reported number of
trafc deaths
d
e
Estimated road
trafc death
rate per 100 000
population
e
Drivers/
passengers
of 4-wheeled
vehicles
Drivers/
passengers of
motorized
Other or
unspecied
90% Condence
interval
10 56 37105 18.3 0.0 75.0 25.0 0.0
711 3 959 2 6955 936 32.1
14 14 3.4 35.7 28.6 0.0 35.7
1 1 1.7 100.0
262 1 109 7601 595 35.5
140 140 11.1 25.0 36.4 9.3 29.3
22 103 22 103 20.7 67.9 5.5 4.4 21.2 1.1
2 16 1220 14.4 90.0 10.0
562 507 366719 19.3 64.9 16.7 0.4 17.9
122 122 20.4 75.4 4.1 0.0 20.5 0.1
3 838 8 850 6 27312 783 28.3 45.7 16.3 7.1 27.9 3.0
1 952 7 432 5 16110 872 34.7 31.9 68.1
1 638 11 422 6 90516 883 23.4 46.7 9.6 11.5 30.3 1.9
368 594 424667 28.6
1 1 9.9
962 4 245 3 4535 288 15.1
791 791 4.8 46.0 18.0 24.0 12.0
423 423 10.1 76.0 9.0 2.0 10.0 3.0
506 797 6271 004 14.2 44.0 13.0 8.0 35.0
570 5 357 3 6458 074 37.7 67.0
g
33.0
4 532 47 865 34 16578 249 32.3
233 233 5.0 67.0 17.0 3.0 10.0 3.0
798 553 347920 21.3
7 234 41 494 28 37976 695 25.3
3 3 14.8 66.7 33.3
425 425 12.7 48.3 1.2 3.9 46.1 0.5
308 901 6841 249 14.2 59.9 0.0 0.8 39.3
854 1 206 8961 710 19.7 2.8 24.2 1.1 36.9 35.0
3 510 6 001 3 8728 672 21.5 18.0 3.0 78.0 1.0
1 185 17 557 12 45733 741 20.0
5 583 5 583 14.7 51.0 5.0 9.0 35.0
1 110 1 110 10.4 54.6 22.1 3.5 16.1 3.7
452 511 404665 12.8 48.2 17.3 1.6 31.9 1.1
199 199 23.7 69.0
g
4.0 27.0
k

6 166 6 166 12.8 36.6 20.7 4.9 37.4 0.5
571 571 15.1 57.3 4.1 2.4 34.3 1.9
2 712 2 712 12.7 74.5 8.0 6.8 10.8
35 972 35 972 25.2 62.0 2.1 35.9
308 3 077 1 9727 079 31.6 16.0 15.8 18.5 40.0 9.7
29 29 17.6 89.3 10.7
8 8 6.6 44.0 0.0 22.0 33.0 1.0
19 24 2029 12.8
1 1 3.2 60.0 20.0 20.0
20 52 3472 33.0
6 358 7 166 5 5359 544 29.0
345 4 023 2 7976 034 32.5 65.3
g
34.7
962 962 9.8 58.6 5.6 9.2 25.1 1.5
245
COUNTRY/AREA
Population
numbers
a
for 2007
GNI per capita
b
for
c
Number of
registered vehicles
Seychelles 86 606 8 960 Middle 14 880
Sierra Leone 5 865 872 260 Low 39 038
Singapore 4 436 281 32 470 High 851 336
Slovakia 5 390 035 11 730 High 2 039 745
Slovenia 2 001 506 20 960 High 1 286 903
Solomon Islands 495 662 730 Low 10 000
South Africa 48 576 763 5 760 Middle 9 237 574
Spain 44 279 180 29 450 High 31 441 152
Sri Lanka 19 299 190 1 540 Middle 3 125 794
Sudan (the) 38 560 488 960 Middle 1 200 000
Suriname 457 964 4 730 Middle 151 441
Swaziland 1 141 427 2 580 Middle 116 050
Sweden 9 118 955 46 060 High 5 500 000
Switzerland 7 483 973 59 880 High 5 356 000
Syrian Arab Republic (the) 19 928 516 1 760 Middle 1 389 346
Tajikistan 6 735 996 460 Low 268 018
Thailand 63 883 662 3 400 Middle 25 618 447
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2 038 464 3 460 Middle 259 421
Timor-Leste 1 154 775 1 510 Middle 26 649
Togo 6 585 147 360 Low 48 234
Tonga 100 336 2 320 Middle 2 226
Trinidad and Tobago 1 333 272 14 100 High 490 987
Tunisia 10 327 285 3 200 Middle 1 244 918
Turkey 74 876 695 8 020 Middle 13 311 000
Turkmenistan 4 965 278 1 234
f
Middle 651 564
Tuvalu 10 530 2 441
f
Middle 906
Uganda 30 883 805 340 Low 363 658
Ukraine 46 205 382 2 550 Middle
United Arab Emirates (the) 4 380 439 41 082
f
High 1 754 420
United Kingdom (the) 60 768 946 42 740 High 34 327 520
United Republic of Tanzania (the) 40 453 513 400 Low 577 949
United States of America (the) 305 826 246 46 040 High 251 422 509
Uruguay 3 339 700 6 380 Middle 952 000
Uzbekistan 27 372 260 730 Low
Vanuatu 226 180 1 840 Middle 15 461
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 27 656 832 7 320 Middle 4 044 013
Viet Nam 87 375 196 790 Low 22 926 230
h
4 018 000
f
1 422
f
Middle 78 609
Yemen 22 389 169 870 Low 777 734
Zambia 11 921 999 800 Low 222 188
Zimbabwe 13 349 434 131
f
Low 1 556 586
a
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations
Secretariat (2007). !o|| jojo|ot|or j|o:jert:. |e Zc |er|:|or, ||||||t:. New York:
United Nations.
b
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is the dollar value of a countrys nal income in a year
divided by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators
database, World Bank, revised 17 October 2008.
c
World Development Indicators database: Low-income is $935 or less, middle-income is $936
to $11 455, high-income is $11 456 or more.
d
Adjusted for 30-day denition of a road trafc death.
e
Modelled using negative binomial regression. Data from countries with complete vital
registration and countries with a population of less than 100 000 were not included in the
model (see explanatory notes on page 231).
f
2007 data not available. Latest available used from http://data.un.org/
g
Passengers and drivers of any motorized vehicle; includes category "unspecied".
h
Non-member area.
i
For capital city only.
j
k
Cyclists and pedestrians.
Data not available.
246
Reported number of
trafc deaths
d
e
Estimated road
trafc death
rate per 100 000
population
e
Drivers/
passengers
of 4-wheeled
vehicles
Drivers/
passengers of
motorized
Other or
unspecied
90% Condence
interval
16 16 18.5 65.0 7.0 28.0
68 1 661 1 2072 441 28.3 65.0 20.0 15.0
214 214 4.8 14.9 47.7 10.3 27.1
815 815 15.1 49.6 8.0 8.5 33.9
293 293 14.6 64.5
g
18.1 5.8 11.3 0.3
19 84 64118 16.9
16 113 16 113 33.2 56.8 1.8 2.3 39.1
4 104 4 104 9.3 62.0 19.0 2.0 15.0 1.0
2 334 2 603 2 1853 097 13.5 65.2 32.8 2.0
2 227 13 362 8 82019 143 34.7 31.5 12.7 55.8
90 84 63120 18.3 43.3 31.1 3.3 22.2 0.1
235 300 218405 26.3 62.0 2.0 2.0 35.0
471 471 5.2 65.0 16.0 6.0 12.0 1.0
370 370 4.9 48.0 22.0 9.0 21.0
3 663 6 552 5 0248 684 32.9
464 951 7671 196 14.1 48.7 1.1 6.0 43.6 0.7
12 492 12 492 19.6 11.0 69.7 2.8 8.3 8.2
140 140 6.9 41.4 10.7 3.6 34.3 10.0
49 186 143255 16.1
613 1 851 1 2982 557 28.1
7 7 7.0 50.0 6.3 43.8
207 207 15.5 62.2 1.9 3.7 32.2
1 497 3 568 2 5554 948 34.5 50.8 14.4 2.6 32.0 0.3
6 022 10 066 8 39411 839 13.4 55.0 8.0 1.8 18.9 16.3
702 926 6941 343 18.6 4.6 28.9 66.5
1 1 9.5
2 838 7 634 5 57811 007 24.7 47.2 7.0 10.4 35.3 0.1
9 921 9 921 21.5 44.3 55.7
1 056 1 626 9122 570 37.1 70.0 1.5 28.5
3 298 3 298 5.4 55.0 19.0 4.0 21.0 1.0
2 595 13 886 9 59621 504 34.3 38.3 7.2 16.8 36.8 0.9
42 642 42 642 13.9 71.6 11.3 1.8 11.2 4.1
145 145 4.3
2 644 2 644 9.7
7 42 2958 18.6
6 031 6 031 21.8 74.7 24.6 0.7
12 800 14 104 11 98716 387 16.1
188 896 6271 287 4.9
3 003 6 553 4 02115 797 29.3
1 645 3 056 2 1944 291 25.6 35.4 4.2 10.6 49.8
1 348 3 669 2 7495 127 27.5 62.8
g
1.0 5.3 26.0 4.9
247
COUNTRY/AREA
NATIONAL
DRINKDRIVING
LAW
HOW DRINKDRIVING IS DEFINED
Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC)
Physician
certicate Breath content
Afghanistan Yes
a
Yes Yes Yes
Albania Yes Yes Yes
Angola n/a n/a n/a
Argentina Yes Yes
Armenia Yes Yes Yes
Australia Subnational
b
Yes
Austria Yes Yes Yes
Azerbaijan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahamas (the) Yes Yes
Bahrain Yes
a
Yes Yes
Bangladesh Yes
a
Yes
Barbados Yes
c
Yes
Belarus Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belgium Yes Yes Yes
Belize Yes Yes Yes
Benin Yes
c
Yes
Bhutan Yes Yes Yes
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes
c

Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes Yes Yes
Botswana Yes Yes Yes
Brazil Yes Yes Yes Yes
d
Yes Yes Yes
Brunei Darussalam Yes Yes Yes
Bulgaria Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burkina Faso Yes
c

Burundi Yes Yes Yes
Cambodia Yes Yes Yes
Cameroon Yes Yes
Canada Yes Yes
Cape Verde Yes Yes Yes
Central African Republic (the) Yes Yes
Chad Yes Yes
Chile Yes Yes Yes
China Yes Yes
Colombia Yes Yes
Comoros (the) Yes
a
Yes
Congo (the) Yes Yes
Cook Islands Yes Yes Yes Yes
Costa Rica Yes Yes
Croatia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cuba Yes
c
Yes
Cyprus Yes Yes Yes
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Table A.3: Drinking and driving laws, enforcement and road trafc deaths attributed to
alcohol by country/area
248
RANDOM BREATH TESTING
OR POLICE CHECK POINTS
USED FOR ENFORCEMENT
EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
NATIONAL MAXIMUM LEGAL BAC LEVELS
PROPORTION OF
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
THAT ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO
ALCOHOL (%)
For the general
population
(g/dl)
For young or
novice drivers
(g/dl)
For professional
or commercial
drivers
(g/dl)
Yes 10 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 8 0.05 0.05 0.05 5.2
n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.00
Yes 5 0.08 0.08 0.08 6.1
Yes n/a 0.05 0.02 0.05 30.0
Yes 9 0.05 0.01 0.01 8.1
Yes 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.7
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 5.0
No 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.7
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 2
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 12.9
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 5
No 3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4
Yes 6 0.03 0.00 0.00 6.7
Yes 7 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.8
Yes 6 0.02 0.02 0.02
Yes 0.08 0.08 0.08 4.0
Yes 6 0.08 0.08 0.08 3.7
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 4.7
1
Yes 1 0.10 0.10 0.10 70.0
0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.08 0.04 0.08 30.0
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 0 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05 20.9
Yes 8 0.02 0.02 0.02 4.2
Yes 5 0.04 0.04 0.04 2.6
Yes 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.0
0.08 0.08 0.08
4 0.04 0.04 0.04
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 7 0.05 0.00 0.00 30.0
Yes 4 30.0
Yes 4 0.05 0.05 0.05 18.0
Yes 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.4
Yes 5 0.05 0.05 0.05
24
COUNTRY/AREA
NATIONAL
DRINKDRIVING
LAW
Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC)
Physician
Dominican Republic Yes
c
Yes Yes
Ecuador Yes Yes
Egypt Yes
c

El Salvador Yes Yes
Eritrea Yes Yes Yes Yes
Estonia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ethiopia Yes
c

Fiji Yes Yes Yes Yes
Finland Yes Yes Yes
France Yes Yes Yes
Gambia (the) Yes
c

Georgia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Germany Yes Yes Yes
Ghana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Greece Yes Yes Yes
Guatemala Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Guinea-Bissau Yes
c
Yes
Guyana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Honduras Yes Yes
Hungary Yes Yes Yes
Iceland Yes Yes Yes
India Yes Yes
Indonesia No n/a n/a n/a
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes
a
Yes Yes Yes
Iraq Yes Yes
Ireland Yes Yes
Israel Yes Yes
Italy Yes Yes Yes
Jamaica Yes Yes Yes
Japan Yes Yes Yes
Jordan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kazakhstan Yes
c
Yes
Kenya Yes
c
Yes
Kiribati Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kuwait Yes
a
Yes Yes
Kyrgyzstan Yes
c
Yes Yes
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes Yes
Latvia Yes Yes
Lebanon Yes Yes
Lesotho Yes Yes Yes Yes
Liberia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes
a
Yes
Lithuania Yes Yes
Madagascar Yes Yes Yes
Malawi Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malaysia Yes Yes Yes
Maldives No n/a n/a n/a
25C
EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
PROPORTION OF
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
ALCOHOL (%)
For the general
population
(g/dl)
For young or
novice drivers
(g/dl)
For professional
or commercial
drivers
(g/dl)
Yes 2
Yes 5 0.08 0.08 0.08 9.1
No 4
Yes 5 0.05 0.05 0.05 3.5
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.03 1.2
Yes 8 0.02 0.02 0.02 48.0
No 1 10.0
Yes 7 0.08 0.00 0.00 27.0
Yes 8 0.05 0.05 0.05 23.9
Yes 4 0.05 0.05 0.05 27.0
Yes 4
No 9 0.02 0.02 0.02 37.0
Yes 0.05 0.00 0.05 12.0
Yes 2 0.08 0.00 0.08
Yes 7 0.05 0.02 0.02 7.2
n/a n/a Subnational Subnational Subnational
No 3
Yes 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.07 0.07 0.07 8.0
Yes 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.0
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 20.0
Yes 3 0.03 0.03 0.03
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
No 5 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes No consensus 0.08 0.08 0.08 37.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 7.5
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 No consensus
No 2 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes No consensus 0.03 0.03 0.03 8.3
3 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 10 3.2
No 2
Yes 2 0.08 0.08 0.08 30.0
Yes 9 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 4
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 48.0
Yes 7 0.05 0.02 0.05 20.6
Yes 1 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 5 0.10 0.10 0.10
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05
No 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.0
Yes 6 0.04 0.02 0.02 11.7
Yes 5 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 6 0.08 0.08 0.08
n/a n/a n/a n/a
251
COUNTRY/AREA
NATIONAL
DRINKDRIVING
LAW
Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC)
Physician
Mali Yes
c
Yes Yes
Malta Yes Yes Yes
Marshall Islands (the) Yes
c

Mauritania Yes
a

Mauritius Yes Yes Yes
Mexico Yes Yes Yes Yes
Micronesia (Federated States of) Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Mongolia Yes Yes Yes
Montenegro Yes Yes Yes Yes
Morocco No
a
n/a n/a n/a
Mozambique Yes Yes Yes
Myanmar Yes Yes Yes
Namibia Yes Yes Yes
Nauru Yes Yes
Nepal Yes
c

Netherlands (the) Yes Yes Yes
New Zealand Yes Yes Yes
Nicaragua Yes Yes Yes
Niger (the) Yes
c

