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(4.10.) Note that there is a typo. Example (5ii) should not have a * in front of
it. The sentence is well-formed.
iff (i) the first branching node that dominates α also dominates β
and (ii) α does not dominate β and β does not dominate α.
A node α c-commands β if you can go from α to β by this: take an uptown-bound train and
go one stop and then transfer to a downtown-bound train.
Binding Principle A
(6) Anaphors must be bound (= c-commanded & co-indexed)
within the mininal CP that contains them (“ The Clausemate Requirement”)
.
2
Exercise:
1. Construct a minimal pair of sentences to show that “ever” is an NPI.
2. Construct a minimal pair of sentences to show that “ever” obeys the NPI licensing rule.
3. Wh-movement
(1) [TP John [VP sent a book to Mary by snail mail yesterday because she needed it]]
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
Excerise: How would you ask a question when you don't know the identity of the underlined
portion in senetnce (1)?
(2) a. Who sent a book to Mary by snail mail yesterday because she needed it?
b.
c.
e.
f.
3
Why couldn't we simply say that there is no movement and all the phrases are generated at the
position where they surface? How can we reason that phrases are moving? Which principle of
syntax we know forces us to posit movement? Below are some hints. Try to construct an
argument for the existence of movement based on them.
Movement and Binding Principle A: What does the following sentence tell us about movement?
Try to come up with an argument for movement using this data.
Wanna-contraction
(8) want to Æ wanna if there is nothing between want and to.
Exercise:
Draw the tree diagrams for the following sentences. If movement has occurred,
specify the path of movement with an arrow.