Anti Corruption Drive First Draft

National Institute of Management Quetta
Individual Research Paper (IRP) by Tariq Qamar Baloch Chief of Section, P&DD, GOB
Anti-corruption drive: in global perspective with special reference to Pakistan
Advisor: Hamid Ghani Anjum, Chief Instructor NIM, Quetta
Mid Career Management Course 4
December 2008
Acknowledgement
I acknowledge the valuable support from Hamid Ghani Anjum (Chief Instructor) who was kind enough to share his experience and provided guidance for successfully completing this study. I would also like to thank all other faculty staff and officials of National Institute Management (NIM), Quetta who helped us at every stage during my stay at this academy. I also acknowledge Government of Balochistan, who funded for me in doing this mandatory course and confident that when I will be back to my service I will do my level best to apply knowledge and experience that I have learned during the course at NIM for the benefit of the Government and the public. I am really grateful to my parents who always prayed for my career and always pushing me financially and morally to achieve the targets successfully. I obliged the support of my colleagues / participants of this course who guided and helped me on various subjects and at various levels of this study and the course.
Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta
Abstract
Rampant prevailing corruption in a Pakistani society has generated many troubles in the state functioning such as economic crises, trust deficit, injustice and decline of social norms & values. The aim of this research is to identify the initiatives that have been taken by the Government of Pakistan against corruption, to look into the barriers in accomplishing the objectives of the initiatives and how these can be improved? The study was explanatory as well as exploratory. Singapore model against corruption was taken as a case study due to its performance in global perspective. The data collection technique was qualitative. A structured self completion survey was carried out in which the response rate was 100%. Bribery, Cronyism, Nepotism, Patronage and embezzlement are the major types of corruption and it takes place because of arrogance, personal interests, misuse of authority, job insecurity, less salaries, lack of justice, poor governance, institutionalized corruption, poverty, degradation of religious and social beliefs, drug money and mismanagement. Government has introduced number of initiatives such as enactment of new laws (NAB Ordinance 1999, Removal from Service Ordinance 2000, Freedom of Information Ordinance 2002 and National Anti Corruption Strategy 2002. Reforms in the establishments of Auditor General of Pakistan, Ombudsman have also been carried out. Establishment of Public Procurement Regulatory Authority, Public Accounts Committees, National Accountability Bureau, Public Safety Commissions, Civil Society Organizations and the involvement of NGOs. 61% of the survey respondents believe that bribery is the major type of corruption. 79% says that low salaries are the major cause of corruption in public sector and the major impact of corruption is collapse of institutions (70%). It is a national problem (90%) and contribution of UN in combating corruption globally is 0%. 70% agreed that the best solution to fight corruption is the rule of law. Whereas Singapore model shows that the political will, fair accountability and market based salary packages for the public officers are the primary measures for corruption elimination. Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta II
The research concludes that: fair and an independent judicial system, media and anti corruption agency; effective and honest law enforcement agencies and strong public service specially the market based salaries are the key sectors which play significant role in the corruption abolition from a Pakistani society. Key words: Corruption, bribery, accountability, rule of law, political will
III
Glossary of terms
ACE AGP AJP BACP BOI CPDI CPI CPIB CSO EU FIA FIO GI GOB NAB NABO NACS NIS NRO PACs PPRA PSC Resp. S&GAD TI TIP UN UNCAC Anti Corruption Establishment Auditor General of Pakistan Access to Justice Programme Business Anti Corruption Portal Board of Investment Centre for Peace and Development Initiations Pakistan Corruption Perceptions Index Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, Singapore Civil Society Organizations European Union Federal Investigation Agency Freedom of Information Ordinance 2002 Global Integrity Government of Balochistan National Accountability Bureau, Pakistan National Accountability Bureau Ordinance 1999 National Anti-Corruption Strategy National Integrity System National Reconciliation Ordinance Public Accounts Committees Public Procurement Regulatory Authority Public Safety Commission Respondent Services & General Administration Department Transparency International Transparency International Pakistan United Nations United Nations Convention against Corruption
IV
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................I ABSTRACT........................................................................................................II GLOSSARY OF TERMS.......................................................................................IV CONTENTS........................................................................................................V 1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 DEFINITION..........................................................................................................................1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF STUDY...................................................................................................2 AIMS.................................................................................................................................3 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................3 RESEARCH PROBLEM...............................................................................................................3 OUTLINE.............................................................................................................................3
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................5 2.1 RESEARCH