Nigeria Yes Yes Yes Yes
Norway Yes Yes Yes
Oman Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pakistan Yes
a
Yes
Palau Yes Yes Yes
Panama Yes Yes Yes Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes Yes Yes
Paraguay Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Peru Yes Yes
Philippines (the) No n/a n/a n/a
Poland Yes Yes Yes
Portugal Yes Yes
Puerto Rico
f
Yes Yes Yes
Qatar Yes Yes
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Romania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes Yes
Rwanda Yes Yes Yes
Saint Lucia Yes Yes Yes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes
c

Samoa Yes Yes Yes
San Marino Yes Yes
Sao Tome and Principe No n/a n/a n/a
Saudi Arabia Yes Yes Yes
Senegal Yes Yes
Serbia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Seychelles Yes Yes Yes Yes
252
EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
PROPORTION OF
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
ALCOHOL (%)
For the general
population
(g/dl)
For young or
novice drivers
(g/dl)
For professional
or commercial
drivers
(g/dl)
Yes 3
No 4 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 6 70.0
5 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 5 0.05 0.05 0.05 24.3
Yes 3 Subnational Subnational Subnational
n/a n/a Subnational Subnational Subnational 90.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 3.7
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.00
n/a n/a n/a n/a 3.0
Yes 7 0.06 0.06 0.06
Yes 5 0.07 0.07 0.07
Yes 5 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 6
Yes No consensus 0.05 0.02 0.05 25.0
Yes 6 0.08 0.03 0.08 31.0
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05 12.0
No 3 1.0
Yes 2 0.05 0.05 0.05 <10.0
Yes 4 0.02 0.02 0.02 20.030.0
Yes 4 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 4 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 4 0.10 0.00 0.00 100.0
e
Yes 6 0.01 0.01 0.01
Yes 5 66.0
n/a 3 Subnational Subnational Subnational
Yes 2 0.05 0.05 0.05 10.8
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes 7 0.02 0.02 0.02 14.0
Yes 8 0.05 0.05 0.05 31.4
Yes 0.08 0.00 0.02 41.7
No 6 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.05 16.1
Yes 2 0.05 0.05 0.05 17.0
Yes 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.5
Yes 6 0.03 0.03 0.03 9.7
Yes 8 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 1 0.08 0.08 0.08

Yes 1 50.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No 7 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 0
Yes 7 0.05 0.05 0.00 6.0
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 80.0
253
COUNTRY/AREA
NATIONAL
DRINKDRIVING
LAW
Blood alcohol
concentration (BAC)
Physician
Sierra Leone Yes Yes Yes
Singapore Yes Yes Yes
Slovakia Yes Yes Yes
Slovenia Yes Yes Yes
Solomon Islands Yes
c

South Africa Yes Yes Yes Yes
Spain Yes Yes Yes
Sri Lanka Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sudan (the) Yes
a
Yes Yes
Suriname Yes Yes Yes Yes
Swaziland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sweden Yes Yes Yes
Switzerland Yes Yes
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes
Tajikistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Thailand Yes Yes
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes Yes
Timor-Leste Yes Yes Yes
Togo No n/a n/a n/a
Tonga Yes
c
Yes
Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes Yes
Tunisia Yes Yes
Turkey Yes Yes Yes
Turkmenistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tuvalu Yes
c

Uganda Yes Yes Yes
Ukraine Yes Yes Yes
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
United States of America (the) Subnational
b
Yes
Uruguay Yes Yes
Uzbekistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Vanuatu Yes
c

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Yes Yes
Viet Nam Yes Yes Yes
d
Yes Yes Yes
Yemen Yes
a
Yes
Zambia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Zimbabwe Yes Yes Yes
a
Alcohol is prohibited.
b
Laws set subnationally, but they all have the same limits.
c
Not dened by BAC or no standardized denition.
d
Non-member area.
e
Refers to only 3 deaths.
f
Data not available.
n/a Data not applicable.
254
EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
PROPORTION OF
ROAD TRAFFIC DEATHS
ALCOHOL (%)
For the general
population
(g/dl)
For young or
novice drivers
(g/dl)
For professional
or commercial
drivers
(g/dl)
Yes 2 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 8 0.08 0.08 0.08 7.0
Yes 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.3
Yes 6 0.05 0.00 0.00 38.4
Yes 3 55.0
Yes 2 0.05 0.05 0.02 60.0
Yes 7 0.05 0.03 0.03
Yes 6 0.08 0.08 0.08
No 10 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 4 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 3.0
Yes 6 0.02 0.02 0.02 20.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.05 0.05 16.0
No 8 0.05 0.05 0.05
Yes 9 0.03 0.03 0.03 5.0
Yes 5 0.05 0.05 0.05 4.0
Yes 6 0.05 0.00 0.00 4.6
Yes 0 0.05 0.05 0.05
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes 5 25.0
Yes 2 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 3 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.7
Yes 9 0.05 0.05 0.00 2.0
Yes 10 0.05 0.05 0.05 7.4
Yes 6
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.00
Yes 0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 8 0.10 0.10 0.10
Yes No consensus 0.08 0.08 0.08 17.0
Yes 2 0.08 0.08 0.00 1.8
Yes 0.08 0.02 0.04 32.0
Yes 1 0.08 0.08 0.08 38.0
Yes 9
Yes 6
Yes 7 0.08 0.08 0.08
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 34.0
No 1 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00 0.00
Yes 1 0.08 0.08 0.08 50.0
Yes 3 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.2
255
COUNTRY/AREA
SEAT-BELTS
There is a national
seat-belt law
The law applies to all
occupants
Enforcement is applied to
the following occupants
Afghanistan No n/a n/a
Albania Yes Yes All occupants
Angola No n/a n/a
Argentina Yes Yes All occupants
Armenia Yes Yes All occupants
Australia Subnational Yes All occupants
Austria Yes Yes All occupants
Azerbaijan Yes Yes All occupants
Bahamas (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Bahrain Yes No Front seat occupants only
Bangladesh No n/a n/a
Barbados Yes Yes All occupants
Belarus Yes Yes
Belgium Yes Yes All occupants
Belize Yes No Front seat occupants only
Benin Subnational n/a n/a
Bhutan Yes Yes All occupants
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) No n/a n/a
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes All occupants
