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Spectroscopic and Imaging Study of Combined W and Mo X -Pinches at 1 MA Z -Pinch Generators

Alla S. Safronova, Member, IEEE, Victor L. Kantsyrev, Member, IEEE, Dmitry A. Fedin, Glenn Osborne, M. Fatih Yilmaz, Travis Hoppe, Vidya Nalajala, Jonathan D. Douglass, Ryan D. McBride, Marc D. Mitchell, Member, IEEE, Lloyd M. Maxson, and David A. Hammer, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractExperiments with X -pinches made with both Mo and W wires have been performed on 1-MA pulsed power generators at Cornell University and University of Nevada, Reno. X-ray images and spectra have been studied and compared for three different congurations of X -pinch loads with Mo and W wires. For all X -pinches, the image size decreases with decreasing wavelength and photoconducting diode (PCD) signals show multiple bursts except for one variant of the mixed Mo and W congurations. Time-gated, as well as time-integrated, images indicate the presence of radiation from energetic electrons. Previous experience with application of L-shell Mo modeling to various Z- and X -pinch experiments helped to determine plasma parameters in the X -pinches studied here, and permitted identication of M-shell W spectral features useful for plasma parameter estimation. Index TermsL-shell Mo radiation, modeling, M-shell W radiation, X -pinch, X-ray imaging, X-ray spectroscopy.

I. I NTRODUCTION UNGSTEN (W) wire arrays have been studied extensively on the Z accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) since 1998 when it was shown that they could reach X-ray powers up to 200 TW and X-ray energies of nearly 2 MJ [1]. Substantial progress has been made recently evaluating this source of radiation for indirect-drive inertial connement fusion (ICF) and other high-energy density applications (see, for example, [2] and the many references therein). Understanding the radiation spectra emitted by these plasmas is necessary to be able to interpret the experimental observations and to benchmark computer codes used to try to predict results to be obtained from future pulsed power machines. At present, spectroscopic diagnostic methods using M-shell W radiation is not advanced enough to provide reliable plasma parameters. In addition, the recent experiments showing axial radiation asymmetry in dynamic hohlraums driven by W wire arrays [3]
Manuscript received December 30, 2005; revised March 20, 2006. This work was supported by the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) under Department of Energy (DoE) Cooperative Agreement DE-F03-02NA00057 and by the DoE/NNSA under University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) Grant DE-FC52-01NV14050. A. S. Safronova, V. L. Kantsyrev, G. Osborne, M. F. Yilmaz, T. Hoppe, and V. Nalajala are with the Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA (e-mail: alla@ physics.unr.edu). D. A. Fedin was with the Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. He is now with the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093 USA. J. D. Douglass, R. D. McBride, M. D. Mitchell, L. M. Maxson, and D. A. Hammer are with the Laboratory of Plasma Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPS.2006.878361

provide additional evidence for the necessity and importance of development of such diagnostics. University-scale pulsed power devices can produce plasmas comparable in parameters with the SNL-Z machine, albeit in much smaller volumes. In particular, X-pinch plasmas are a good source to study radiative properties of high density and temperature pinch plasmas from 1-m to 1-mm scale size and to test new diagnostics and modeling. In addition X-pinches offer the variety of load congurations that differ in types of wire connections (planar loop or twisted), number of wires (two, four, or even more wires), and wire materials. For example, extensive radiographic and spectroscopic research on X-pinch plasmas has been performed on the 450-kA device at Cornell University (CU) (see [4] and references therein). X-ray spectroscopic, imaging, and electron-beam studies of various X-pinches were also carried out using the 1-MA ZEBRA pulsed power machine at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) (see, for example, [5], [6]). There it was shown that W X-pinches generate better quality and resolution X-ray spectra when mixed with other, lighter materials, such as Mo [7]. This paper also focuses on the work with combined X-pinches with W wires, expanding the previous preliminary report [7] by inclusion of more experimental and theoretical data. II. E XPERIMENTAL D ATA The two university-scale pulsed power generators used for the present experiments, COBRA and ZEBRA, have similar peak currents of about 1 MA and rise times of about 100 ns. The details of experiments and diagnostics on ZEBRA can be found otherwise (see, for example, [6]) and COBRA is a newly rebuilt pulsed power device that just started to produce data [8]. Experiments on both generators were focused on the study of dense plasma formation using X-pinches made with Mo and W wires of the same length of 23 mm, but the X-pinch loads were prepared in a different way. The loads on COBRA were 4-wire X-pinches twisted at the cross point and having 620-g mass (2 30.5-m Mo wires and 2 19.8-m W wires, COBRA pulse 286). The loads on ZEBRA were two-wire planar-loop asymmetric X-pinches [6] of 890-g mass with a 35-m W wire in the anode loop and a 50-m Mo wire in the cathode loop denoted by W/Mo X-pinches (ZEBRA pulses 472 and 473) or with a 50-m Mo wire in the anode loop and a 35-m W wire in the cathode loop denoted by Mo/W X-pinches (ZEBRA pulse 474). Fig. 1 shows a typical set of X-ray pinhole images along with a current and a

