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anandraj 1
Chapter 9: DIFFERENTIATION
Determine the first derivative of the function. (Week 1)
1. y = x
3
2. y = x
4
[4x
3
]
3. y = x
5
[5x
4
]
4. y = x
7
[7x
6
]
5. y = 2x
3
6. y = 3x
4
[12x
3
]
7. y = 5x
3
[15x
2
]
8. y = 10x
2
[20x]
9. y = 2x
3
10. y = 5 x
4
[ -20x
3
]
11. y = 8 x
5
[-40x
4
]
12. y = 12 x
2
[-24x]
13.
f(x) = x
-2
14. f(x) = x
-1
2
1
x
[- ]
15. f(x) = x
-5
6
5
x
[- ]
16. f(x) = x
-3
2
6
x
[- ]
17.
f(x) = 3 x
-2
18. f(x) = 4x
-1
2
4
x
[- ]
19. f(x) = 2x
-4
5
8
x
[- ]
20. f(x) = 6x
-1
2
6
x
[- ]
21. y =
2
1
x
4
22. y =
2
3
x
4
[ 6x
3
]
23. y =
3
1
x
6
[2x
5
]
24. y =
6
1
x
3
4
1
2x
[ ]
25. y =
3
2
x
3
26. y =
3
2
x
6
7
4
x
[ ]
27. f(x) =
x 2
5
2
5
2x
[- ]
28. f(x) =
6
3
4
x
7
8
x
[- ]
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29. y = x
2
+ 3x +4 30. y = x
2
+4x +3
[2x+4]
31. y = x
2
+ 5x +6
[2x+5]
32. y = x
2
- 3x +4 33. y = x
2
-4x +3
[2x-4]
34. y = x
2
- 5x +6
[2x-5]
35. y = x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 5 36. y = x
3
+5x
2
+7
[3x
2
+10x]
37. y = x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 8
[3x
2
+ 12x]
38. y = x
3
- 3x
2
-6 39. y = x
3
-5x
2
-7
[3x
2
-10x]
40. y = x
3
- 6x
2
8
[3x
2
-12x]
41. y = x(x + 5) 42. y = x(x - 6)
[2x-6]
43. y = x
2
(x + 5)
[ 3x
2
+ 10x]
44. y = (x+1)(x + 5) 45. y = (x+1)(x 6)
[2x-5]
46. y = (x
2
+1)(x - 4)
[3x
2
-8x+1]
47. y = (x+3)
2
48. y = (x+4)
2
[2(x+4)]
49. y = (3x+1)
2
[6(3x+1)]
50. y = x(x+3)
2
51. y = x(x+4)
2
[3x
2
+ 16x+16]
52. y = x(3x+1)
2
[27x
2
+12x+1]
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Product Rule & Quotient Rule (Week 2)
Determine the first derivative of the function using the product rule.
1. y= x ( x
3
+1) 2. y= x ( x
4
+2)
[ 5x
4
+2]
3. y= ( x
5
+1)x
[ 6x
5
+1]
4. y= ( x
3
-1)x
[4x
3
-1]
5. y= 2x
2
( x
3
+1)
6.
7. y= 3x
2
( x
3
-1)
[15x
4
-6x]
8. y= ( x
3
-1)(5x
2
)
[25x
4
-10x]
9. y= ( x
3
-1)(-4x
2
)
[-20x
4
+8x]
10. f(x)= (x+1) ( x
3
+1) 11. f(x)= (x-1) ( 1+x
3
)
[4 x
3
-3x
2
+1]
12. f(x)= (1-x) ( x
3
+2)
[-4x
3
+3x
2
-2 ]
13. f(x)= (2-x) ( x
3
+3)
[-4x
3
+6x
2
-3]
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14. y= (x+1) (
2
x
+1) 15. y= (x-1) (
3
x
+1)
[
3
2
3
2
+ x
]
16. y= (2x+1) (
2
x
+1)
[
2
1
2 2 + x
]
17. y= (3-2x) ( 2-
2
x
)
[
2
1
5 2 x
]
18. y= (x
2
+1) (
2
x
+1) 19. y= (x
4
+1) (
3
x
+1)
[
3
1
4
3
5
3 4
+ + x x
]
20. y= (2+x
2
) (
4
x
-1)
[
]
2
1
2
4
3
2
+ x x
21. y= (3-x
3
) (
3
x
+1)
[ -
1 3
3
4
2 3
+ x x
]
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Determine the first derivative of the function using the quotient rule.
Example :
1 +
=
x
x
y 1.
3 2
5
+
=
x
x
y
2
15
(2x+3)
2. y =
5 4
3
+ x
x
2
15
(4x+5)
3. y =
7 2
6
x
x
2
42
(2x-7)
-
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4. y =
2 3
4 5

