The Method of Characteristics TheMethodofCharacteristics

2D Isentropic Compressible Flow 2DIsentropicCompressibleFlow

2 2
c c c
c c
MASS+MOMENTUM IRROT.
0
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
2
2
2
=
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

x
v
a
uv
y
v
a
v
x
u
a
u
0 =
c
c

c
c
y
u
x
v
ORGANIZESOAS
TOSOLVEFOR
THEVELOCITY
DERIVATIVES DERIVATIVES
Partial
ff l
TOMATRIXSOLVEFORVELOCITYDERIVATIVES
v uv v v u u c c c
0
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
Differential
Eqns.?
dv
x
v
dx
y
v
dy
x a y a x a
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c

c
+
c
0 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2 2
q
du
x
v
dy
x
u
dx
x y
=
c
c
+
c
c
c c
y,v
U
x,u
o
Mach2NozzleFlow
Matrix Solution (Cramers Rule) MatrixSolution(Cramer sRule)
dv y v
x u
dx dy
a uv a v a u 0
/
/
0
/ 2 ) / 1 ( ) / 1 (
2 2 2 2 2
|
|
|

|
c c
c c
|
|
|

|

du
dv
x v
y v
dy dx
dx dy
/
/
0
0 =
|
|
.

\
c c
c c
|
|
.

\
dv dy
a v a u
0
0 ) / 1 ( ) / 1 (
2 2 2 2
SOLVING
FOR
cv/cx
D
N
a uv a v a u
du dx
dv dy
x v =

= c c
/ 2 ) / 1 ( ) / 1 (
0
0
/
2 2 2 2 2
cv/cx
dy dx
dx dy
a uv a v a u
0
0
/ 2 ) / 1 ( ) / 1 (
Denominator D dx dy
a uv a v a u
=

0
/ 2 ) / 1 ( ) / 1 (
2 2 2 2 2
y,v
U
o
dy dx
y
0
x,u
o
CHARACTERISTICEQUATIONS
Characteristic Lines CharacteristicLines
) tan( o + =
dx
dy
) tan( o =
dx
dy
M>1
Numerator
dv dy
a v a u
0
0 ) / 1 ( ) / 1 (
2 2 2 2
y,v
U
o
Numerator
D
N
dx dy
a uv a v a u
du dx
=

0
/ 2 ) / 1 ( ) / 1 (
0
2 2 2 2 2
x,u
o
COMPATABILITYRELATIONS
dy dx
dx dy
0
0
Characteristics Summary Characteristics Summary
C+ (left running) C (leftrunning)
ov =const.
Streamline

o

C (rightrunning)
o+v =const.
ReflectedExpansionFan

C+
o

C
d
e
g i
1
3
M
1
e
f
h
l
| |/2
a
b
c
k
2
| |/2
j
ReflectedExpansionFan

C+
SOLVINGFORFLOWPROPERTIESINTHEUNIFORMANDSIMPLEREGIONS
o

C
o v
1
2
Given M =2
d
e
g i
1
3
3
a
b
Given M
1
=2
andsov
1
=26.38
o
and
1
=30
o
andgeometry
e
f
h
l
c
d
10
o
5
o
a
b
c
k
2
e
f
g
10 5
j
h
i
ReflectedExpansionFan

C+
SOLVINGFORFLOWPROPERTIESINTHECOMPLEXREGION
o

C
o v
1
2
d
e
g i
3
3
a
b
Given M =2
1
e
f
h
l
c
d
Given M
1
=2
andsov
1
=26.38
o
and
1
=30
o
andgeometry
10
o
5
o
a
b
c
k
2
e
f
g
10 5
j
h
i
ReflectedExpansionFan

C+
SOLVINGFORTHEWAVEGEOMETRY
o

C
o v
1
0 26.4 30
2
10 36.4 24.8
P P i t S l ti
d
e
g i
3
3
0 46.4 20.5
a
0 26.4 30
b
5 31.4 27.2
Given M =2
1
PowerPointSolution
e
f
h
l
5 31.4 27.2
c
10 36.4 24.8
d
0 26.4 30
Given M
1
=2
andsov
1
=26.38
o
and
1
=30
o
andgeometry
10
o
5
o
a
b
c
k
2
e
5 36.4 24.8
f
10 36.4 24.8
g
0 36.4 24.8
10 5
j
h
5 41.4 22.6
i
0 46.4 20.5
Variation

C+
1.Waveoriginatesatasuddenturn
o

C
d
g i
3
Given M =2
1
e
f
h
l
Given M
1
=2
andsov
1
=26.38
o
and
1
=30
o
andgeometry
|
k
2
O
|
j
Variation

C+
2.Wavereflectsfromajetedge
o

C
d
g
Given M =2
1
e
f
h
i
Given M
1
=2
andsov
1
=26.38
o
and
1
=30
o
andgeometry
10
o
2
3
O
10
o
PowerPointSolution
Variation