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Fig. 1. (a) Time-integrated and (b) time-gated X-ray pinhole images recorded through different lters. (c) Current, PCD signal, and timing of MCP frames from combined W/Mo X-pinches produced in ZEBRA pulse 473.

photoconducting diode (PCD) signal. Such set of data has been produced for all studied loads. Specically, time-integrated X-ray pinhole images [Fig. 1(a)] were recorded with the resolution of 220 m through three layers of the Kodak BIOMAX MS lm protected by two different sets of lters (25-m Be and 3-m Mylar coated with a 0.2-m Al and with an additional 100-m Mylar lter) for the rst lm at < 10.3 and at < 4.4 , for the second lm at < 3.7 and at < 3.1 , and for the third lm at < 2.9 and at < 2.7 , respectively. The three images behind the rst set of lters are shown in Fig. 1(a). The anode was at the top and the cathode was at the bottom of the images. The images recorded in softer X-rays (at < 10.3 ) are much larger size (millimeter scale) than in harder X-rays. The source becomes a compact source with one distinct hot spot (hundred-micrometer scale) in harder X-rays (at < 4.4 and less) and continues to decrease slightly in size with a wavelength decrease in all images. The spectra studied in this paper are in a spectral region from 4 to 6 , then we assume that the source of radiation was a compact source with a size of few hundred micrometer and less. It is important to emphasize that the mentioned resolution did not allow us to distinguish a more detailed structure inside a central hot spot but few much smaller hot spots localized in the direction towards the cathode are clearly seen on two images (at < 3.7 and at < 2.9 ). Timegated pinhole images recorded with the resolution of 230 m through two different sets of lters at < 12 (15-m Be and 3-m Mylar coated with a 0.2-m Al) and at < 4 (with an additional 120-m Mylar lter) are at the top and at bottom of Fig. 1(b), respectively. The anode was at the top and the cathode was at the bottom of the images. These time-gated images were registered during six frames, which temporal positions are shown in Fig. 1(c). The PCD signal [see Fig. 1(c)] shows four major X-ray bursts three of which occurred before the maximum of the current (which was about 1 MA) and were captured on the microchannel plate (MCP) detectors. The third burst (the most intense from three bursts with two peaks) resulted in

Fig. 2. X-ray cold characteristic lines of Mo and W (from wire materials) and of Fe, Cr, and Ni (from the anode) recorded by a LiF crystal in X-pinch experiments on ZEBRA.

more intense images of the radiation source (frames 5 and 6). The time-gated images show temporal evolution of the size and the structure of the source from a very compact hot spot to the brighter source with few hot spots in the cross point and along X-pinch wires towards the anode. All time-gated, as well as time-integrated, images indicate the presence of radiation from energetic electrons [Fig. 1(a) and (b)], for the Mo/W X-pinch in particular. Additional evidence of energetic electrons in X-pinch plasmas is provided by the observation in X-ray spectra of strong cold characteristic lines from both wire materials (Mo and W) and from the stainless steel anode (Fe, Cr, and Ni). These particular spectra were recorded by a LiF crystal (2d = 4.027 ) protected from the plasma by a 70-m Be and 3-m Mylar coated with a 0.2-m Al in X-pinch experiments on ZEBRA (see Fig. 2).