DESIGN..................................................................................................................5
3 GLOBAL SCENARIO..........................................................................................7 3.1 GLOBAL STANDPOINT...............................................................................................................7 3.2 MAJOR CASES OF CORRUPTION IN THE WORLD...................................................................................8 3.3 CASE STUDY SINGAPORE.......................................................................................................9 3.3.1 Least Corrupt Country.............................................................................................9 3.3.2 CPIB and Legislation ...............................................................................................9 3.3.3 Public sector reforms.............................................................................................10 3.3.4 Principles of governance.......................................................................................10 3.3.5 Example of leadership...........................................................................................11 4 ANTI-CORRUPTION DRIVE IN PAKISTAN..........................................................12 4.1 WAYS AND MEANS OF CORRUPTION.............................................................................................12 4.2 WHY CORRUPTION TAKES PLACE (ROOT CAUSES)............................................................................13 4.3 ANTI-CORRUPTION FRAMEWORK AND INITIATIVES TO COMBAT CORRUPTION..................................................15 4.3.1 Legislation.............................................................................................................15 4.3.2 Governments Strategies.......................................................................................15 4.3.3 National Accountability Bureau (NAB)...................................................................16 4.3.4 The Federal Investigation Agency (FIA).................................................................16 4.3.5 Anti-Corruption Establishments (ACEs)..................................................................16 4.3.6 The Auditor General of Pakistan............................................................................17 4.3.7 Ombudsman..........................................................................................................17 4.3.8 E-governance........................................................................................................17 4.3.9 Public procurement...............................................................................................17 4.3.10 Public Accounts Committees (PACs)....................................................................18 4.3.11 Special Powers from Removal of Service Ordinance, 2000..................................18 4.3.12 Public Safety Commission (PSC)..........................................................................18
4.3.13 4.3.14 4.3.15 4.3.16
Media..................................................................................................................18 Civil society of Pakistan.......................................................................................18 Transparency International Pakistan (TIP)...........................................................18 The centre for peace and development Initiatives (CPDI-Pakistan).....................19
5 RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS..............................................................20 5.1 ANALYSIS OF SURVEY RESULTS..................................................................................................20 5.2 RESEARCH FINDINGS.............................................................................................................22 6 CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................25 6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................................................................25 6.2 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................29 APPENDICES...................................................................................................30 APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE ON CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN.....................................................................30 APPENDIX B: ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF CORRUPT PRACTICES INVESTIGATION BUREAU (CPIB), SINGAPORE (CPIB 2007).................................................................................................................................32 APPENDIX C: METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATION OF CPI 2008 (TI 2008B)................................................33 APPENDIX D: CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2008 (TI 2008A).........................................................34 APPENDIX E: RESPONSES ON WORD CORRUPTION ON THIS RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE.........................................37 REFERENCES...................................................................................................38
VI
1 Introduction
1.1 Definition
Corruption means dishonesty for personal gains (Encarta 2008). Corruption can be defined as Improper and usually unlawful conduct intended to secure a benefit for oneself or another. Its forms include bribery, extortion, and the misuse of inside information (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 2008). "Corruption is worse than prostitution. The latter might endanger the morals of an individual; the former invariably endangers the morals of the entire country." (Karl Kraus). Corruption can be classified into many ways such as institutional corruption, political corruption, data corruption, linguistic corruption, bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft and embezzlement (Wikipedia 2008).
1.2 Background
One of the biggest curses from which India is sufferingis bribery and corruption. That really is a poison. We must put that down with an iron hand and I hope that you will take adequate measures as soon as it is possible for this Assembly to do so. Address of Mohammad Ali Jinnah to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on his election as President (11th August 1947) Origin of Corruption in Pakistan: Soon after the Second World War 1945, the entire scenario of the globe has changed and struggle to power and wealth started. In this struggle so many countries emerged on the world Map. Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947 while struggling and combating with the Hindus and British. Impetus to corruption - Might is right, injustices, wealth accumulation, political power, Martial Laws, Judiciary exploitation, civil and military bureaucratic hegemony etc., was the law of the land in the initial decades of the new country. Pakistan with a huge 164 Million Population divided into four provinces Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan, is steeped into the menace of Corruption. A culture of corruption permeated at every facet of life. Public, Political and Business sectors are stuffed with this illegal and abhorred threat. It is quite obvious that if this situation continues than soon this Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 1
country will perish and indulged into the state of Anarchy. The Government of Pakistan has been taking solid measures to overcome this alarming situation by introducing and reforming the governmental institutions such as Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), Anti Corruption Establishment (ACE), National Accountability Bureau (NAB), Access to Justice Program (ACJ), Public Safety Commissions (PSC) etc., Philosophy of religion (2008) - a Christian school of thought organization depicts Inherited corruption as the Accounts of original sin in terms of inherited corruption hold that although we cannot be held guilty for Adams sin, we nevertheless suffer the consequences of it. Adams sin led to our corruption and this is the sense in which we inherit his sin. On the other hand Islam forbids all types of corruption and cannot be blamed on someone else. It is the sole act of a person who commits corruption. And do not eat up your property among yourselves for vanities, nor use it as a bait for the judges with intent that you may eat up wrongfully and knowingly a little of other peoples property (The Noble Quran 2:188). One prophet said that taking bribes is like eating the flesh of swine and at another point He said the curse of Allah is on the giver and taker of bribes.
1.3 Purpose and scope of study