Botswana Yes No Front seat occupants only
Brazil Yes Yes All occupants
a
Yes Yes All occupants
Brunei Darussalam Yes No Front seat occupants only
Bulgaria Yes Yes All occupants
Burkina Faso No n/a n/a
Burundi Subnational n/a n/a
Cambodia Yes No
Cameroon Yes No Front seat occupants only
Canada Subnational Yes All occupants
Cape Verde Yes No Front seat occupants only
Central African Republic (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
Chad Yes Yes All occupants
Chile Yes Yes All occupants
China Yes Yes All occupants
Colombia Yes Yes All occupants
Comoros (the) No n/a n/a
Congo (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
Cook Islands No n/a n/a
Costa Rica Yes Yes All occupants
Croatia Yes Yes All occupants
Cuba Yes No Front seat occupants only
Cyprus Yes Yes All occupants
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
Table A.4: Seat-belt and child restraint laws, enforcement and wearing rates
by country/area
256
SEAT-BELTS CHILD RESTRAINTS
Effectiveness of
seat-belt law enforcement
(Respondent consensus)
(Scale 010) National seat-belt wearing rate
There is a national child
restraint law
Effectiveness of child
restraint law enforcement
(Scale 010)
n/a No n/a
9 30% front seats Yes 8
n/a No n/a
3 48% No n/a
3 Yes 5
n/a 97% front seats, 92% rear seats Subnational n/a
7 89% front seats, 49% rear seats Yes 9
9 Yes 9
0 Yes 0
4 22% No n/a
n/a No n/a
8 Yes 7
7 Yes 6
3 79% drivers, 46% rear seats Yes 6
4 No n/a
n/a No n/a
4 No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 Yes 5
7 74% drivers, 79% rear seats No n/a
7 80% Yes 5
8 Yes 4
n/a No n/a
8 95% front seats, 0% rear seats No n/a
1 0% Yes 0
3 No n/a
7 93% front seats, 87% rear seats Subnational 8
8 80% Yes 6
3 Subnational n/a
1 1% front seats, <1% rear seats No n/a
No consensus 50%
b
No n/a
7 82% Yes 3
n/a No n/a
3 No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 82% Yes 6
7 45% Yes 5
8 70% front seats No n/a
257
COUNTRY/AREA
SEAT-BELTS
There is a national
seat-belt law
occupants
Dominican Republic Yes No Driver only
Ecuador Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Egypt Yes No Front seat occupants only
El Salvador Yes No Driver only
Eritrea Yes Yes All occupants
Estonia Yes Yes All occupants
Ethiopia Subnational n/a n/a
Fiji Yes Yes All occupants
Finland Yes Yes All occupants
France Yes Yes All occupants
Gambia (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Georgia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Germany Yes Yes All occupants
Ghana Yes Yes All occupants
Greece Yes Yes All occupants
Guatemala Yes No Front seat occupants only
Guinea-Bissau No n/a n/a
Guyana Yes No Front seat occupants only
Honduras Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Hungary Yes Yes All occupants
Iceland Yes Yes All occupants
India Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Indonesia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Iraq Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Ireland Yes Yes All occupants
Israel Yes Yes All occupants
Italy Yes Yes All occupants
Jamaica Yes Yes All occupants
Japan Yes Yes All occupants
Jordan Yes No Front seat occupants only
Kazakhstan Yes Yes Driver only
Kenya Yes Yes
Kiribati Yes Yes Driver only
Kuwait Yes No Front seat occupants only
Kyrgyzstan Yes No Front seat occupants only
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes Yes Not yet enforced
Latvia Yes Yes All occupants
Lebanon Yes No Front seat occupants only
Lesotho Yes No Front seat occupants only
Liberia No
d
No Front seat occupants only
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Lithuania Yes Yes All occupants
Madagascar Yes No Front seat occupants only
Malawi Yes No Front seat occupants only
Malaysia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Maldives No n/a n/a
258
Effectiveness of
restraint law
(Scale 010)
6 55%60% front seats No n/a
7 70% driver only No n/a
7 Yes 0
9 Yes 2
n/a 20% No n/a
4 No n/a
8 Yes 7
95%96% front seats, 88% rear seats Yes
2 Yes 0
5 No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 Yes 0
2 No n/a
7 85%
c
No n/a
8 75%80% No n/a
8 No n/a
No consensus 86% front seats, 63% rear seats Yes No consensus
8 88%94% front seats, 45% rear seats Yes 5
5 69% drivers, 62% front passengers Yes 4
No consensus 91%96% front seats, 9%14% rear seats Yes No consensus
5 65% drivers, 10% front passenger No n/a
7 Yes 7
3 No n/a
1 Yes 0
3 No n/a
5 No n/a
No n/a
4 15% No n/a
5 No n/a
5 No n/a
4 5% No n/a
6 Yes 5
6 No n/a
6 45% No n/a
6 70% No n/a
n/a No n/a
25
COUNTRY/AREA
SEAT-BELTS
There is a national
seat-belt law
occupants
Mali Yes Yes All occupants
Malta Yes Yes All occupants
Marshall Islands (the) No n/a n/a
Mauritania Yes Yes All occupants
Mauritius Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Mexico Yes Yes All occupants
Micronesia (Federated States of) No n/a n/a
Mongolia Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Montenegro Yes Yes All occupants
Morocco Yes Yes Driver only
Mozambique Yes No Front seat occupants only
Myanmar
Namibia Yes Yes All occupants
Nauru No n/a n/a
Nepal Yes No Front seat occupants only
Netherlands (the) Yes Yes All occupants
New Zealand Yes Yes All occupants
Nicaragua Yes No Front seat occupants only
Niger (the) No n/a n/a
Nigeria Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Norway Yes Yes All occupants
Oman Yes No Front seat occupants only
Pakistan Yes No Driver only
Palau No n/a n/a
Panama Yes Yes All occupants
Papua New Guinea Yes Yes All occupants
Paraguay Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Peru Yes Yes All occupants
Philippines (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Poland Yes Yes All occupants
Portugal Yes Yes All occupants
Puerto Rico
g
Qatar Yes No Front seat occupants only
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Romania Yes Yes All occupants
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes All occupants
Rwanda Yes Yes All occupants
Saint Lucia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes No Front seat occupants only
Samoa Yes No Front seat occupants only
San Marino Yes Yes All occupants
Sao Tome and Principe No n/a n/a
Saudi Arabia Yes Yes All occupants
Senegal Yes No Front seat occupants only
Serbia Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Seychelles Yes No Front seat occupants only
2C
Effectiveness of
restraint law
(Scale 010)
5 Yes 2
n/a 5% front seats, 0% rear seats No n/a
1 Yes 1
5 Yes 1
n/a 100% front seats, 0% rear seats No n/a
7 70%80% drviers Yes 2
6 No n/a
No n/a