+
x
x
2
22
(3x-2)
-
5. y =
x
x
+

1
4 1
2
5
(1+x)
-
6.
x
x
y
2 1
1

=
2
1
(1-2x)
7. y =
3
2
x
x
x
x-3
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8. y =
x
x
5 1
3
2

2
2
6x-15x
(1-5x)
9. y =
10
4
2
3
+ x
x
4 2
2 2
4x +120x
( x +10)
10.
2
3
5x - 3x
y =
8 + x
4 3
3 2
-5x +6x +80x-24
(8+x )
11. y =
4 5
1
3
2

x
x
4 2
3 2
-5x +15x -8x
(5x -4)
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Chain Rule (Week 3)
Determine the first derivative of composite function using chain rule.
1.
2
) 2 ( + = x y 2.
4
) 3 ( + = x y
[4(x+3)
3
]
3.
5
) 2 ( + = x y
[5(x+2)
4
]
4.
3
) 8 ( + = x y
[3(x+8)
2
]
5.
2
) 2 3 ( + = x y 6.
4
) 3 2 ( + = x y
[8(2x+3)
3
]
7.
5
) 2 4 ( + = x y
[20(4x+2)
4
]
8.
3
) 8 5 ( + = x y
[15(5x+8)
2
]
9.
2
) 2 ( 3 + = x y 10.
4
) 2 ( 5 + = x y
[20(x+2)
3
]
11.
5
) 2 4 ( 3 + = x y
[60(4x+2)
4
]
12.
3
) 8 2 ( 2 + = x y
[12(2x+8)
3
]
13.
2
) 2 (
2
+
=
x
y 14.
4
) 2 (
5
+
=
x
y
5
20
( x+2)
[- ]
15.
5
) 2 (
3
+
=
x
y
6
15
(x+2)
[- ]
16.
3
) 8 (
2
+
=
x
y
4
6
(x+8)
[- ]
17.
2
) 2 ( 5
2
+
=
x
y 18.
3
) 5 ( 4
3
+
=
x
y
4
9
4(x+5)
[- ]
19.
6
) 3 2 ( 5
4

