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Biodiesel
A non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of longchain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters.

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM MICROALGAE

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Made by chemically-reacting lipids and alcohol. Is distinguished from the straight vegetable oil (SVO) used as fuels in some converted diesel vehicles. Produced by transesterification of oil. oil

[2]

Microalgae
Grow fast High oil content Less land needed Dont effect food supply
Sun Light

Flow Chart

Comparison of biodiesel production efficiencies from plant oils[1]

Methanol Glycerol Photosynthesis algae Bio Mass Bi M Methyl Ether

CO2

O2

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algae algae

Target 1. High growth rate 2. High lipid content 3. Broad environmental tolerances 4. High value-add by products

Strain screening for increased biodiesel yields

1. Screen a wide range of natural isolates 2. Improve them by metabolic engineering 3. Selection and adaption

Characterization

Metabolomics and proteomics

?
monitoring of consumption and production of key compounds isotopic labelling of key metabolite precursors or intermediates manner

Algi-Net Database US Aquatic Species Program collect 3000 algal strains for potentials biodiesel production.
Sheehan J, Dunahay T, Benemann J et al (1998) A look back at the U.S. Department of Energys Aquatic Species Program-biodiesel from algae. National Renewable Energy Laboratory

www.lecb.ncifcrf.gov/phosphoDB/2d-description.gif http://www.tciamerica.com/product/analytical-chem/kdjoad0000003wx0-img/kdjoad0000003wxe.gif4

Ref: Second generation biofuels: High-effiency microalgae for biodiesel production , 2008

Selection strategy
1. Screen a wide range of natural isolates 2. Improve them by metabolic engineering 3. Selection and adaption

Selection strategy
1. Screen a wide range of natural isolates 2. Improve them by metabolic engineering 3. Selection and adaption

algae

Target 1. High growth 2. High lipid biosynthesis rates 3. Broad environmental tolerances 4. High value-add by products

algae

Target 1. High growth 2. High lipid biosynthesis rates 3. Broad environmental tolerances 4. High value-add by products

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High growth rate strain

High lipid productivity strain

High Oil content microalgae

Botryococcus braunii
(1) n-alkadienes and trienes, (2) triterpenoid botryococcenes and methylated squalenes (3) a tetraterpenoid, lycopadiene

Selection strategy
1. Screen a wide range of natural isolates 2. Improve them by metabolic engineering 3. Selection and adaption

algae

Target 1. High growth 2. High lipid biosynthesis rates 3. Broad environmental tolerances 4. High value-add by products

Botryococcus braunii: a rich source for hydrocarbons and related ether lipids. 2004

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Algae for transformation

C.reinhardtii Dunaliella salina
algae algae Transformers ~ algae

mitochondrial genome transformation Chloroplast

Microalgae as bioreactors. 2005

Truncated chlorophyll antenna size of the photosystems

Comparison of cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with parent strain (Stm3) and reduced antenna size (3LR3) at equal cell densities. a Cultures at densities of 6 106 cells/mL; b Photosynthetic quantum yield (PSII); adapted from Mussgnug et al. [122]

Truncated chlorophyll antenna size of the photosystemsa practical method to improve microalgal productivity and hydrogen production in mass culture

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Reduced chlorophyll antenna size increase growth rates

Raceway Pond Bioreactor

Open pond reactor Open system Baffles: prolong liquid stay time

[2]

d a ages Advantages: low cost easy controlled O2 diffuse out easily Disadvantages: multiple strain cultivation CO2 diffuse out easily low productivity

Tubular Photobioreactor
Advantages: single strain cultivation high CO2 concentration high productivity Disadvantages: high cost difficult to operate high O2 concentration Close system

Methods of extracting oil from cells

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Expeller/press Solvent oil extraction Expeller/press and solvent oil extraction Supercritical fluid extraction Thermochemical liquefaction

[3]

[1]

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Transesterification Reaction
[2]

Transesterification Catalysts
Homogeneous: hard to separate, cant reuse Base: low free fatty acid content low water content Acid: high methanol/oil ratio Heterogeneous: easy to separate Enzyme : expensive

Reverse process

Select a suitable solid catalyst

Crude palm kernel oil transesterification by solid catalysts[4]

Conclusions
Biodisel produced from microalgae is a potential biofuel. The cost can be reduced by enhancing organism properties High CO2 affinity Photo damage resistance High O2 concentration tolerance g High lipid content The bioreactor design and methods of extracting oil from cells are well known and high efficiency now. Choose a suitable heterogeneous catalyst can get high oil yield in the process.

Crude coconut oil transesterification by solid catalysts[4]

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Reference
[1] Peer M. Schenk, Skye R. Thomas-Hall, Evan Stephens, Ute C. Marx, Jan H. Mussgnug, Clemens Posten, Olaf Kruse, Ben Hankamer (2008) Second Generation Biofuels: High-Efficiency Microalgae for Biodiesel Production. Bioenerg. Res. 1:20-43 [2] Yusuf Chisti (2007) Biodiesel from Microalgae. Biotechmology Advances 25:294 306 25:294-306 [3] Yusuf Chisti (2008) Biodiesel from Microalgae Beats Bioethanol. Trends in Biotechnology 26:126-131 [4] Jaturong Jitputti, Boonyarach Kitiyanan, Pramoch Rangsunvigit, Kunchana Bunyakiat, Lalita Attanatho, Peesamai Jenvanitpanjakul (2006) Chemical Engineering Journal 116: 6166
1

Can Be Modified For Free Sun Light 2 Photosynthesis

Benefit Cost 3

1. CO2 harvest strain 2. Photo Damage resist 3. Bio Reactor Design (2 Types) 4. O2 damage proof 5. Lipid rich strain selection 6. Oil prefer strain

Bio Reactor

Methanol 5 6 Glycerol Methyl Ether

Bio Mass algae Oil Production

FeedBack O2 CO2 Nutrient 4 Animal Feed Anaerobic Digest Methane 7

Ex: Electro Power

Another way to maintain this system

Algae models for transformation

Fatty acid biosynthesis in microorganisms being used for Single Cell Oil production. 2004

Another Choice Halo-tolerant Dunaliella salina

Microalgae as bioreactors. 2005

Lipids and lipid metabolism in eukaryotic algae 2006