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Fig. 3. Comparison of X-ray spectra recorded by a mica crystal spectrometer from a four-wire twisted combined [W, Mo] X-pinch on COBRA and by a KAP crystal spectrometer from a two-wire planar-loop W/Mo X-pinch on ZEBRA.

Fig. 4. Comparison of X-ray spectra recorded by a KAP crystal spectrometer from two identical two-wire planar-loop asymmetrical combined W/Mo X-pinches produced on ZEBRA.

The X-ray spectrum shown in this gure, as well as the rst lm image at the bottom, were produced in the Mo X-pinch experiment whereas the two other images were from combined W and Mo X-pinch experiments on ZEBRA. All K-shell characteristic lines of Mo (the rst order of K at = 0.714 and K at = 0.632 as well as the second order of K ) are extremely bright for the Mo X-pinch and are detectable for the combined Mo and W X-pinches, for Mo/W X-pinches in particular. In addition, cold L-shell characteristic lines of W (L at = 1.476 , L1 at = 1.282 and L2 at = 1.245 ) appear in spectra from combined Mo and W X-pinches. L-shell characteristic lines of W are brighter for W/Mo X-pinches (W wire in the anode loop) than for Mo/W X-pinches (W wire in the cathode loop), which was expected. There is no detectable difference in the intensities of the characteristic lines from the stainless steel anode. There are strong K lines of Fe, Cr, and Ni both for W/Mo and Mo/W X-pinches, which indicates that the electron beams near the anode are not sensitive to the material in the top loop. Next three gures present the comparison of the X-ray spectra from combined X-pinches from W and Mo wires, in particular from the twisted conguration of the wire load on COBRA and planar-loop wire loads on ZEBRA. All X-ray spectra were recorded on the Kodak BIOMAX MS lm by convex crystal spectrometers with a mica crystal (2d = 19.93 ) on COBRA and with a KAP crystal (2d = 26.63 ) on ZEBRA. In [7] a comparison of X-ray spectra from 4-wire twisted combined [W, Mo] and Mo X-pinches produced on COBRA was shown that clearly indicates the contribution of the W radiation from 5.4 to 6 . In Fig. 3, a comparison of X-ray spectra from combined [W, Mo] X-pinches on COBRA and W/Mo on ZEBRA is presented in the rst order of reection from the crystals. It indicates more intense L-shell Mo radiation for ZEBRA and more intense M-shell W radiation for COBRA. Then, we can conclude that a use of a twisted wire load (which increases the area as well as the mass of wire contact at a cross point) produces more M-shell W radiation.

Fig. 5. Comparison of X-ray spectra recorded by a KAP crystal from two two-wire planar-loop asymmetrical combined W/Mo and Mo/W X-pinches produced on ZEBRA. The two strong lines labeled L and L are the cold characteristic Mo lines.

From Fig. 4, it is seen that X-ray spectra from two identical W/Mo X-pinches on ZEBRA (shots 472 and 473) have almost identical L-shell Mo and M-shell W spectra with slightly more intense L-shell Mo radiation and less intense W M-shell radiation for 472 pulse. We included this gure to show the good reproducibility of the studied spectra produced by this particular pulse power device. By contrast, a comparison of X-ray spectra from W/Mo and Mo/W X-pinches in Fig. 5 shows much larger differences. For example, L-shell Mo radiation from the Mo/W X-pinch is much weaker than that from the W/Mo X-pinch and includes two very strong cold characteristic L and L Mo lines. The latter evidences the presence of strong electron beams in the plasma from the top loop wire material and correlates with the characteristic lines in spectra registered by a LiF crystal

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Fig. 6. Axially resolved X-ray spectra recorded by a KAP crystal through a 500-m slit from the two-wire planar-loop asymmetrical combined W/Mo X-pinch produced on ZEBRA.