=
x
y
7
24
5(2x-3)
[- ]
20.
4
) 4 3 ( 2
5

=
x
y
5
10
(3x-4)
[ ]
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Equations of Tangent and a Normal
Determine the Gradient of a Tangent and a Normal at a point on a Curve.
Example 1 : Find the gradient of the tangent to
the curve 5 7 3 2
2 3
+ = x x x y
at the point (-2,5).
Example: Given ) 3 2 ( ) ( = x x x f and the
gradient.
1. Given that the equation of a parabola is
2
2 4 1 x x y + = , find the gradient of the
tangent to the curve at the point (-1,-3)
8 =
T
m
2. Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve
( )( ) 3 2 + = x x y at the point (3,6).
7 =
T
m
3. Given that the gradient of the tangent at point P
on the curve ( )
2
5 2 = x y is 4, find the
coordinates the point P.
P(2 , 1)
4. Given
2
4
) (
x
x x f = and the gradient of
tangent is 28. Find the value of x.
3
2
= x
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Determine the equations of a Tangent and a Normal at a point on a Curve.
Example 1 :
Find the equation of the tangent at the point (2,7)
on the curve 5 3
2
= x y
Example 2 :
Find the equation of the normal at the point x = 1
on the curve
2
3 2 4 x x y + =
1. Find the equation of the tangent at the point (1,9)
on the curve ( )
2
5 2 = x y
21 12 + = x y
2. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
( )( ) 1 1 2 + = x x y at the point where its x-
coordinate is -1.
3 3 = x y
3. Find the equation of the normal to the curve
2 3 2
2
+ = x x y at the point where its
x- coordinate is 2.
0 22 5 = + y x
4. Find the gradient of the curve
3 2
4
+
=
x
y at the
point (-2,-4) and hence determine the equation of
the normal passing through that point.
0 30 8 ; 8 = = y x m
T
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Second Derivatives (Week 4)
Example :
Given that ( )
5
2
2 3 ) ( x x f = , find f (x) .
Hence, determine the value of f (1)
Solution:
Example :
Given that ( )
4
2
3 ) ( + = x x f , find f (x) .
Hence, determine the value of f (2)
Solution:
1. Given that 3 6 4 2
2 3
+ + = x x x y , find
2
2
dx
y d
12x + 8
2. Given that ( ) x x x f 3 40 2 ) (
2
= , find f(x).
160 36x
3. Given that
5
) 1 4 ( ) ( = x x f , find f (0)
320
4. Given that ( )
2
2
1 3 = t s ,calculate the value of
2
2
dt
s d
when t =
2
1
.
3
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Turning Points (Minimum and Maximum Points)
Example :
Find the turning points of the curve
3 18 12 2
2 3
+ + = x x x y and determine whether
each of them is a maximum or a minimum point.
1. Find the coordinates of two turning points on the
curve 3
2
= x x y
(1 , 2) and (1 , 2)
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2. Given 5 2
3
2
2 3
= x x y is an equation of a
curve, find the coordinates of the turning points
of the curve and determine whether each of the
turning point is a maximum or minimum point.
min. point = (0 , 5) ; max. point = ) , 2 (
3
23

3. Determine the coordinates of the minimum point

of 4 4
2
+ = x x y .
(2 , 0)
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Rates of Change (Week 5)
1. Given that x x y 2 3
2
= and x is increasing at a
constant rate of 2 unit per second, find the rate of
change of y when x = 4 unit.
2. Given that x x y =
2
4 and x is increasing at a
constant rate of 4 unit per second, find the rate of
change of y when x = 0.5 unit.
12 unit s
1
3. Given that
x
x v
1
9 = and x is increasing at a
constant rate of 3 unit per second, find the rate of
change of v when x = 1 unit.
30 unit s
1
4. Two variables, x and y, are related by the
equation .
2
3
x
x y + = Given that y increases at a
constant rate of 4 unit per second, find the rate of
change of x when x =2.
5
8
unit s
1
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5. The area of a circle of radius r cm increases at a
constant rate of 10 cm
2
per second. Find the rate
of change of r when r = 2 cm. ( Use = 3.142 )
6. The area of a circle of radius r cm increases at a
constant rate of 16 cm
2
per second. Find the rate
of change of r when r = 3 cm. ( Use = 3.142 )
0.8487 cm s
1
7. The volume of a sphere of radius r cm increases
at a constant rate of 20 cm
3
per second. Find the
rate of change of r when r = 1 cm. ( Use =
3.142 )
1.591 cm s
1
8. The volume of water , V cm, in a container is
given by , 8
3
1
3
h h V + = where h cm is the
height of the water in the container. Water is
poured into the container at the rate of
. s cm 10
-1 3
Find the rate of change of the height
of water, in , s cm
-1 3
at the instant when its
height is 2 cm.
6
5
cm s
1
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Example :
The above figure shows a cube of volume 729
cm. If the water level in the cube, h cm, is
increasing at the rate of 0.8 cm s
1
, find the rate
of increase of the volume of water.
Solution :
Let each side of the cube be x cm.
Volume of the cube = 729 cm
x = 729
x = 9
Rate of change of the volume of water,
1 3
64.8
0.8 81

