A Telecom Network

NCC 2009 Tutorial

SDH Mux

Network Management for Telecom Operators: 1. Basics

Prof. Timothy A. Gonsalves TeNeT Group Dept. of CS&E, IIT-Madras
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Fibre backbone

RT Main XChg
C O T

corDECT ... ...

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optiMA FiLL RT

RT ..

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DSLAM ... ...

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16 Jan 2009

Promise of Telecom
Basic infrastructure that provides: voice + FAX + Internet That promises: Widespread access to knowledge reduce have/have-not divide by leap-frogging ! must be affordable and reliable

Network Storms
Rapid escalation of cascading failures Example: Noise on a link ! packet loss ! link-level ARQ ! queue buildup ! source retransmits ! congestion on other links

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noise
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Storm in a Voice Network

TX = trunk exchange LE = local exchange LE LE TX LE TX1 TX2 LE LE 0.1 Trunk line fails ! alarms at TX1 and TX2 Call failure rate exceeds threshold at several LEs ! alarms at many LEs
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Affordability

LE TX Cost

1 10 100 Distance, km

1000

Cost of bandwidth increases with distance => install minimal required capacity including growth factor
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Storm in a Voice Network

! alarms

Service Level Agreements

at many LEs
Service Level Agreement (SLA) = binding contract between Service provider and customer, with guaranteed service levels, penalties for non-compliance

- LE operator ignores alarms - network operator sees long list of alarms, important ones may be missed ! need integrated network management system - only relevant alarms to the right person
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SLA: Leased line

CPE A 64 kb/s digital pipe CPE B

Network Management System

Why? Manage monitor and control heterogeneous, graphically-distributed elements What? Configuration Faults Accounting Security Performance
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SLA Parameters Availability (MTBF, MTTR) Bit error rate Timing - clock skew Delay of used for video or audio
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identify and control managed objects detect, isolate, repair charges for resource usage limits on resource usage protect access to objects authentication, manage keys, logs gather statistics analyze and plan

FCAPS

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SLA: DSL Access to Internet Content

Network Management
Managed Object Management Station

Network Element

Agent

Protocol

Manager

Object
1. 2. 3. 4.

Network

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Multiple SLAs between: CSP - ISP ISP - TSP TSP - Customer

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attributes - name, uptime, load, operations - create/delete, get, set, actions. (reboot,) notifications - unusual events (load > threshold,) behaviour - how it reacts to operations MIB or MOL = collection of managed objects management information base TeNeT Group IIT-M managed object library

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Network Management System

Protocol messages (PDUs) for operations and notifications Data representation ASN.1: encodes as a sequence of bytes machine-independent Standards SNMP simple network management protocol widely used in IP networks CMIP common management information protocol based on OSI stack used in TMN (telecom management network) TeNeT Group IIT-M
itu-t 0 std 0 dod 6 internet 1 mgmt 2 mib 1 system 1 sysDesc 1 sysUptime 3 interfaces 2 Exp 3 iso 1 joint-iso-itu-t 2

MIB Tree
org 3

Private 4

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Human-readable names: {iso.reg.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib.system.sysUptime} {mib 1,3} TeNeT Group IIT-M Used in PDUs: {1,3,6,1,2,1,1,3}

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MIB Tree Structure of Management Information (SMI)

Agent names: DNS domain naming system e.g. lantana.tenet.res.in cordect53.hfcl.co.in Object names: Hierachical naming tree globally unique
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Sub-tree of the registration hierarchy: MIB view/group/module Standard MIB views: MIB-II: all network elements Ethernet MIB: all Ethernet devices FDDI MIB: all FDDI devices RMON MIB: remote network monitoring Object Types: IP Address Time Ticks Gauge 32-bit counter, no wraparound Counter 0..232-1, with wraparound TeNeT Group IIT-M Opaque any octet string0

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System Group (mib-21)

sysDescr (1) sysObjectID (2) sysUpTime (3) sysContact (4) sysName (5) sysLocation (6) sysServices (7) -------descriptive text vendors id for this mgmt subsystem in 10 ms ticks administrative contact person name of the managed node physical location of this node 7-bit integer indicating the OSI layers of this nodes primary services

SNMP
Versions V1: simple, most widely-used drawbacks esp. security V2c: fixed many drawbacks of V1, more complex V3: good security, not yet widely-used SNMP objects attributes operations: get, set notifications traps behaviours Uses UDP/IP Maximum PDU size = 468 bytes (V3 allows 232 - 1) Get, set port 161 Traps port 162 TeNeT Group IIT-M

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Network Management System

interfaces 2

SNMP
Messages
Agent Manager Get, GetNext V1 Set GetResponse Trap Manager

ifNumber 1 ifTable 2 2 1 ifEntry 1 0 ifIndex 1 ifDescr 2 ifType 3

V2
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GetBulk

InformReq InformResp

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SNMP GetRequest

...SNMP GetNextRequest
Read a table without knowing the size of the table
GetNext Parameter interfaces.ifTable interfaces.ifTable.1.1.1 interfaces.ifTable.1.1.2 interfaces.ifTable.1.2.1 interfaces.ifTable.1.2.2 interfaces.ifTable.1.3.1 Returned value ifTable.1.1.1 = 1 -- index ifTable.1.1.2 = 2 ifTable.1.2.1 = "lo0" -- descr ifTable.1.2.2 = "eth0" ifTable.1.3.1 = softwareLoopback ifTable.1.3.2 = ethernet-csmacd -- type type(3) ... ifSpecific(22) softwareLoopback ethernet-csmacd

Atomic: all values returned, or none In case of error, errorIndex indicates which variable binding has errorStatus
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Table is read column-wise

1 2 index(1) descr(2) 1 lo0 2 eth0

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SNMP GetNextRequest
Given varible name N, returns the value of the lexicographically next variable in MIB view
GetNext(system) !system.sysDescr.0 = "Linux ..." GetNext(system.sysDescr) ! system.sysDescr.0 = "Linux ..." GetNext(system.sysDescr.0) ! system.sysObjectID.0 =OID: ...ucdSnmpAgent.linux

SNMP SetRequest

Atomic: all values set and returned, or none In case of error, errorIndex indicates which variable binding has errorStatus

Traverse a sub-tree without knowing names

GetNext(icmp.27.0) ! tcp.tcpRtoAlgorithm.0 = other(1) Get(icmp.27.0) ! Error: (noSuchName) icmp.27
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SNMP Trap
From agent to manager Manager registers with agent for traps of interest No response to guarantee receipt, agent must periodically retransmit until manager takes action
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SNMP v2c
Key Concepts revised OBJECT definitions
counter64 type

improved tables
unambiguous row selection procedures for creation and deletion of rows augmenting of tables

Notification definition Manager-manager communication

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SNMP Authentication
Plain text community string Agent accepts read community and write community Default is often public and private!
Security subsystem Authentication and privacy services Multiple security models
standard - very secure custom

SNMPv3

Access control subsystem Authorisation services that can be used to check access rights Fine-grained access control to individual variables based on who, how, where
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Summary
Management of a telecom network is difficult Manager-Agent model for NMS MIB hierachical collection of objects SNMP get, getnext, set, trap SNMP v2c
GetBulk for efficiency InformRequest for manager-manager

SNMP v3 good security

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