The purpose of this study is to understand the various dynamics of corruption taking place in our society and to find out the appropriate solutions which may help us to fight against corruption for a sustainable development of our society in all walks of life. This study is an exercise to know the research process and build a foundation for further studies in future. The scope of this study is very significant because this country now a day is under serious crises such as economic, food & energy and governance and one of the major contributor in present crises is the rampant corruption. Pakistan is at 134th position out of 180 countries of the world with a CPI (Corruption Perceptions Index) score of 2.5 (see Appendix D). The most corrupt one is Somalia with 1.0 CPI and the least corrupt country is Denmark with 9.3 CPI (TI 2008a). Despite all efforts done by the governments previously in the way of curbing corruption in Pakistan the issue has not been resolved or even minimized. The United Nation (UN) has also agreed upon that the corruption is ruining the societies in terms
of economy and sustainable development and the resolution, first time in history, resolution was passed in 2003 (UN 2004).
1.4 Aims
The aim of this research is to identify the initiatives taken against corruption, to look into the hurdles in accomplishing the objectives of those initiatives and how these can be improved?
1.5 Objectives
In order to achieve the aims of this study the following objectives were framed: To understand the corruption To identify the best practices of anti corruption drives that have successfully combat the corruption at global level for example Singapores case study To find the ways, means and causes of corruption in Pakistani society To identify the legal framework and initiatives so far have made and taken, respectively by the Government of Pakistan against curbing corruption in a society To appraise the stakeholders opinion in order to develop the major concerns of corruption To analyze the survey results, reports and legal framework; and reach on the policy recommendations
1.6 Research Problem

Pakistan has taken a number of initiatives by introducing new laws and established the Anti Corruption Agencies, time and again, since the inception of Pakistan such as ACEs, FIA and NAB but the objective of curbing the corruption has not been achieved so far. There may be the number of factors due to which still Pakistan is facing wide and rampant corruption. This study will try to find out those initiatives, causes of failures and appropriate recommendations for reducing or eliminating the menace of corruption in our society.
1.7 Outline
The first chapter Introduction covers the definition of corruption, background, scope, research problems and sets out the aims and objectives. The second chapter elaborates the research methodology and the third chapter represents the global scenario of corruption with a case study of Singapore. Anti Corruption drive / initiatives taken to combat corruption Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 3
including ways and causes are discussed in chapter four. The research analysis and findings chapter presents the analysis of the primary and secondary data. The chapter 6 suggests the policy recommendations.
2 Research Methodology
The foundation of this study is based on literature review and real world research. Robson (2002) coined the term a real world research in which peoples opinion is deemed necessary for a qualitative analysis. This approach cannot be compared against that for experimental laboratory work. Public servants (NIM staff and course participants) were targeted in order to achieve the objectives of this project.
2.1 Research design

The main purpose of research design is to answer the research questions appropriately (Robson 2002). He added that research design is a plan which can be adopted to find the answers of the research questions validly, objectively, accurately and economically. Below Table 1 shows the skeleton of research design where the type, strategy, data collection, unit of analysis, technique, analysis and recommendations has been adopted by taking the concepts of Robson (2002). Table 2.1: Research Model Type of Research Strategy Data Collection Unit of Analysis Technique Exploratory and explanatory Literature review, research problem and questions and case study of Singapore model Qualitative 24 Officers from public sector Self completion questionnaire and evaluation of literature review (existing legal framework, functions of Agencies and various policies and reports) Developing themes from primary and secondary data collected obtained through questionnaire and literature available, respectively
Analysis
Recommendati ons
Evaluation of overall data and extracting the findings of the research for suitable recommendations
The initial questions which were raised that why this study is being done and what is to be found? And to answer to the questions exploratory and explanatory type of research was adopted. There are many strategies which can be adopted such as survey, experimental, historical, archival analysis and case studies and the first strategy of conducting the survey was adopted in which many questions were raised in the self completion questionnaire. The main research questions and survey responses are detailed at Appendix A. Because of less span of time and busy schedule of the course the focus was prescribed to the public officers (participants of the course and staff of NIM). Data collection is of two types qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative is descriptive in words and quantitative data is in a numerical format. This study primarily focused on qualitative data which is appropriate for collecting and analyzing the laws, reports, studies and opinions of the stakeholders in the field of anti corruption drive in Pakistan. Again due to less availability of time a self completion questionnaire was adopted for primary data collection. The questions were some fixed and open-ended choices. This technique is easy to communicate with the people and request them to fill it and flexible in a sense that respondent is not bound to reply promptly, he can take time and give his opinion. There is also a fear of wrong interpretation of questionnaire by the respondent because it is difficult to produce good questions. Data collected in raw shape has to be organized and analyzed to develop findings (Robson 2002). There is a system of coding and clustering / themes for data analysis. This is a time bounded and short study that is why coding and clustering was not adopted rather some themes were developed to analyze the data. Primary and secondary data were analyzed with both techniques in descriptive as well as graphic / bar charts for better and quick understanding and on these analysis and findings from literature and survey many appropriate recommendations have been suggested.
3 Global scenario
This chapter deals with literature review component of the study. Global standpoint with major cases of corruption has been included and the case study of Singapores initiatives against corruption is also highlighted.
3.1 Global standpoint