=
=
=
s cm
dt
dh
dh
dV
dt
dV
Hence, the rate of increase of the volume of
water is 64.8 cm s
1
.
9. A spherical air bubble is formed at the base of a
pond. When the bubble moves to the surface of
the water, it expands. If the radius of the bubble
is expanding at the rate of 0.05 cm s
1
, find the
rate at which the volume of the bubble is
increasing when its radius is 2 cm.
t 8 . 0 cm
3
s
1
10. If the radius of a circle is decreasing at the
rate of 0.2 cm s
1
, find the rate of decrease
of the area of the circle when its radius is 3
cm.
t 2 . 1 cm
2
s
1
h cm
9 cm
9 cm
9 cm
h cm
Chain rule
V = 9 x 9 x h = 81h
=81
=rate of increase of
the water level
= 0.8 cm s
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11. The radius of a spherical balloon increases at the
rate of 0.5 cm s
1
. Find the rate of change in the
volume when the radius is 15 cm.
t 450 cm
3
s
1
12. The edge of a cube is decreasing at the rate of
3 cm s
1
. Find the rate of change in the volume
when the volume is 64 cm
3
.
144 cm
3
s
1
13. Diagram 1 shows a conical container with a
diameter of 60 cm and height of 40 cm. Water is
poured into the container at a constant rate of
1 000
-1 3
s cm .
Calculate the rate of change of the radius of the water
level at the instant when the radius of the water is 6
cm.
(Use = 3.142; volume of cone h r
2
3
1
t = )
6.631cm
3
s
1
14. Oil is poured into an inverted right circular cone
of base radius 6 cm and height 18 cm at the rate
of 2
-1 3
s cm . Find the rate of increase of the
height of water level when the water level is 6 cm
high. ( Use = 3.142 )
0.1591 cm s
1
60 cm
Water
40 cm
Diagram 1
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15.
The above figure shows an inverted cone with a
height of 20 cm and a base-radius of 4 cm. Water is
poured into the cone at the rate of 5 cm s
1
but at
the same time, water is dripping out from the cone
due to a leakage a the rate of 1 cm s
1
.
a. If the height and volume of the water at time
t s are h cm and V cm respectively, show
that
.
75
1
3
h V t =
b. Find the rate of increase of the water level in
the cone at the moment the water level 12cm.
( Use = 3.142 )
(b) 0.2210 cm s
1
16.
The above diagram shows a solid which consists of a
cuboid with a square base of side 6x cm,
surmounted by a pyramid of height 4x cm. The
volume of the cuboid is 5832 cm.
a. Show that the total surface area of the solid,
A cm, is given by .
3888
96
2
x
x A + =
b. If the value of x increasing at the rate 0.08
, s cm
-1
find the rate of increase of the total
surface area of the solid at the instant x = 4.
42 cm
2
s
1
4 cm
20 cm
h cm
B
H
F
G
C
A
D
4x cm
6x cm
6x cm
V
E
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Small Changes and Approximations (Week 6)
1. Given that x x y 4
2
+ = , find the small
change in y when x increases from 2 to 2.01.
2. Given that x x y 3
2
+ = , find the small
change in y when x increases from 6 to 6.01.
0.15
3. Given that x x y =
2
2 , find the small change in
y when x decreases from 8 to 7.98.
0.62
4. Given that x y 4 = , find
dx
dy
. Hence, find the
small change in y when x increases from 4 to
4.02.
02 . 0 ;
2
= = y
x
dx
dy
o
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5. Given the area of a rectangle , x x A 2 3
2
+ = ,
where x is the width, find the small change in the
area when the width decreases from 3 cm to 2.98
cm.
Answer :
6. A cuboid with square base has a total surface
area, x x A 4 3
2
= , where x is the length of the
side of the base. Find the small change in the total
surface area when the length of the side of the
base decreases from 5 cm to 4.99 cm.
0.26 cm
2
7. The volume, V cm
3
, of a cuboid with rectangular
base is given by x x x V 3 2
2 3
+ = , where x cm
is the width of the base. Find the small change in
the volume when the width increases from 4 cm
to 4.05 cm.
1.75 cm
3
8. In a pendulum of length x meters, the period T
seconds is given as
10
2
x
T t = . Find
dx
dT
.
Hence, find the small change in T when x
increases from 2.5 m to 2.6 m.
50
10
;
t t
o = = T
x
dx
dT
second
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Example :
The height of a cylinder is three times its radius.
Calculate the approximate increase in the total
surface area of the cylinder if its radius increases
from 7 cm to 7.05 cm.
Solution :
Let the total surface area of the cylinder be A
cm.
A = Sum of areas of the top and bottom circular
surface + Area of the curved surface.
( )
2
2
2
8
3 2 2
2 2
r
r r r
rh r A
t
t t
t t
=
+ =
+ =
Approximate change in the total surface area is
A o
( )
( )
2
cm 6 . 5
05 . 0 7 16
7 05 . 7 16
t
t
t
o o
o
o
~
~
~
~
~
r
r
dr
dA
A
dr
dA
r
A
Hence, the approximate increase in the total
surface area of the cylinder is 5.6 cm .
9. A cube has side of 6 cm. If each of the side
of the cube decreases by 0.1 cm, find the
approximate decrease in the total surface area
of the cube.
7.2 cm
2
10. The volume of a sphere increases from
. cm 290 to cm 288
3 3
t t Calculate the
approximate increase in its radius.
72
1
cm
It is given that
h=3r
New r (7.05)
Minus old r(7)
Substitute r with the
old value of r, i.e. 7
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Given that
5
4
x
y = , calculate the value of
dx
dy
if
x = 2. Hence, estimate the values of
5 5
98 . 1
4
(b)
03 . 2
4
) a (
Solution :
16
5 20
, 2 When
20
20
4
4
6
6
6
5
5
= = =
= =
= =