(see Fig. 2). On contrary, M-shell W radiation is almost identical in both spectra and hence is not sensitive to the change of the material in the top loop. The last gure with experimental data in this section, Fig. 6, presents the axially resolved X-ray spectra from the W/Mo X-pinch with lineouts taken closer to the anode side, in the middle, and closer to the cathode side of the X-pinch. This gure illustrates the difference in spectra and hence in modeled plasma parameters in the axial direction. This gure clearly shows that for the W/Mo X-pinch with a W wire in the anode loop and with the Mo wire in the cathode loop, the most intense M-shell W and the less intense L-shell Mo spectra are recorded closer to the anode side. In particular, this axially resolved spectrum provides the best quality M-shell W spectrum out of all spectra for combined W and Mo X-pinches. The most intense structure of M-shell W is located between 5.4 and 6.2 . The identication of features in this spectral region is based on the theoretical atomic data from [9], Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) data [10], and our recently developed W model [7]. The features are associated with 3d 4f transitions in Co-, Ni-, Cu-, and

Zn-like ions with the most intense Ni-like line at 5.689 . In addition, two well-resolved Ni-like W 3d 4p transitions are located at 7.027 and 7.174 . The axially resolved spectrum from the middle has both L-shell Mo (2-3) and M-shell W (3-4) spectra of comparable intensity. Note that the previously discussed and compared spectra from 472 and 473 pulses on ZEBRA (Figs. 35) were radially resolved spectra, which are similar to the axially resolved spectra from the middle of the X-pinch. The axially resolved spectrum closer to the cathode side shows more intense and clearly identied L-shell Mo radiation and less intense M-shell radiation. The modeling of this L-shell Mo spectrum is discussed in the next section. III. N ON L OCAL T HERMODYNAMIC E QUILIBRIUM (LTE) K INETIC M ODELING OF R ADIATION F ROM C OMBINED W AND M O X -P INCHES The Mo model employed in this paper was developed and previously used to analyze experimental L-shell Mo spectra from 1-MA ZEBRA X-pinches at UNR [5], [11], [12], from 470 kA XP X-pinches at CU [11], [13] and from 20-MA Z

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Fig. 7. Two synthetic L-shell Mo spectra calculated at (1) Te = 880 eV, Ne = 1021 cm3 , and f = 0.1 and at (2) Te = 880 eV, Ne = 8 1020 cm3 , and f = 0.05.

Fig. 8. Spectral features from 4.3 to 5.3 from the ZEBRA W/Mo X-pinch t with the sum from two L-shell Mo sources from the previous gure.

wire arrays at SNL [11], [14], [15]. The spectral region from 4.3 to 5.3 labeled as Mo 2-3 in Fig. 6 has been modeled and used to derive plasma parameters, the electron temperature Te , electron density Ne and the fraction of energetic electrons f in the plasma distribution function. This spectral region includes mostly 2-3 L-shell Mo transitions together with some 3-5 M-shell W transitions from 4.3 to 4.6 . Fig. 7 shows synthetic spectra of 2-3 L-shell Mo transitions in a spectral region from 4.2 to 5.3 along with the most diagnostically important spectral lines and structures. They are Ne-like lines (3A-3G), and F-like (F1) and Na-like (Na1 and Na2) line structures. In general, the Na1 and Na2 line structures comparable in intensity with 3C and 3D lines indicate electron temperatures much lower and the F1 lines structure comparable in intensities with 3A and 3B lines much higher than 1000 eV at moderate densities of 1020 1021 cm3 . Hence, the intense Na-like and F-like line structures cannot coexist in one spectrum unless they are produced by different radiation sources and/or hot electrons. It was shown that the hot electrons even in small concentration up to few percent not only tend to increase the ionization balance but also spread it over lager number of ions [5], [11]. The time-gated spectra will be very helpful to determine whether there are multiple radiation sources generated in different times. Here, we have analyzed the experimental time integrated, spatially resolved spectra assuming rst that they are radiated by one plasma with a given temperature and density together with a small fraction of the hot electrons and then, if necessary, adding the second radiation source. Previously, it was shown [11] and [16] that most collisional rates are much more sensitive to f that to exact functional form or characteristic energy 0 of the hot electrons as long as 0 > E (where E is the largest transition energy). Therefore, the results of collisional-radiative models are also much more sensitive to f than to the other characteristics of the hot electron distribution. Then, line spectra can be used to detect only the presence and approximate number of the hot electrons. To de-