n/a No n/a
4 No n/a
No consensus 94% front seats, 73% rear seats Yes No consensus
5 Yes 3
n/a No n/a
3 No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 Yes 3
6 No n/a
5 31% front passengers
e
No n/a
3 52% drivers only No n/a
9 86%
f
front seats, 28%
f
rear seats Yes 8
93% Yes No consensus
No consensus No n/a
9 80% No n/a
7 No n/a
9 90% Yes 6
3 Yes 1
6 Yes 6
n/a <1% No n/a
5 Yes 2
6 No n/a
4 50%60% front seats, 4%5% rear seats Subnational n/a
8 65% No n/a
261
COUNTRY/AREA
SEAT-BELTS
There is a national
seat-belt law
occupants
Sierra Leone Yes Yes
h
All occupants
h
Singapore Yes Yes All occupants
Slovakia Yes Yes All occupants
Slovenia Yes Yes All occupants
Solomon Islands No n/a n/a
South Africa Yes Yes Driver only
Spain Yes Yes All occupants
Sri Lanka No n/a n/a
Sudan (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
Suriname Yes Yes All occupants
Swaziland Yes Yes All occupants
Sweden Yes Yes All occupants
Switzerland Yes Yes All occupants
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
Tajikistan Yes Yes All occupants
Thailand Yes No Front seat occupants only
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Timor-Leste Yes Yes All occupants
Togo No n/a n/a
Tonga No n/a n/a
Trinidad and Tobago Yes No Front seat occupants only
Tunisia Yes No Front seat occupants only
Turkey Yes Yes All occupants
Turkmenistan Yes No Front seat occupants only
Tuvalu No n/a n/a
Uganda Yes Yes All occupants
Ukraine Yes No Front seat occupants only
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes No Front seat occupants only
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes All occupants
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes No Driver only
United States of America (the) Subnational n/a n/a
Uruguay Yes Yes All occupants
Uzbekistan Yes Yes All occupants
Vanuatu Yes No
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Yes Driver only
Viet Nam Yes No Front seat occupants only
a
Yemen No n/a n/a
Zambia Yes Yes Front seat occupants only
Zimbabwe Yes No Front seat occupants only
a
Non-member area.
b
Guangzhou and Nanning cities only.
c
Jakarta only.
d
No law but national regulations apply.
e
Asuncin only.
f
On urban roads only.
g
h
Over the age of 18 years.
Data not available.
262
Effectiveness of
restraint law
(Scale 010)
1 Yes 1
8 50% Yes 7
8 Yes 9
n/a No n/a
n/a No n/a
7 No n/a
7 No n/a
3 Yes 1
6 16% No n/a
0 5%10% front seats, 1% rear seats Yes 0
0 0% No n/a
n/a <1% No n/a
6 Yes 6
2 No n/a
8 70% Yes 7
7 No n/a
n/a 0% No n/a
2 Subnational n/a
No n/a
No consensus 91% front seats, 84%90% rear seats Yes No consensus
n/a 82% front seats, 76% rear seats Subnational n/a
3 Yes 1
10
1 No n/a
6 Yes 5
3 No n/a
3 Yes 1
n/a No n/a
5 No n/a
8 No n/a
263
COUNTRY/AREA
SPEED LIMITS
ARE SET AT
A NATIONAL
LEVEL
SPEED
LIMITS ARE
MODIFIABLE
AT A LOCAL
LEVEL
LEGISLATION
DIFFERS BY
VEHICLE TYPE
MAXIMUM SPEED EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
On urban
roads
(km/h)
On rural
roads
(km/h)
Afghanistan Yes Yes Yes 50 90 10
Albania Yes Yes Yes 40 80 9
Angola Yes Yes Yes 60 90 5
Argentina Yes Yes Yes 4060 110 3
Armenia Yes Yes Yes 60 60 5
Australia Subnational Yes Yes 50 100 Subnational
Austria Yes Yes Yes 50 100 7
Azerbaijan Yes Yes Yes 60 90 9
Bahamas (the) Yes No Yes 48 72 5
Bahrain Yes No Yes 50 80 4
Bangladesh Yes No Yes 25 40 0
Barbados Yes No Yes 60 60 5
Belarus Yes No Yes 60 6
Belgium Yes Yes Yes 50 90 5
Belize Yes No Yes 40 1
Benin Yes No No 50 2
Bhutan Yes No Yes 30 50 3
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes No No 40 80 3
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes Yes 60 6
Botswana Yes Yes Yes 60 120 8
Brazil Yes Yes Yes 6080 60 6
a
Yes No No 32 64 6
Brunei Darussalam Yes No Yes 80 65 7
Bulgaria Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Burkina Faso Yes Yes Yes 50 3
Burundi Yes No Yes 60 90 5
Cambodia Yes No Yes 40 90 1
Cameroon Yes Yes Yes 60 60 4
Canada Subnational Yes No 70 80 5
Cape Verde Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Central African Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes 4060 6090 4
Chad Yes No No 50 80 2
Chile Yes Yes Yes 60 100 5
China Yes Yes Yes 3050 4070 8
Colombia Yes No No 60 80 4
Comoros (the) Yes No No 30 70 3
Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes 4060 50110 3
Cook Islands Yes No No 50 50 4
Costa Rica Yes No No 40 40 6
Croatia Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Cuba Yes No Yes 50 90 5
Cyprus Yes Yes No 50 80 6
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 90 5
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 90 5
Table A.5: Speed laws and enforcement by country/area
264
COUNTRY/AREA
SPEED LIMITS
ARE SET AT
A NATIONAL
LEVEL
SPEED
LIMITS ARE
MODIFIABLE
AT A LOCAL
LEVEL
LEGISLATION
DIFFERS BY
VEHICLE TYPE
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
On urban
roads
(km/h)
On rural
roads
(km/h)
Dominican Republic Yes No No 35 60 2
Ecuador Yes No Yes 50 100 3
Egypt Yes No Yes 60 60 7
El Salvador Yes No Yes 50 4
Eritrea Yes No Yes 60 35 7
Estonia Yes Yes No 50 90 6
Ethiopia Yes Yes Yes 60 70 2
Fiji Yes No Yes 50 60 7
Finland Yes Yes Yes 50 80 7
France Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Gambia (the) Yes No No 50 30 3
Georgia Yes Yes Yes 60 60 8
Germany Yes No Yes 50 100
Ghana Yes No No 50 80 2
Greece Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Guatemala Yes Yes Yes 1090 4080 3
Guinea-Bissau Yes Yes Yes 60 60 4
Guyana Yes No No 48 64 4
Honduras Yes Yes No 40 3
Hungary Yes Yes Yes 50 90 4
Iceland Yes Yes Yes 50 8090 7
India Subnational Yes Yes 4
Indonesia Yes Yes Yes 70 100 3
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes No Yes 50 60 6
Iraq Yes No Yes 100 5
Ireland Yes Yes Yes 50 80 No consensus
Israel Yes Yes Yes 50 8090 5
Italy Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Jamaica Yes No Yes 50 3
Japan Yes Yes Yes n/a
b
n/a
b
No consensus
Jordan Yes Yes Yes 5080 80120 6
Kazakhstan Yes No No 60 60 5
Kenya Yes Yes Yes 50 100 4
Kiribati Yes No No 40 60 6
Kuwait Yes Yes Yes 45 80 6
Kyrgyzstan Yes Yes 60 60 7
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes No Yes 40 50 5
Latvia Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Lebanon Yes Yes Yes 100 60 4
Lesotho Yes No No 50 80 5
Liberia Yes No No 40 72 2
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes No Yes 50 70 3
Lithuania Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Madagascar Yes Yes Yes 50
265
COUNTRY/AREA
SPEED LIMITS
ARE SET AT
A NATIONAL
LEVEL
SPEED
LIMITS ARE
MODIFIABLE
AT A LOCAL
LEVEL
LEGISLATION
DIFFERS BY
VEHICLE TYPE
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
On urban
roads
(km/h)
On rural
roads
(km/h)
Malawi Yes No Yes 50 80 5
Malaysia Yes Yes Yes 50 90 6
Maldives Yes No Yes 30 30 5
Mali Yes Yes Yes 50 4
Malta Yes No Yes 50 80 5
Marshall Islands (the) Yes No No 40 40 5
Mauritania Yes Yes Yes 80 80 4
Mauritius Yes No Yes 4080 4080 4
Mexico Yes Yes Yes 4080 6090 4
Micronesia (Federated States of) Subnational No No 32 40 6
Mongolia Yes Yes Yes 60 80 4
Montenegro Yes Yes Yes 50 80 6
Morocco Yes Yes Yes 60 100 5
Mozambique Yes Yes Yes 60 70 9
Myanmar Yes Yes Yes 40 40 5
Namibia Yes Yes Yes 60 100120 4
Nauru Yes No No 40 40
Nepal Yes No Yes 40 5
Netherlands (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 80 No consensus
New Zealand Yes Yes Yes 50 100 7
Nicaragua Yes Yes No 45 100 3
Niger (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 90 2
Nigeria Yes Yes Yes 50 50 4
Norway Yes Yes Yes 50 80 6
Oman Yes No Yes 120 120 6
Pakistan Yes Yes Yes 70 4
Palau Yes No No 40 50 5
Panama Yes No Yes 80 7
Papua New Guinea Yes No No 60 75 1
Paraguay Yes Yes Yes 50 80 3
Peru Yes No Yes 60 60 1
Philippines (the) Yes No Yes 40 40 3
Poland Yes Yes Yes 50 90 5
Portugal Yes Yes Yes 50 90 8
Puerto Rico
c
Yes No Yes 40 73
Qatar Yes No No 100 60 7
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 80 7
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes No Yes 60 60 No consensus
Romania Yes Yes Yes 50 50 5
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 60 6
Rwanda Yes Yes Yes 3040 5060 9
Saint Lucia Yes No Yes 32 64 0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes No Yes 32 64 4
Samoa Yes No No 40 56 6
San Marino Yes No Yes 50 70 5
Sao Tome and Principe Yes No Yes 3040 4050 3
Saudi Arabia Yes No No 80 5
266
COUNTRY/AREA
SPEED LIMITS
ARE SET AT
A NATIONAL
LEVEL
SPEED
LIMITS ARE
MODIFIABLE
AT A LOCAL
LEVEL
LEGISLATION
DIFFERS BY
VEHICLE TYPE
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
On urban
roads
(km/h)
On rural
roads
(km/h)
Senegal Yes No Yes 50 90 4
Serbia Yes Yes Yes 60 80 4
Seychelles Yes No No 40 65 3
Sierra Leone Yes No No 70 100 6
Singapore Yes No No 4070 n/a 8
Slovakia Yes Yes Yes 60 90 7
Slovenia Yes Yes Yes 50 90 7
Solomon Islands Yes No No 60 n/a 5
South Africa Yes Yes Yes 60 100 3
Spain Yes Yes Yes 50 90 8
Sri Lanka Yes No Yes 50 70 5
Sudan (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 7
Suriname Yes No Yes 40 80 5
Swaziland Yes Yes Yes 60 80 6
Sweden Yes Yes Yes 50 70 5
Switzerland Yes Yes Yes 50 80 7
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes 4560 4560 8
Tajikistan Yes Yes Yes 60 90 8
Thailand Yes Yes Yes 80 90 2
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes No Yes 60 80 4
Timor-Leste Yes No Yes 50 90 0
Togo Yes No No 40 60 4
Tonga Yes No No 40 65 7
Trinidad and Tobago Yes No Yes 50 50 3
Tunisia Yes Yes Yes 50 50 5
Turkey Yes Yes Yes 50 90 8
Turkmenistan Yes No No 60 90 9
Tuvalu Yes No No 64 6
Uganda Yes No Yes 50 80 2
Ukraine Yes No No 60 40
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Yes Yes 60 40 7
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes Yes 50 100 No consensus
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes No Yes 50 3
United States of America (the) Subnational n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Uruguay Yes No Yes 4575 1
Uzbekistan Yes No Yes 70 70 7
Vanuatu Yes Yes Yes 3560 n/a 3
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes No Yes 40 4
Viet Nam Yes No Yes 50 80 6
a
Yes No Yes 50 80 3
Yemen Yes Yes Yes 3
Zambia Yes Yes Yes 50 80 5
Zimbabwe Yes Yes Yes 60 80 8
a
Non-member area.
b
Different road classication used.
c
Data not available.
267
COUNTRY/AREA
THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW
THE LAW APPLIES TO THE FOLLOWING ROAD USERS
Drivers Adult passengers Child passengers