x dx
dy
x
x
x
dx
dy
x
x
y
x
dx
dy
y
y y y a
original
original
o
o
+ ~
+ = ) (
new
( )
.116525 0
320
3
32
4
2 03 . 2
16
5
2
4
2
4
03 . 2 2
2
4
,
2
4
03 . 2
4
5
5
5 5 5
~
~
|
.
|

\
|
+ ~
+ ~
= = + =
x
dx
dy
x and y where y
o
o
( )
0.13125
160
1
32
4
2 98 . 1
16
5
2
4
1.98
4
(b)
5 5
~
+ ~

|
.
|

\
|
+ ~
+ ~
+ =
x
dx
dy
y y
y y y
original new
original new
o
o
11. Given
3
27
x
y = , find the value of
dx
dy
when
x = 3. Hence, estimate the value of .
03 . 3
27
3
1 =
dx
dy
; 0.97
12. Given
4
32
x
y = , find
dx
dy
.
Hence, estimate the value of .
99 . 1
32
4
5
128
x
dx
dy
=
; 2.04
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13. Given that
x
y

=
2
20
, find the approximate
change in x when y increases from 40 to 40.5.
160
1
14. Given that , 5
2
x x y + = use differentiation to
find the small change in y when x increases from
3 to 3.01. [3
marks]
0.11
15. Given
3
3
4
r v t = , use the differentiation method
to find the small change in v when r increases
from 3 to 3.01.
t 27 . 0
16. Given that ,
5
3
x
y = find the value of
dx
dy
when x
= 4. Hence, estimate the value of
(a)
( )
3
02 . 4
5
(b)
( )
3
99 . 3
5
256
15
=
dx
dy
; (a) 0.07930 ; (b) 0.07871
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Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function
Example 1 :
Given ) 5 40 (
2
x x L = , find the value of x for which
L is maximum. Hence, determine the maximum value
of L.
Solution:
27
10240
3
16
5 40
3
16
max
3
16
0 80
80
3
16
30 80
3
16
0 15 80 , 0
0 ) 15 80 (
0 15 80
0
30 80
15 80
5 40
) 5 40 (
2
max
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 2
2
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
< =
= |
.
|