World is steeply indulged into a corrupt practices not only at national or regional level but has taken a strong roots at international level where the great games are being carried out under the umbrella of corrupt incentives. 1Kofi Annan (2003) raised this issue at international level and defined corruption as: Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately by diverting funds intended for development, undermining a governments ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and injustice, and discouraging foreign investment and aid Anti corruption drive Transparency International (TI), a Berlin based NGO has contributed a lot in the awareness and education regarding the corruption and corrupt practices that ultimately causes serious implications on the national economies and their vision is to fight corruption for a sustainable development (TI 2008b). They published the report / list of all countries of the world as per CPI standards and which is well renounced for example CPI list of 2008 can be seen at Appendix D. Corruption was never considered or highlighted at international level before 1995 but later on it has been realized that corruption is not only a local subject rather it is a global and transnational issue and that has to be taken care of. In this connection the following series of conventions have been adopted fighting against corruption, globally. Table 3.2: International Conventions on Corruption (UN 2004)
# 1 2 3
1
Convention Inter-American Convention against corruption, 1996 Convention on the fight against Corruption involving Officials of the European Communities or Officials of Member States of European Union (EU), 1997 Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in
Adopted by Organization of American States Council of the EU Organization for Economic
Kofi Annan. Ex Secretary General of the United Nations
4 5 6 7
International Business Transactions, 1997 The Criminal Law Convention on Corruption, 1999 The Civil Law Convention on Corruption 1999 The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, 2003 United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) 2003
Cooperation and Development The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe The Heads of State and Government of the African Union United Nations
On the guidelines of the above conventions especially by UNCAC the steps to control corruption have been taken at the international level as well as the country / individual levels but the fair accountability process is a question mark. According to the UNDP report on institutional anti corruption arrangements has been noted in which several countries have opted for or are currently considering creating an independent commission or agency charged with overall responsibility of combating corruption. However, the creation of such an institution is not a panacea to the scourge of corruption. There are actually very few examples of successful independent anti-corruption commissions / agencies (UNDP 2005).
3.2 Major cases of corruption in the world

1. According to a joint Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Commonwealth Secretariat report (2005), on the pacific region of globe, estimated that the Solomon Islands, Paupua New Guinea, Fiji and Nauru lost a total of US$75 billion over the last 3 decades as a result of poor governance, mainly by way of corruption 2(Brown 2007). 2. It is estimated by the African Development Bank that in 2003 governments in Africa lose up to 50% of their tax revenue only because of corruption. In some cases, this amounts to more than the countrys foreign debt (Brown 2007). 3. TV channels in India in 2001 displayed a video of Bangaru Lakshman, BJP political figure, taking money, which is placed inside his briefcase. Due to this wide publicity the than Defense Minister, George Fernandes resigned from the ministry because he was considered as close ally of Bangaru (Noorani 2008). Since then media has playing a pivotal role in the anti corruption drive in India and because of mass
2
Deryck R. Brown, Advisor, Governance & Development Governance and Institutional Development Division Commonwealth Secretariat, London
awareness the CPI ranking of India among all other countries of the world has been increased. The country which was in the top corrupt countries in the world just few years back but now they have been successful in combating the corruption.
3.3 Case Study Singapore

3.3.1 Least Corrupt Country
Singapore is one of the very few countries in the entire world where corruption is negligible. According to the TI, Singapore is rated 4th least corrupt county in the world in 2008 (see Appendix D). They claim that this achievement is because of strong political will; solid actions taken against the corrupt people on the principal of Chinese proverb that to kill the one and frighten the hundred in spite of their status and the public is also well aware and not indulge into the corruption (CPIB 2007).
3.3.2 CPIB and Legislation

Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) is functioning directly under the command of the Prime Ministers Office. The organizational chart of CPIB is at Appendix B. As an organization CPIB has two divisions one is the Operations Division and the second one is the Admin & Specialist Support Division (CPIB 2007). Just 5 years before independence (9 August 1965) in 1960, the Prevention of Corruption Act was introduced in which additional powers of investigation were given to CPIB and the punishment was also increased. After 29 years in 1989, another, legislation the corruption (Confiscation of Benefits) Act was made, which gives powers to the Court to attach properties and assets obtained through corrupt practices by the offenders. And in 1999 the Act of 1989 was replaced with the new legislation the Corruption Drug Trafficking and Other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefits) Act. Under this legislation money laundering offences were also introduced with the same powers to the courts regarding the confiscation. Both the public and private sectors are accountable under the above laws. The below reforms have been abstracted and formatted from Singapores Government Instruction Manual, CPIB 2008 and Zaman 2008.
3.3.3 Public sector reforms