C+
3.Wavecancelationatawall
o

C
g
Given M =2
1
a
b
e
f
h
i
Given M
1
=2
andsov
1
=26.38
o
and
1
=30
o
c
d
| 10
o
2
O
|= 10
o
Design Applications DesignApplications
1 Constant Mach number turn 1. ConstantMachnumberturn
2. WindTunnelTypeNozzle
3 k l 3. RocketTypeNozzle
1.ConstantMachnumberturn
a. Chooseinitialturngeometryabc of
angle|/2
b. Computereflectionofwaveasthough
f j t d f t t M h M fromajetedgeofconstantMachM
1
.
Shapeofjetedgegivesshapeof
upperwall.
c. Chooselowerwallshapetocancel
reflectedwaveatjkl
g 1
d
e
f
h
i
3
Given M
1
| /2
a
3
b
c
|
j
k
l
2.WindTunnelTypeNozzle
StraighteningSection
Subsonic
ExpansionSection
MM
e
3.RocketEngineTypeNozzle
o
i
MM
e
PowerPointExample
MatlabCodesandScriptsforthe
h d f h MethodofCharacterisics
Computing and Plotting Simple waves ComputingandPlottingSimplewaves
ComputingandPlottingComplexRegions
O h f i Otherfunctions
ApplicationExamples
Basic Simple Wave BasicSimpleWave
function [a,n,x,y]=simple(ai,ni,xi,yi,le,g)
Terminating
characteristic
2
3
l
N
le
Flow
1 2
3
N
Incomingwave
boundary
Other Simple Wave Functions OtherSimpleWaveFunctions
function [a,n,x,y]= simpleCancel(ai,ni,xi,yi,c,x0,y0,a0,g)
Outgoing
wave
boundary
2
3
N
1
(x0 y0)
function simpleplot(a,n,x,y,g,cl,ch)
Flow
(x0,y0)
a0
1 2
3
N
1 2
3
N
Incomingwave
boundary
Basic Complex Wave BasicComplexWave
function [a,n,x,y]=complex3(ai,ni,xi,yi,bc,g)
(1,1)
(2,2)
(1,2)
(N,N)
bc ( , )
Other Complex Wave Functions OtherComplexWaveFunctions
function [a,n,x,y]=complex3curve(ai,ni,xi,yi,bc,g)
function [a,n,x,y]=complex3free(ai,ni,xi,yi,bc,g)
function [a,n,x,y]=complex4(ap,np,xp,yp,an,nn,xn,yn,g)
function complex3plot(a,n,x,y,g,cl,ch)
function complex4plot(a,n,x,y,g,cl,ch)
Extras Extras
function uniformplot(a,n,x,y,g,cl,ch)
function n=nu(m,g)
function m=m_nu(n,g)
function [x,y]=intercept(x1,y1,t1,x2,y2,t2)
function [x,y,a]=interceptCurve(x1,y1,t1,cf) [ ,y, ] p ( ,y , , )
Example:RocketEngineNozzle
o
i
2 / ) (
e i
M v o =
M
e
function [a,n,x,y]=simple(ai,ni,xi,yi,le,g)
function [a,n,x,y]=complex3(ai,ni,xi,yi,bc,g)
function [a,n,x,y]= simpleCancel(ai,ni,xi,yi,c,x0,y0,a0,g)
Matlab Demo
ArocketEngineNozzle.m
Example:Rocket
l
o
i
EngineNozzle
M
e
clear all %Mach 2 minimum length nozzle, initial turn angle ai=0.23 radians c ea a % ac u e gt o e, t a tu a g e a 0. 3 ad a s
g=1.4;
ai=[.00001 .0001 .001 .005 .01:.01:.23]; %28 waves
xi=zeros(size(ai));yi=ones(size(ai));ni=ai;
le=-1;
figure(1);clf(1);cl=1;ch=2;
[a1,n1,x1,y1]=simple(ai,ni,xi,yi,le,g);
simpleplot(a1,n1,x1,y1,g,cl,ch);
[a2,n2,x2,y2]=complex3(a1(end,:),n1(end,:),x1(end,:),y1(end,:),0,g); %complex wave reflection
complex3plot(a2 n2 x2 y2 g cl ch); complex3plot(a2,n2,x2,y2,g,cl,ch);
[a3,n3,x3,y3]=simpleCancel(a2(:,end),n2(:,end),x2(:,end),y2(:,end),1,xi(end),yi(end),ai(end),g);
simpleplot(a3,n3,x3,y3,g,cl,ch);
uniformplot([a1(1,1) a1(2,1) 0],[n1(1,1) n1(2,1) 0],[x1(1,1) x1(2,1) x1(1,1)], p ([ ( , ) ( , ) ],[ ( , ) ( , ) ],[ ( , ) ( , ) ( , )],
uniformplot([a1(1,end) a1(2,end) a3(2,1)],[n1(1,end) n1(2,end) n3(2,1)],
uniformplot([a3(1,end) a3(2,end) a3(1,end)],[n3(1,end) n3(2,end) n3(1,end)],
hold off;caxis([cl ch]);colorbar;axis image
PrePackaged Scripts Pre PackagedScripts
ConstantMachNumberTurn
Minimumlengthnozzle
Wave interaction Waveinteraction
Underexpandedjet
Windtunnelnozzle
4

3
2
3
2
2.5
5 10 15 20 25
0
1
1
1.5