Afghanistan No n/a n/a n/a
Albania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Angola Yes Yes Yes Yes
Argentina Yes Yes Yes Yes
Armenia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Australia Subnational Yes Yes Yes
Austria Yes Yes Yes Yes
Azerbaijan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahamas (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahrain Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bangladesh Yes Yes Yes Yes
Barbados Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belarus Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belgium Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belize Yes Yes Yes Yes
Benin Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bhutan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes
a
Yes Yes Yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes Yes Yes
Botswana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Brazil Yes Yes Yes Yes
b
Yes
Brunei Darussalam Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bulgaria Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burkina Faso Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burundi Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cambodia Yes Yes No No
Cameroon Yes Yes Yes Yes
Canada Subnational Yes Yes Yes
Cape Verde Yes Yes Yes No
Central African Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Chad Yes Yes Yes Yes
Chile Yes Yes Yes Yes
China Yes Yes Yes Yes
Colombia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Comoros (the) No n/a n/a n/a
Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cook Islands No n/a n/a n/a
Costa Rica Yes Yes Yes Yes
Croatia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cuba Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cyprus Yes Yes Yes Yes
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Table A.6: Helmet laws, enforcement and wearing rates by country/area
268
EXCEPTIONS TO LAW EFFECTIVENESS OF
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
THERE ARE HELMET
STANDARDS
ESTIMATED NATIONAL
HELMET WEARING RATE
(%)
There are exceptions
to the helmet law
The helmet law
applies to all road
types
The helmet law
applies to all engine
types
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes Yes 10 Yes
No Yes 5 Yes
No No No 1 Yes 13
No Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes n/a Yes
Yes Yes Yes 9 Yes 95
No Yes Yes 9 No
No Yes Yes 3 Yes 1015
No Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 8 Yes
No Yes No 9 Yes
Yes Yes Yes 8 Yes
Yes Yes Yes 3 Yes
No Yes Yes 1 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No No No No consensus No
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
No Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes 98
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
No Yes Yes 1 Yes
No Yes Yes 5 No
Yes Yes Yes 2 No 21
c
No Yes No 1 No
Yes Yes Yes 9 No 90
Yes Yes No 3 Yes
No Yes Yes 4 No 51
d
No Yes Yes No consensus Yes 16
e
Yes Yes 6 Yes 70
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 4 Yes
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 8 No 95
a
No Yes Yes 9 Yes 97
f
No Yes Yes 7 No
2
COUNTRY/AREA
THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW
Dominican Republic Yes Yes
Ecuador Yes Yes Yes Yes
Egypt Yes Yes No No
El Salvador Yes Yes Yes Yes
Eritrea Yes Yes Yes Yes
Estonia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ethiopia Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Fiji Yes Yes Yes Yes
Finland Yes Yes Yes Yes
France Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gambia (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Georgia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Germany Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ghana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Greece Yes Yes Yes Yes
Guatemala Yes Yes Yes Yes
Guinea-Bissau No n/a n/a n/a
Guyana Yes Yes Yes Yes
Honduras Yes Yes Yes Yes
Hungary Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iceland Yes Yes Yes Yes
India Yes Yes Yes Yes
Indonesia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iraq No n/a n/a n/a
Ireland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Israel Yes Yes Yes Yes
Italy Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jamaica Yes Yes Yes Yes
Japan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jordan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kazakhstan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kenya No n/a n/a n/a
Kiribati No n/a n/a n/a
Kuwait Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kyrgyzstan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Latvia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lebanon Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lesotho Yes Yes Yes Yes
Liberia No
i
Yes Yes Yes
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes Yes
Lithuania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Madagascar Yes Yes Yes
Malawi Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malaysia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Maldives No n/a n/a n/a
27C
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
THERE ARE HELMET
STANDARDS
ESTIMATED NATIONAL
HELMET WEARING RATE
(%)
to the helmet law
The helmet law
applies to all road
types
The helmet law
types
No Yes Yes 2 Yes
No Yes Yes 2 No
Yes Yes Yes 6 No 70%
No Yes Yes 6 No
Yes Yes Yes 9 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 60
f
No Yes Yes 4 Yes
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes Yes 97
f
No Yes Yes 3 Yes
f
No Yes Yes 3 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Yes Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes 5 No 60
No Yes Yes 9 Yes 95
No Yes Yes 8 No 95
Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes
g
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes No consensus
No Yes Yes 9 No 95
No Yes Yes 3 Yes 7
f
No Yes Yes No consensus Yes
No Yes Yes 4 No
Yes No 5 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 7 No
Yes Yes Yes 6 No 77
f
No Yes Yes 6 No 93
h
No Yes Yes 2 No
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 2 No
Yes Yes No 7 No
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 6 Yes
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
f
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
271
COUNTRY/AREA
THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW
Mali Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malta Yes Yes Yes Yes
Marshall Islands (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mauritania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mauritius Yes Yes Yes Yes
Mexico Yes Yes Yes Yes
Micronesia (Federated States of) Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Mongolia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Montenegro Yes Yes Yes Yes
Morocco Yes Yes Yes No
Mozambique Yes Yes Yes Yes
Myanmar Yes Yes Yes Yes
Namibia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nauru No n/a n/a n/a
Nepal Yes Yes Yes Yes
Netherlands (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
New Zealand Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nicaragua Yes Yes Yes
Niger (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nigeria Yes Yes Yes Yes
Norway Yes Yes Yes Yes
Oman Yes Yes Yes Yes
Pakistan Yes Yes Yes No
Palau Yes Yes Yes Yes
Panama Yes Yes Yes Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes Yes Yes Yes
Paraguay Subnational Yes Yes Yes
Peru Yes Yes Yes Yes
Philippines (the) Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Poland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Portugal Yes Yes Yes Yes
Puerto Rico
j
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Qatar Yes Yes Yes Yes
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Romania Yes Yes Yes Yes
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Rwanda No n/a n/a n/a
Saint Lucia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes Yes Yes Yes
Samoa Yes Yes Yes Yes
San Marino Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sao Tome and Principe Yes Yes Yes Yes
Saudi Arabia Yes Yes No No
Senegal Yes Yes Yes Yes
Serbia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Seychelles Yes Yes Yes Yes
272
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
THERE ARE HELMET
STANDARDS
ESTIMATED NATIONAL
HELMET WEARING RATE
(%)
to the helmet law
The helmet law
applies to all road
types
The helmet law
types
No Yes No 2 Yes
No Yes Yes 9 No
Yes Yes Yes 7 No 95
No Yes Yes 4 No 50
f
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes 3 Yes
Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 6 No
f
No Yes Yes 7 No
No Yes Yes 8 Yes
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 9 No
Yes Yes No No consensus Yes 92
f
Yes Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes No 3 No
No Yes Yes 1 No
Yes Yes Yes 2 Yes <5
No Yes Yes 7 No
Yes Yes Yes 4 No
Yes Yes Yes 8 Yes
No Yes Yes 9 No
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
No Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes 1 Yes
Yes Yes Yes 8 Yes
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes 5 No 90
No Yes Yes 7 Yes 85
No Yes No 1 No
No Yes Yes 6 Yes 90
f
Yes Yes Yes 6 Yes No consensus
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 8
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes 6 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes 2 No
No Yes Yes 5 No
No Yes Yes 3 No
No Yes Yes 9 No 95
273
COUNTRY/AREA
THERE IS A
NATIONAL
HELMET LAW
Sierra Leone Yes Yes Yes No
Singapore Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovakia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovenia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Solomon Islands Yes Yes Yes Yes
South Africa Yes Yes Yes Yes
Spain Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sri Lanka Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sudan (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Suriname Yes Yes Yes Yes
Swaziland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sweden Yes Yes Yes Yes
Switzerland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tajikistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Thailand Yes Yes Yes Yes
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Timor-Leste Yes Yes Yes Yes
Togo No
i
Yes Yes Yes
Tonga Yes Yes Yes Yes
Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tunisia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Turkey Yes Yes Yes Yes
Turkmenistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tuvalu No n/a n/a n/a
Uganda Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ukraine No n/a n/a n/a
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes Yes No No
United States of America (the) Subnational n/a n/a n/a
Uruguay Yes Yes Yes Yes
Uzbekistan Yes Yes Yes Yes
Vanuatu Yes Yes Yes Yes
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Viet Nam Yes Yes Yes Yes
b
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yemen No n/a n/a n/a
Zambia Yes Yes Yes Yes
Zimbabwe Yes Yes Yes Yes
a
Law lax or not enforced.
b
Non-member area.
c
Phnom Penh only.
d
Metropolitan area only.
e
Guangxi province only.
f
Drivers only.
g
Survey conducted in 10 provinces and 31 cities.
h
Riga only.
i
No law, but regulations enforced.
j
k
Montevideo only.
Data not available.
274
OVERALL ENFORCEMENT
(RESPONDENT
CONSENSUS)
(SCALE 010)
THERE ARE HELMET
STANDARDS
ESTIMATED NATIONAL
HELMET WEARING RATE
(%)
to the helmet law
The helmet law
applies to all road
types
The helmet law
types
Yes Yes Yes 6 Yes
No Yes Yes 8 Yes
No Yes No 7 Yes
f
f
Yes Yes No 7 Yes
No Yes Yes 7 Yes
No No Yes 7 No 90
No Yes Yes 5 No 80
No Yes Yes 4 No
No Yes No 6 No
No Yes Yes 2 No 2
f
No Yes Yes 5 No 70
f
No Yes Yes 2 No 1
No Yes Yes 7 No
No Yes Yes 9 Yes
No Yes Yes 5 Yes
No Yes Yes 5 Yes 12
f
No Yes No 8 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 3 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 8 No
Yes Yes Yes No consensus Yes 98
Yes Yes No 4 No
No Yes Yes 5 No 50
k
No Yes Yes 9 No
No Yes Yes 8 No
No Yes Yes 6 Yes 55
Yes No No 3 No
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
No Yes Yes 10 No 100
No Yes Yes 9
275
COUNTRY/AREA
LEAD AGENCY STRATEGIES
A lead
agency is
present Lead agency status
The lead
agency is
funded
There is a national
road safety
strategy
The strategy
includes
measurable
national
targets
The strategy
is funded
Afghanistan Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Albania Yes Interministerial No No n/a n/a
Angola Yes Governmental Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Argentina Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No
Armenia Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Australia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Austria Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No
Azerbaijan Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahamas (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahrain Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Bangladesh Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes No
Barbados No n/a n/a Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Belarus Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Belgium Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belize Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes No
Benin Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Bhutan Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes No
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Botswana Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Brazil Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
b
No n/a n/a Subnational n/a n/a
Brunei Darussalam Yes Governmental Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Bulgaria Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burkina Faso Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Burundi No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Cambodia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Cameroon Yes Governmental Yes Yes No Yes
Canada Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cape Verde Yes Governmental Yes Yes No Yes
Central African Republic (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Chad Yes Interministerial Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Chile Yes Interministerial Yes Yes No Yes
China Yes Interministerial Yes Yes No Yes
Colombia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Comoros (the) Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Congo (the) Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Cook Islands Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Costa Rica Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Croatia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cuba Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Cyprus Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Czech Republic (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No
Table A.7: Road safety management, strategies and policies by country/area
276
POLICIES AUDITS DRIVING TESTS
VEHICLE
INSURANCE
REQUIRED
There are
national policies
to promote
walking and
cycling
There are
national policies
to promote
investment
in public
transportation
Formal audits on
new roads
Regular audits on
existing roads Written Practical Medical
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No No No Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
No Yes No No Yes Yes No
No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes Yes
No No No Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes
No No No No Yes Yes No
No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Subnational No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes No No consensus Yes Yes Yes
No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Subnational No No Yes Yes Yes
277
COUNTRY/AREA
A lead
agency is
The lead
agency is
funded
There is a national
road safety
strategy
The strategy
includes
measurable
national
targets
The strategy
is funded
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Dominican Republic No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Ecuador Yes Governmental Yes
Egypt Yes Interministerial Yes Yes No No
El Salvador Yes Governmental Yes Yes No No
Eritrea Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Estonia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ethiopia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fiji Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Finland Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
France Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Gambia (the) Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Georgia Yes Other Yes Yes Yes
Germany Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Ghana Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Greece No n/a n/a Yes Yes No
Guatemala Yes Governmental Yes Subnational n/a n/a
Guinea-Bissau No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Guyana Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Honduras Yes Interministerial Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Hungary Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Iceland Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
India Yes Governmental Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Indonesia Yes Other Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes Other Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Iraq Yes Governmental No Subnational n/a n/a
Ireland Yes Other Yes Yes Yes
Israel Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Italy Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jamaica Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Japan Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Jordan Yes Interministerial No Yes
a
n/a n/a
Kazakhstan Yes Governmental Yes Yes No Yes
Kenya Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Kiribati Yes Governmental No Yes Yes No
Kuwait No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Kyrgyzstan Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) Yes Governmental No Yes Yes No
Latvia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Lebanon No n/a n/a Yes
a
n/a n/a
Lesotho Yes Governmental Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Liberia No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Lithuania Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Madagascar No n/a n/a Yes Yes No
Malawi Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
278
VEHICLE
INSURANCE
REQUIRED
There are
national policies
to promote
walking and
cycling
There are
national policies
to promote
investment
in public
transportation
Formal audits on
new roads
Regular audits on
No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Subnational No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Subnational Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No consensus Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Subnational Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No No Yes Yes Yes No
No Subnational No No Yes Yes
Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
27
COUNTRY/AREA
A lead
agency is
The lead
agency is
funded
There is a national
road safety
strategy
The strategy
includes
measurable
national
targets
The strategy
is funded
Malaysia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Maldives Yes Governmental No Yes Yes Yes
Mali Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malta Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Marshall Islands (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Mauritania Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Mauritius Yes Governmental Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Mexico Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Micronesia (Federated States of) No n/a n/a Subnational No No
Mongolia Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Montenegro No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Morocco Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Mozambique Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Myanmar Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Namibia Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Nauru Yes Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Nepal Yes Governmental Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Netherlands (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
New Zealand Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nicaragua Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Niger (the) Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Nigeria Yes Other No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Norway Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Oman Yes Interministerial Yes No n/a n/a