1. The special attention has been given into the Public Sector. The Government is paying salaries to the Civil and Government Officers and Officials on the market based and special salaries / honorarium which are the highest one are being paid to the Parliamentarians and Ministers (Shian 2007). Because of this structure of salaries people avoid corruption and they have made the following observable procedures under the above laws for combating corruption. 2. A public officer cannot borrow money from, or in any way put himself under a financial obligation to any person who is in any way under his official authority or has official dealings with him. 3. A public officer cannot use any official information to further his private interest. 4. A public officer is required to declare his assets at first appointment and subsequently annually. 5. A public officer cannot engage in business or trade or undertake any part-time employment without prior permission. 6. A public officer cannot receive entertainment from a member of the public. 7. A public officer cannot accept any shares issued by a company offered to him privately without the approval of higher authorities. In general by law both the bribe giver and receiver are guilty of corruption and the punishment is also same for each one. The punishment for a person who may found guilty will have to face the fine which is up to S$100,000/- or five years imprisonment or both. It is also applicable for the parliamentarians as well and the punishment is higher for them in which the imprisonment is up to seven years (CPIB 2008 and Zaman 2008)
3.3.4 Principles of governance

Singapore through experience has learnt that there are main four following principles of governance that contribute fight against corruption (Shian 2007) 1. Leadership is the key Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 10
2. Anticipate change and stay relevant 3. Reward for work and work for reward 4. A stake for everyone, and opportunities for all The leadership is Singapore has brought the change in the attitude and behavior of the public and the public is also well aware about the consequence and challenges of corruption, may be one of the reasons that the literacy rate is above 90%.
3.3.5 Example of leadership

The leadership has set the examples in this regard for example in 1987 The Cheng Wan (Minister for National Development) was alleged in a corruption case that he build a garage in his house by the Government Contractor. He was a close ally of Mr. Lee Kuan Yew who was the Prime Minister at that time but even though Mr. Cheng Wan was trialed. Realizing the issue and feared that he will soon be convicted by the Court He committed suicide and set an exemplary role for the coming generations. The letter Lee Kuan Yew wrote to the Prime Minister is quoted below: I have been feeling very sad and depressed for the last two weeks. I feel responsible for the occurrence of this unfortunate incident and I feel I should accept full responsibility. As an honourable oriental gentleman, I feel it only right that, I should pay the highest penalty for my mistake (Lee Kuan Yew 1987).
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4 Anti-Corruption drive in Pakistan

This chapter discusses the various means of corruption and its causes. It also explains in detail the anti corruption framework and drive / initiatives taken against corruption by the Government of Pakistan.
4.1 Ways and means of corruption

There are various ways and means of corruption especially in Pakistan who is one of the most corrupt countries in the world (for details of CPI see Appendix B). Most popular form of corruption is the political corruption where the political institutions (political parties, elections and democratic processes) are not properly functioning and most of the time in the history of Pakistan Military intervene into the political system of the country and run the governmental affairs. The government officials, politicians and other employees seek personal gains by various means such as bribery, cronyism, extortion, nepotism, patronage, graft, embezzlement and ignorance from duty. These ways and means of corruption may be explained as below: Bribery: A bribe can consist of immediate cash or of personal favors, a promise of later payment, or anything else the recipient views as valuable. The offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of something of value for the purpose of influencing the action of an official in the discharge of his or her public or legal duties (Law Encyclopedia 2008) Cronyism: It means, favoritism shown to friends and associates as by appointing them to positions without regard for their qualifications (WordNet 2008). Extortion: The Hobbs Act defines "extortion" as "the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or under color of official right" (LLL 2008) Nepotism: Undue attachment to relations; favoritism shown to members of one's family; bestowal of patronage in consideration of relationship, rather than of merit or of legal claim (Webster 2006). Patronage: The power of a government official or leader to make appointments and offer favors. Once in office, a politician can use patronage to build a loyal following. Though Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 12
practiced at all levels of government, patronage is most often associated with the machine politics of big cities (American Heritage 2005) Graft: Fraudulent obtaining of public money by the corruption of public officials; money used fraudulently as a payoff; dishonest advantage that one person by reason of his position, influence, or trust acquires from another (Business Dictionary 2008) Embezzlement: Embezzle means to secretly take money that is in your care or that belongs to an organization or business you work for (Cambridge 2008). Moreover, the private practitioners like Lawyers and Doctors charge for their services and do not declare those charges, which also come under the purview of embezzlement. These types of corruption prevail at every level in our society in various forms for example (BACP 2008): 1. Individual Corruption: Corruption that takes place primarily in relations between individual citizens and public officials and authorities. 2. Business Corruption: Corruption that takes place primarily in relations between enterprises/companies and public officials and authorities. 3. Political Corruption: Corruption that takes place in the higher echelons of public administration and on a political level. In this regard various institutions of Pakistan such as Judicial system, Police, Land Administration, Tax Administration, Public Procurement and Contracting have been selected under the study of Pakistan Country Profile particularly on corrupt practices. This is being reflected by the Business Anti Corruption Portal (2008) on their website (for details please visit http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/normal.asp?pageid=464)
4.2 Why corruption takes place (Root Causes)