\
|
=
=
= =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
L
L imise will x
dx
L d
dx
L d
x
x x Knowing
x x
x x
dx
dL
when
x
dx
L d
x x
dx
dL
x x L
x x L
1. Given ) 2 25 (
2
x x L = , find the value of x for
which L is maximum. Hence, determine the
maximum value of L.
27
15625
max 3
25
, = = L x
2. Given 7 4 36
2
+ = x x y , find the value of x or
which y is maximum. Hence, determine the
maximum value of y.
88 ,
max 2
9
= = y x
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Example 2 :
Given )
16
( 3
2
x
x L + = t , find the value of x for
which L is minimum. Hence, determine the minimum
value of L.
Solution:
( )
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t
36
2
16
2 3
min 2
0 18
) 2 ( 96 6
2
8 , 0
48
6
48 6
0 48 6
0
96 6
48 6
48 3
)
16
( 3
2
min
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1 2
2
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
> =
+ =
=
= =
=
=
=
=
+ =
=
+ =
+ =

L
L imise will x
dx
L d
dx
L d
x
x x Knowing
x
x
x x
x x
dx
dL
when
x
dx
L d
x x
dx
dL
x x L
x
x L
3. Given )
128
( 4
2
x
x L + = t , find the value of x for
which L is minimum. Hence, determine the
minimum value of L.
t 192 , 4
min
= = L x
4. Given ) 2 8 3 (
2
1
2
+ = x x y , find the value of x
for which y is minimum.
Hence, determine the minimum value of y.
3
5
min 3
4
, = = y x
5. Given that y=14x(5 x), calculate
a) the value of x when y is a maximum
b) the maximum value of y
[3 marks]
(a) 2.5 ; (b) 87.5
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6. The diagram below shows the skeleton of a wire. Box with a rectangular base of x by 3x and the
height of h.
Given the total length of the wire is 348 cm,
(a) express h in terms of x,
(b) show that the volume of the box, V cm
3
, is given by V = 3x
2
(87 4x),
(c) find the stationary value of V, stating whether it is maximum or minimum value.
(a) h = 87 4x (b) (c)
max
V = 18291.75 cm
3
7. The diagram below shows a solid cylinder with circular cross-section of radius r and the height of h.
Given the total surface area of the cylinder is 300 cm
2
,
(a) express h in terms of r,
(b) show that the volume of the cylinder, V cm
3
, is given by V = 150 r r
3
,
(c) determine the maximum volume of the cylinder when r varies.
(a) h =
r
r
t
t
2
150
(b) (c) 399 or 100
50
~
t
8. A length of wire 160 m is bent to form a sector OPQ, of a circle of centre O and radius r as shown
in the diagram below.
(a) Show that (i) 2
160
=
r
u
(ii) the area, A, of the sector is
given by A = 80r r
2
(b) Find the value of and r when the area is a maximum.
(b) Determine the maximum area.
(b) r = 40 m , = 2 rad (c) 1600
max
= A
x
3x
h
r
h
r

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SPM Questions (Week 7&8)
1. The gradient function of a curve which passes through A (1, 12) is 3x
2
6x. Find
a. the equation of the curve,
[3 marks]
b. the coordinates of the turning points of the curve and determine whether each of the
turning points is a maximum or a minimum.
[5 marks]
2. The point P lies on the curve y = (x 5)
2
. It is given that the gradient of the normal at P is
1
4
. Find the coordinates of P.
[3 marks]
3. It is given that
7
2
3
y u = , where u = 3x 5. Find
dy
dx
in terms of x.
[3 marks]
4. Given that y = 3x
2
+ x 4 ,
a. find the value of
dy
dx
when x = 1,
b. express the approximate change in y, when x changes from 1 to 1 + p, where p if a
small value.
[4 marks]
5. Given that
( )
2
1
( )
3 5
h x
x
=

, evaluate "(1) h .
[4 marks]
6. The volume of water, V cm
3
, in a container is given by
3
1
8
3
V h h = + , where h cm is the
height of the water in the container. Water is poured into the container at the rate of 10 cm
3
s
-1
. Find the rate of change of water, in cm s-1, at the instant when its height is 2 cm.
[3 marks]
7. Differentiate 3x
2
(2x 4)
4
with respect to x.
[3 marks]
8. Two variables, x and y, are related by the equation
2
3 y x
x
= + . Given that y increases at a
constant rate of 4 units per second, find the rate of change of x when x = 2.
[3 marks]