Pakistan Yes Governmental No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Palau Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No
Panama Yes Governmental Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes Governmental No Subnational n/a n/a
Paraguay No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Peru Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes No
Philippines (the) Yes Governmental No Yes Yes Yes
Poland Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Portugal Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Puerto Rico
d
Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Qatar No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Romania Yes Interministerial Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Russian Federation (the) Yes Interministerial No Yes Yes Yes
Rwanda Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Saint Lucia Yes Governmental No No n/a n/a
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Samoa Yes Interministerial Yes Yes No No
San Marino Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Sao Tome and Principe Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Saudi Arabia Yes Interministerial Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
28C
VEHICLE
INSURANCE
REQUIRED
There are
national policies
to promote
walking and
cycling
There are
national policies
to promote
investment
in public
transportation
Formal audits on
new roads
Regular audits on
Subnational Subnational No Yes Yes Yes No
c
No No Yes No Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No No No Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
No No Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational No No Yes Yes Yes No
No Subnational No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
281
COUNTRY/AREA
A lead
agency is
The lead
agency is
funded
There is a national
road safety
strategy
The strategy
includes
measurable
national
targets
The strategy
is funded
Senegal Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Serbia No n/a n/a Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Seychelles Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sierra Leone Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Singapore Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovakia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovenia Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
Solomon Islands Yes Governmental
South Africa Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Spain Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sri Lanka Yes Governmental No Yes
a
n/a n/a
Sudan (the) No n/a n/a Subnational n/a n/a
Suriname No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Swaziland Yes Governmental Yes Yes No Yes
Sweden Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Switzerland Yes Governmental Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Tajikistan Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Thailand Yes Interministerial Yes Yes Yes Yes
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes Other Yes No n/a n/a
Timor-Leste Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Togo No n/a n/a No n/a n/a
Tonga Yes Governmental Yes No n/a n/a
Trinidad and Tobago Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Tunisia Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Turkey Yes Interministerial Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Turkmenistan No n/a n/a Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Tuvalu No n/a n/a Yes No No
Uganda Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Ukraine Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
United Kingdom (the) No n/a n/a Yes Yes Yes
United Republic of Tanzania (the) Yes Interministerial No Yes
a
n/a n/a
United States of America (the) Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes Yes
Uruguay Yes Other Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
Uzbekistan Yes Governmental Yes Yes Yes
Vanuatu No n/a n/a Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Governmental Yes Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Viet Nam Yes Governmental Yes Yes
a
n/a n/a
b
No n/a n/a Subnational n/a n/a
Yemen Yes Interministerial No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
Zambia Yes Other Yes Yes Yes Yes
Zimbabwe Yes Governmental No Multiple strategies n/a n/a
a
b
Non-member area.
c
Required in some States.
d
Data not available.
282
VEHICLE
INSURANCE
REQUIRED
There are
national policies
to promote
walking and
cycling
There are
national policies
to promote
investment
in public
transportation
Formal audits on
new roads
Regular audits on
Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes No Yes No Yes Yes
Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No
No Subnational Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Subnational Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
No Subnational Yes No Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No
c
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
283
COUNTRY/AREA
FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
CARE SYSTEM
UNIVERSAL ACCESS TELEPHONE NUMBER
TELEPHONE NUMBER(S) National Regional
Afghanistan No n/a n/a
Albania Yes No Yes 2253364
Angola No n/a n/a
Argentina Yes No Yes
Armenia Yes Yes 103
Australia Yes Yes 000
Austria Yes Yes 144
Azerbaijan Yes Yes Yes 103
Bahamas (the)
Bahrain Yes Yes 999
Bangladesh No n/a n/a
Barbados Yes Yes 511
Belarus Yes Yes 103
Belgium Yes Yes 100
Belize Yes Yes 911
Benin No n/a n/a
Bhutan No Yes
a
n/a 112
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Yes Yes 110
Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Yes Yes 124
Botswana Yes Yes 997
Brazil Yes Yes 192
b
Yes Yes 911
Brunei Darussalam Yes Yes
Bulgaria Yes Yes 150
Burkina Faso Yes Yes 18
Burundi No n/a n/a
Cambodia Yes Yes 119
Cameroon Yes Yes 19, 119
Canada Yes Yes Yes 911
Cape Verde No n/a n/a
Central African Republic (the) No n/a n/a
Chad No n/a n/a
Chile Yes Yes 131
China Yes Yes 120
Colombia Yes
Comoros (the) No n/a n/a
Congo (the) No n/a n/a
Cook Islands No n/a n/a
Costa Rica Yes Yes 911
Croatia Yes Yes 112
Cuba Yes Yes Yes 106
Cyprus Yes Yes Yes 199, 112
Czech Republic (the) Yes Yes 112, 155
Democratic Republic of the Congo (the) No n/a n/a
Dominican Republic Yes Yes 911
Table A.8: Pre-hospital care systems by country/area
284
COUNTRY/AREA
FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
CARE SYSTEM
Ecuador No n/a n/a
Egypt Yes Yes 123
El Salvador No n/a n/a
Eritrea No n/a n/a
Estonia Yes Yes 112
Ethiopia No n/a n/a
Fiji Yes Yes 000
Finland Yes Yes 112
France Yes Yes 112
Gambia (the) Yes Yes 116
Georgia Yes Yes 03
Germany Yes Yes Yes 112
Ghana Yes Yes 193
Greece Yes Yes 166
Guatemala No n/a n/a
Guinea-Bissau Yes Yes 118
Guyana Yes No Yes 913
Honduras Yes No
Hungary Yes Yes 112
Iceland Yes Yes 112
India Yes Yes Yes 102
Indonesia Yes Yes 118
Iran (Islamic Republic of) Yes Yes 115
Iraq Yes Yes 122
Ireland Yes Yes 999,112
Israel Yes Yes 101
Italy Yes Yes 118
Jamaica No n/a n/a
Japan Yes Yes 119
Jordan Yes Yes 199
Kazakhstan Yes Yes 03
Kenya No n/a
Kiribati Yes Yes 28100
Kuwait Yes Yes 777
Kyrgyzstan Yes Yes 103
Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) No n/a n/a
Latvia Yes Yes 112
Lebanon No n/a
Lesotho No n/a n/a
Liberia No n/a n/a
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (the) Yes No Yes 151,191,193
Lithuania Yes Yes 112
Madagascar No n/a n/a
Malawi No n/a n/a
Malaysia Yes Yes 999
285
COUNTRY/AREA
FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
CARE SYSTEM
Maldives No n/a n/a
Mali Yes Yes 18, 112
Malta Yes Yes 112
Marshall Islands (the) Yes Yes 6258444
Mauritania No n/a n/a
Mauritius Yes Yes 114
Mexico Yes No Yes 066
Micronesia (Federated States of) No n/a n/a
Mongolia Yes Yes Yes 103
Montenegro Yes Yes 124
Morocco Yes Yes 115
Mozambique No n/a n/a
Myanmar Yes No Yes 01500005
Namibia Yes Yes Yes 2033282, 10111
Nauru Yes Yes 4443883
Nepal No n/a n/a
Netherlands (the) Yes Yes 112
New Zealand Yes Yes 111
Nicaragua Yes Yes Yes 128, 115
Niger (the) Yes Yes 18, 17
Nigeria Yes No Yes
Norway Yes Yes 113
Oman Yes Yes 9999
Pakistan Yes Yes 15
Palau Yes Yes 911
Panama Yes No Yes
Papua New Guinea Yes Yes 111
Paraguay Yes No Yes 206206, 911, 132
Peru No n/a n/a
Philippines (the) Yes No Yes
Poland Yes Yes 112
Portugal Yes Yes 112
Puerto Rico
c
Yes Yes 911
Qatar Yes Yes 999
Republic of Korea (the) Yes Yes 119
Republic of Moldova (the) Yes Yes 903
Romania Yes Yes 112
Russian Federation (the) Yes Yes 03
Rwanda No n/a n/a n/a
Saint Lucia Yes Yes 911
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines No n/a n/a n/a
Samoa Yes Yes 996, 995
San Marino Yes Yes 118
Sao Tome and Principe No n/a n/a n/a
Saudi Arabia Yes Yes 997
Senegal Yes Yes 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518
Serbia Yes Yes Yes 94
286
COUNTRY/AREA
FORMAL PRE-HOSPITAL
CARE SYSTEM
Seychelles Yes Yes
Sierra Leone No n/a n/a n/a
Singapore Yes Yes 995
Slovakia Yes Yes Yes 112
Slovenia Yes Yes 112
Solomon Islands No n/a n/a n/a
South Africa Yes Yes 10177, 112
Spain Yes Yes 112
Sri Lanka No
d
No Yes 110
Sudan (the) No n/a n/a n/a
Suriname Yes Yes 113
Swaziland Yes Yes 933
Sweden Yes Yes 112
Switzerland Yes Yes 144
Syrian Arab Republic (the) Yes Yes 110
Tajikistan Yes Yes 03
Thailand Yes Yes 1669
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Yes Yes 194
Timor-Leste Yes Yes 110
Togo Yes Yes 17, 18
Tonga No n/a n/a n/a
Trinidad and Tobago Yes Yes 811
Tunisia Yes Yes 198
Turkey Yes Yes 112
Turkmenistan Yes Yes 03
Tuvalu Yes Yes 911
Uganda No n/a n/a n/a
Ukraine Yes Yes 03
United Arab Emirates (the) Yes Yes 999
United Kingdom (the) Yes Yes 999
United Republic of Tanzania (the) No n/a n/a n/a
United States of America (the) Yes Yes 911
Uruguay No n/a Yes n/a
Uzbekistan Yes Yes 03
Vanuatu Yes Yes 112
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Yes Yes 171
Viet Nam Yes Yes 115
b
Yes Yes 101
Yemen Yes Yes Yes 195
Zambia Yes Yes 991
Zimbabwe Yes Yes 991
a
Free ambulance service only.
b
Non-member area.
c
d
Some areas have a pre-hospital care system.
Data not available.
287

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GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ROAD SAFETY

Motorcycle helmet law

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Child restraints law

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