Arrogance in a persons character often leads to corruption in its wider sense, and humility is a check that helps to steer one on to the straight path (Khan 2005). There are many ways of corruption by which corruption erupts, some of them are explained below:
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1. Bribe one of the most popular form of corruption prevails in the society and people take or offer bribes due to their personal interests such as to not pay the taxes, to get a job or promotion, to get a contract and to escape of any fine or penalty (WB 2008). 2. Politicians, Sardars, Nawabs and Chaudharies look for money and grab that in order to keep their patronage. By patronage they create their dominancy and claim to be the helpful and resourceful on their own people. 3. The sense of job insecurity for public officials as well as for the politicians who think that they have got a chance in the government and not sure whether they will be elected again or not do corruption in order to insure their benefits. 4. The less salaries and rapid increase of inflation in the market enforce the public officials to do corruption in case their salaries have not been increased to that change. This is because to sustain their living standards 5. Public officials trap in the corrupt practices because of easiness, lack of justice, poor governance and corrupt environment. 6. The institutionalized corruption like commission and kickbacks in any department compels every employee to do corruption. There may be the percentage share of every employee in the hierarchy and nobody wants to lose his share. 7. The lack of accountability and transparency in the government structure facilitate the officials and politicians to bribe and to get rich in one night. 8. Poverty may be the cause of corruption. Pakistan is a developing country and where, according to the economic survey reports, 23% of people are living below poverty line. This poverty is itself a curse and people do involve in corruption to increase their living standards. 9. Religious and Social values have been deteriorated in our society and people dont feel that they are accountable as well to their creator and commits corruption so say to catch the pace of growth and competition in a society. 10. Mishandling of foreign loans and aids for development or non development purposes or even for the wars in Afghanistan and so on and so forth. Especially when the money is not audited or discussed in the legislature. Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 14
11. Drug money, black economy or black marketing create a corrupt environment 12. Misuse of public sector money 13. Attacks on Judiciary, delay in the legal proceedings and growing distrust in the administration of justice. And last but not the least. 14. When accountability not used in a true sense rather used as a political revenge as seen in the political history of Pakistan for example (National Accountability Bureau) NAB was established mainly to trial the politicians and influential public officials and with introduction of National reconciliation Ordinance (NRO) 2007, the same politicians got relief and exempted from any trial on corruption charges. This approach certainly leads towards more corruption.
4.3 Anti-corruption Framework and Initiatives to combat corruption

4.3.1 Legislation
Pakistan's anti-corruption laws include the Pakistan Penal Code 1860, the Prevention of Corruption Act 1947, were the first specialized anti-corruption laws of the country, and the National Accountability Bureau Ordinance 1999 (NABO) is the recent one. The popular provision in NABO contains that the assets which are not explained or justified are perceived as a corruption and the accused has to justify those assets before the Court of law. Moreover the laws of corruption explained that corruption in form of extortion, active and passive bribery, bribing a foreign official, abuse of office, and money laundering are illegal. The Constitution of Pakistan has also established transparency by separating the powers of Legislature, Executive and Judiciary and it also contains Sections concerning declaration of assets. President Musharraf in October 2007 passed the National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO) that later on amended. The NRO has conferred the exemption of protection for past corrupt practices and by which many cases of corruption have been withdrawn against Public Officials, Ministers and Parliamentarians.
4.3.2 Governments Strategies

The National Accountability Bureau (NAB introduced a project with the name of National Anti-Corruption Strategy (NACS) in 2002. The NACS is primarily based on the principles Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 15
of National Integrity System (NIS). NIS includes Legislature, Civil Society, Judiciary, Media, Executive, Public Accountability Bodies, Private Sector and Anti Corruption Agencies. This concept was taken from the Transparency International. This initiative was taken to strengthen the structure of anti corruption drive and the strategy was published for further guideline and implementation.
4.3.3 National Accountability Bureau (NAB)

NAB is the Pakistan's biggest anti-corruption agency, which was established under the National Accountability Bureau Ordinance, 1999. The main objectives of the NAB are to prevent corruption, raise public awareness and enforce anti corruption measures. It is empowered to handle arrests, investigations and prosecutions against corrupt practices. Many governmental employees, politicians and senior military officials have been prosecuted and sentenced to prison during the last decade. Another important and powerful group that is informally exempt from NAB oversight is judges and military. The conviction rate is about 68% of all processed cases. The NAB has informed that not only Pak Rs.200 billion of financial resources are being wasted through corrupt practices at higher government levels but also Rs.67 billion have trickled down to lower level corruption each year (NAB 2008). Accountability Courts were established in accordance with the NAB Ordinance 1999. The Court deals with the corruption cases such as abuse of power, misappropriation of property and kickbacks.
4.3.4 The Federal Investigation Agency (FIA)

The FIA is another national investigative agency which deals in anti-terrorism, anticorruption, human smuggling and copyright infringement policing. The FIA was established in 1975 under the FIA Act 1974. They are also suppose to handle the immigrants and have to check the moving of the all people (Pakistani or foreigners) at Airports, Sea Ports and borders as well.
4.3.5 Anti-Corruption Establishments (ACEs)