termine the other characteristics of the hot electron distribution, soft and hard X-ray spectropolarimetry can be used, which is not the subject of this paper. In this paper, the hot electrons of fraction f were described by a narrow Gaussian distribution centered at the characteristic energy 0 = 10 keV and hence the condition 0 > E was satised. Two synthetic spectra calculated at the same Te = 880 eV but at different electron densities Ne and fractions of the hot electrons f are given in Fig. 7. In particular, the rst L-shell Mo spectrum (1) was calculated at Ne = 1021 cm3 and f = 0.1, whereas the second one (2) was calculated at Ne = 8 1020 cm3 and f = 0.05, was shifted 0.04 to the right from (1) and is labeled with a prime. The sum of these two synthetic spectra represents the best t for the experimental radially resolved spectrum from combined W/Mo X-pinches produced in ZEBRA pulse 473 (see Fig. 8). We have also modeled the most intense L-shell Mo axially resolved spectrum taken closer to the cathode side (see Fig. 6). This spectrum has the minimum contribution from 3-5 transitions of M-shell W in the vicinity of 3A and 3B lines (4.4 ) which allows an estimate of the electron density using the ratio (3A + 3B)/(3F + 3G). This ratio almost independent from Te and f up to densities Ne = 1022 cm3 and higher [5], [11] was about 0.45, which indicates Ne (78) 1021 cm3 . Then, the best t of the axially resolved spectrum closer to the cathode side indicates Te = 850 eV, Ne = 8 1020 cm3 , and f = 0.1 based on a single radiation source (see Fig. 9). These parameters are close to the parameters of the two radiation sources derived from the modeling of the radially resolved spectra (see Figs. 7 and 8). IV. C ONCLUSION Combined X-pinches with W and Mo wires connected through planar-loop and twisted load congurations have been studied through X-ray spectroscopy and imaging on two similar 1-MA University-scale Z-pinch devices. Altogether the data from three shots with twisted combined [W, Mo] X-pinches from COBRA and four shots with planar-loop combined W/Mo

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[10] [11] [12]

[13]

[14] [15] [16]

Fig. 9. Spectral features from 4.3 to 5.3 from the ZEBRA W/Mo X-pinch axially resolved spectra near the cathode side (black) t with the L-shell Mo spectrum (grey) calculated at Te = 850 eV, Ne = 8 1020 cm3 , and f = 0.1.

and M3) transition wavelengths and rates between 3l1 4l excited and ground states in nickel-like ions, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 47104, Jan. 2006. A. Shlyaptseva, D. Fedin, S. Hamasha, et al., Development of M-shell X-ray spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry of Z-pinch tungsten plasmas, Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 75, no. 10, pp. 37503752, Oct. 2004. S. Hansen, Development and application of L-shell spectroscopic modeling for plasma diagnostic, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Nevada, Reno, NV, Dec. 2003. A. S. Safronova, V. L. Kantsyrev, N. Quart, et al., Spectroscopic modeling of radiation from Cu and Mo X-pinches produced on the UNR 1 MA Zebra generator, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., vol. 99, no. 13, pp. 560571, 2006. S. B. Hansen, A. S. Shlyaptseva, T. A. Shelkovenko, et al., Analysis of L-shell line spectra with 50-ps time resolution from Mo X-pinch plasmas, Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top., vol. 70, no. 2, p. 026402, Aug. 2004. P. D. LePell, S. B. Hansen, A. S. Shlyaptseva, et al., Axial and temporal gradients in Mo wire array Z-pinches, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 032701, Mar. 2005. S. B. Hansen, A. S. Safronova, P. D. LePell, et al., Analysis of radially resolved spectra and potential for lasing in Mo wire array Z-pinches, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 12, no. 9, p. 094502, 2005. S. B. Hansen and A. S. Shlyaptseva, Effects of the electron energy distribution function on modeled X-ray spectra, Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top., vol. 70, no. 3, p. 036402, Sep. 2004.