There are several provincial ACEs and anti-corruption laws in Pakistan, such as in Balochistan this establishment is working under the Secretary to the GOB, 3Services and General Administration Department (S&GAD). Provincial laws are generally less severe in
3
I have served in the S&GAD
16
rewarding punishments on those convicted of corruption than the National Accountability Ordinance. These establishments are not and independent organizations and have not shown their effective performance.
4.3.6 The Auditor General of Pakistan

The Office of the Auditor General of Pakistan is working in the direction of transparency and is now publishing its annual reports and placing them on its website (AGP 2008). The auditing of government expenditures is facilitated by a Public Accounts Committee of the National Assembly. The Auditor General of Pakistan is appointed by the President under the Constitution.
4.3.7 Ombudsman
The Offices of Ombudsman (Wafaqi Mohtasib) have been established at National, Provinical and even at District levels. The main aim of this office is to enforce an administrative accountability. The Ombudsman is appointed by the President for a five-year period and has significant powers such as to investigate complaints and rectify injustices committed against a citizen through poor administration. He is responsible to investigate, redress and rectify any injustice done to a person through maladministration on the part of a federal agency or a federal government official (Ombudsman 2008).
4.3.8 E-governance
Pakistan has initiated an e-governance so as to augment transparency and fight corruption. The World Bank and the Asian Development Bank are playing key role in establishing the system steadily. For example The Board of Investment (BOI) is publishing tender invitations, and many government departments are setting up websites in order to become more transparent (BOI 2008).
4.3.9 Public procurement

Pakistan has also initiated the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA) in order to combat corruption in public procurement sector by introducing the international principles of competitive bidding. The authority has ensured that all the public procurement agencies should implement the Public Procurement Rules, 2004. All the tenders at national level are being published on the PPRA website (PPRA 2008). Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 17
4.3.10 Public Accounts Committees (PACs)

The PACs have been formed at national and provincial levels. The Committees have been reviewing the audit reports regularly. The committees are empowered to examine the audit reports and can suggest the action against any complaint or corruption element (BACP 2008).
4.3.11 Special Powers from Removal of Service Ordinance, 2000

The ordinance provides ample powers to the competent authority to take departmental disciplinary and enquiry proceedings against the public servant. The officer, who is inefficient, guilty of misconduct and corrupt, can be proceeded against. The competent authority can exercise oppressive powers and remove the public officer even on the minor charges by giving just one show cause notice.
4.3.12 Public Safety Commission (PSC)

Public Safety Commissions are being established at district levels under the Local Government Ordinance 2001. The commission is empowered to take notice against the officers especially the officers or officials belong to the police department on the complaints of the public and recommend the cases to the proper forum for action.
4.3.13 Media
Article 19 of the Constitution of Pakistan confers rights of freedom of press and speech (except blasphemy laws). The Freedom of Information Ordinance (FIO) promulgated in 2002 provides sufficient access of public to government records.
4.3.14 Civil society of Pakistan

Pakistan's civil society is distinguished by a multitude of Non-Governmental Organisations. There are over 70,000 Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) operating in Pakistan and these CSOs are considered to be very strong. These organizations have been tried to interfere and inquire the things in the public organizations and this makes somehow check on them (GI 2007).
4.3.15 Transparency International Pakistan (TIP)

TIP is also operational under the principals of Transparency International. It is an effective and an active organization in building the political and public awareness about the impacts Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 18
of corruption in a society and how corruption is obstructing development and keeping people locked in poverty? They have been successful in engaging the government in anti corruption drive and also convinced the government to adopt the TI Integrity Pact in public procurement organizations (TIP 2008).
4.3.16 The centre for peace and development Initiatives (CPDI-Pakistan)

CPDI-Pakistan is also looking into the various issues of transparency like rule of law and freedom of information. It also develops awareness among the people regarding the public participation for improving the accountability and transparency. It also monitors the budget making processes and legislative processes too. This organization also helps in preparing the fair public policy making (CPDI-Pakistan 2008).
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5 Research Analysis and findings

The Chapter 5 is the analysis of the results taken by the sample survey and shows the findings of the survey and literature review as well.
5.1 Analysis of survey results

The survey was carried out through self completion structured questionnaire. The respondents were the public servants and officials of the government of Pakistan and Balochistan, serving in the various organizations. Total number of responses was 24. There were only 9 questions on which the respondents presents their humble opinions. Question 9 is about general views and comments where majority of the respondents didnt reply and hence is not discussed in this study. The first question was about the meaning of corruption and only 19 responded. Majority of the respondents (Resp1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10,13,14,15,16,18&19) replied that corruption is illegal accumulation of wealth earned by unfair means (Resp.1) in other words undue advantage someone gets for his personal benefits using or violating or misusing his powers and authority. Resp.3 & 17 suggested that it is an illegal, immoral and unethical activity. Resp.6 is of the opinion that it is an evil including misappropriation and nepotism, whereas Resp.11 defines corruption as Deliberately not fulfilling one's obligations as per law it may be the intentional or non-intentional ignorance from duty. According to the Resp.12, It means bribery, embezzlement and other practices which are not lawful. (For details of responses see Appendix E) Analysis of responses on questions 2 to 8 are displayed in bar charts (see below Figure 1). In these questions almost all the respondents gave their views and can be visualized and understand easily.
20
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Figure 5.1: Analysis of Responses on a survey carried out under this research
5.2 Research Findings