and Mo/W X-pinches from ZEBRA, were collected and the representative example for each different load has been shown. The mixture of W with another lighter wire material with known radiative characteristics in such load congurations produces better quality and resolution M-shell W spectra including radial and axial resolution. Future work will involve further experiments with combined X-pinches with different W and Mo mass contributions and time-gated spectroscopy. R EFERENCES
[1] R. B. Spielman, C. Deeney, G. A. Chandler, et al., Tungsten wire-array Z-pinch experiments at 200 TW and 2 MJ, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 21052111, May 1998. [2] M. E. Cuneo, E. M. S. Waisman, V. Lebedev, et al., Characteristics and scaling of tungsten-wire-array Z-pinch implosion dynamics at 20 MA, Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top., vol. 71, no. 4, p. 046406-43, Apr. 2005. [3] T. W. L. Sanford, T. J. R. Nash, C. Mock, et al., Evidence and mechanisms of axial-radiation symmetry in dynamic hohlraums driven by wirearray Z-pinches, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 022701-102270115, 2005. [4] T. A. Shelkovenko, D. B. Sinars, S. A. Pikuz, et al., Radiographic and spectroscopic studies of X-pinch plasma implosion dynamics and X-ray burst emission characteristics, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1305 1318, Apr. 2001. [5] A. S. Shlyaptseva, S. B. Hansen, V. L. Kantsyrev, et al., Advanced spectroscopic analysis of 0.81.0-MA Mo X-pinches and the inuence of plasma electron beams on L-shell spectra of Mo ions, Phys. Rev. E, Stat. Phys. Plasmas Fluids Relat. Interdiscip. Top., vol. 67, no. 2, p. 026409-9, Feb. 2003. [6] V. L. Kantsyrev, A. S. Safronova, V. Ivanov, et al., Radiative properties of asymmetric and symmetric X-pinches with two and four wires recently produced on the UNR 1 MA Zebra generator, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., vol. 99, no. 13, pp. 349362, 2006. [7] A. S. Safronova, V. L. Kantsyrev, D. A. Fedin, et al., X-ray spectroscopy and imaging of combined X-pinches with Mo and W wires at Cornell and UNR 1MA pulsed power devices, in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. AIPDense Z-Pinches, Jan. 2006, vol. 808, pp. 145148. [8] T. A. Shelkovenko, S. A. Pikuz, J. D. Douglass, R. D. McBride, and D. A. Hammer, Multiwire X-pinches on the COBRA pulsed power generator, in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. AIPDense Z-Pinches, Jan. 2006, vol. 808, pp. 153156. [9] U. I. Safronova, A. S. Safronova, S. M. Hamasha, and P. Beiersdorfer, Relativistic many-body calculations of multipole (E1, M1, E2, M2, E3,

Alla S. Safronova (M06) was born in Moscow, Russia. She received the Ph.D. degree in physics from the Institute of General Physics of Russian Academy of Science (RAS), Moscow, in 1986. From 1979 to 1981, she was a Graduate Student at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS, Moscow. From 1982 to 1994, she was a Junior Researcher and then a Senior Researcher in several Russian scientic research institutions in Moscow. From 1994 to 1998, she was rst a Visiting Scientist and then a Postdoctoral Research Associate with the Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, where she has been an Associate Research Professor since 1998. She is one of the pioneers in application of X-ray line polarization to astrophysical and laboratory plasmas. She has published more than 100 papers in scientic journals. Her current research interests include modeling of hot dense plasmas and theoretical spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry of wire array and X-pinch plasmas.

Victor L. Kantsyrev (M06) was born in Moscow, Russia. He received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in experimental physics from Moscow Physical Engineering Institute, in 1972 and 1981, respectively, and the advanced degree of Dr. Sc. (Dr. Habil. degree in Europe) from the Institute of Analytical Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, in 1992. From 1972 to 1994, he has been a Researcher, Senior Researcher, Head of a Sector, and Head of Laboratory in several Russian scientic research institutes in Moscow. From 1994 to 1995, he was a Visiting Scientist and Lecturer with the Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, where he has been a Research Professor since 1996. He was one of the pioneers in the study and development of X-ray and extreme UV glass capillary optics, and the development of compact laser and gas-puff plasma X-ray sources and their applications in X-ray lithography and microscopy. He has published more than 150 papers in scientic journals on physics and radiation properties of Z-pinch and laser plasmas and plasma diagnostics. His current research interests include the physics of wire array and X-pinch plasmas. Dr. Kantsyrev chaired the sessions at the International Society for Optical Engineers and International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS) meetings.

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Dmitry A. Fedin was born in Moscow, Russia, in 1965. He received the M.S. degree in solid-state physics and photonics from Moscow Physical Engineering Institute, Moscow, and the Ph.D. degree in physics from the University of Nevada, Reno, in 2004. He is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher with the Center of Energy Research, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego. His research interests include experimental plasma physics with the emphasis on soft and hard X-ray plasma diagnostics.

Jonathan D. Douglass received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Missouri, Columbia, in 2003, and is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. His dissertation focuses on the topic of time-gated monochromatic X-ray imaging of wire array Z-pinches using X-pinches as an X-ray source.

Glenn Osborne was born in Walnut Creek, CA, on April 28, 1982. He received the B.S. degree in physics from the University of Nevada, Reno, in 2005. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at the University of Nevada, where he is involved in theoretical and experimental work on X-ray spectroscopy of Z- and X-pinches.

Ryan D. McBride received the B.S. degree from Binghamton University, the State University of New York, Binghamton, in 2000, and the M.E. degree from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, in 2001, all in electrical engineering. He is currently working toward the Doctor of Philosophy degree in electrical engineering, with a specialization in plasma physics, at the Laboratory of Plasma Studies at CU. He worked as an Electrical Engineer at IBM from 20012002. He is currently with the Laboratory of Plasma Studies, CU. His current work investigates processes related to the formation of high-energy-density plasmas, specically those produced by wire-array Z-pinch and/or X-pinch sources.

M. Fatih Yilmaz was born in Kirikkale, Turkey, on November 8, 1977. He received the B.S. degree in physics from the University of Balkesir, Balkesir, Turkey. Since 2002, he has been a Graduate Student at the Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno (UNR). He is working on modeling of radiation from Z-pinch and X-pinch plasmas, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD).

Marc D. Mitchell (M00) received the B.S. degrees in electrical engineering and physics from the University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, in 2000, and the M.S. degree in applied physics from Cornell University (CU), Ithaca, NY, in 2004. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at CU, focusing on the characterization of X-pinch properties including coronal plasma density measurements using a laser interferometer. His research interests include high-energy plasma physics, laser and X-ray optics, X-ray diagnostics, plasma diagnostics, and pulsed power.

Lloyd M. Maxson, photograph and biography not available at the time of publication. Travis Hoppe, photograph and biography not available at the time of publication. David A. Hammer (M78SM79F95) received the B.S. degree in physics from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, in 1964 and the Ph.D. degree in applied physics from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, in 1969. His dissertation was on the topic of intense relativistic electron beam propagation. After seven years at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, and one year at University of California, Los Angeles, he returned to Cornell University as a Faculty Member. He is currently the J. Carlton Ward Professor of Nuclear Engineering and a Professor of electrical and computer engineering at Cornell University. His research is focused on high-energy-density plasma physics, including exploding wires, wire array Z-pinches and X-pinches. Dr. Hammer is a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and he has served as the Chair of the Division of Plasma Physics, APS.

Vidya Nalajala received the Diploma in electronics and instrumentation from the Government Institute of Electronics, Secunderabad, India, in 1999, the B.S. degree in electronics and communication engineering from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur City, India, in 2002, and the M.S. degree with a major in electrical engineering and a minor in physics from the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), in 2004, with emphasis on data acquisition and control systems, core diagnostics, energy measurements and analysis, and data processing and statistical analysis for the UNR Physics experimental facilities, namely Sparky and Zebra. She is currently with UNR.