From above discussion and survey a corruption can simply be defined as the misuse of authority for personal gains and ignorance of moral values. 62% of the respondents, in a survey carried out under this study, belief that bribery is the most popular type of corruption (Figure 5.2) and literature review also reveals the same. Whereas nepotism and commission / kickbacks are the second most ways and means of the corruption in Pakistan (Figure 5.1). Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 22
Majority 45% shows their consent that lack of rule of law is the major cause of corruption (Figure 5.2). Poor governance and poverty are the two other major causes (Figure 5.1). Literature review also highlighted many causes but these three may be the primary accelerators of corruption. According to the survey 79% of respondents of the opinion that low salary structure is the major cause of corruption in public sector organizations and the literature review also support it (Figure 5.2). Major impact of corruption is the collapse of institutions (70% respondents) (Figure 5.2). The other area which is affected by the corruption is the degradation of social & moral beliefs.
Figure 5.2: Deduction of the analysis of the survey on corruption UNCAC is the world recognition of corruption is not an issue at national and local levels but also a global problem but in survey about 90% beliefs that it is a national issue (Figure 5.2). Both literature review and survey rectified it as a problem which affects every business of life. Majority of the respondents says that UN has achieved zero percent targets which were prescribed in UNCAC 2003.
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The best solution to fight against corruption is the rule of law in the whole country (70% respondents) (Figure 5.2). The second best solutions recommended by the respondents are political will and fair accountability. The case study of Singapore shows that the political will and fair accountability in a true sense are the prime solution and salaries of the public officers and officials are at par with the market and corporate sectors. Various organizations are presently working against corruption like FIA, NAB, ACEs, Ombudsman, Departmental proceedings under various laws such as FIA Act 1972, NAB Ordinance 1999, E&D Rules 1973 and Special powers Removal from Service Ordinance 2000. There is a lack of coordination among the organizations and need of synthesis among these organizations. Degradation of moral, social and religious beliefs has accelerated the corruption culture in a society
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6 Conclusions
6.1 Recommendations
Fair and an independent judicial system An independent, neutral and educated judiciary play a key role in the state structure and can have a proper check on the functioning of the government at all levels because judiciary has its own tier from top to bottom means from federal government to district government. It should be separated from executive and legislature and should be the custodian of the Constitution of the land. Procedure of appointment of the judges of Supreme Court should be revived and it should not be the will of any one person either President or the Prime Minister rather they should be appointed by the Senate and the Senate should also have the powers to trail against complaints against the Judges. Strengthening of democracy Fair elections and continuation of democracy is a true process of accountability where politicians are accountable and answerable to the people. Strong measures have to be taken for intervention of military and other forces in the political affairs of the state. Improvement in the local government system Though the present local government system under devolution of powers considered as the devolution of corruption at grass root levels along with the democracy but to do away with this system is not the appropriate solution. Two possibly very interesting instruments Citizen Community Boards and the Public Safety Commissions need to be activated / functional, which are still dysfunctional, in a proper way with awareness and role to fight against corruption at lower level. Independent and free media Like Judiciary the media should also be independent and free as per laws of the land. This fourth pillar of state is effective for good governance and watch on the corrupt practices. The government should not manipulate or influence the media for their own benefits and projection by all means. Supreme audit and other unnoticed organizations Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 25
The development of separation of the offices of the Auditor General and Accountant General, in recent past, is creditable. The Auditor General should be empowered to audit fairly in addition to government accounts also the accounts of all public corporations. The Auditor Generals Office should be accountable to the Parliament only. The Auditor General Office may also be independent and should not seek any influence from any part. Public Accounts Committee and the Ombudsman offices need to be activated and functional in a dignified manner with finance and human resources. Independent anti corruption agency Fully independent anti corruption agency like the Independent CPIB in Singapore and Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in Hong Kong have proven their worth, and it is to be hoped that soon GOP would decide to establish such an independent body, with judicial powers and the involvement of Civil Society, and with a clear mandate. Effective and honest law enforcement agencies The police considered as one of the most corrupt agencies of the country. Police reforms, including the establishment of Public Safety Commissions, Criminal Justice Coordination Committees and an independent complaints handling authority. The separation of investigation and prosecution functions should enhance the due process of law. Moreover, the police must be shielded from politics like Nazims at District levels should not be the responsible for law and order. The experience of motorway police and Capital (Islamabad) Police can be replicated in police department with sufficient pay, a well-structured job, effective monitoring and the sense of pride in the job can work superb. A strong public service for effective service delivery Civil service reforms at federal level have been carried out such merit adherence in recruitment & promotions, the pay and pension system like in FBR and Customs. These kinds of measures may also be adopted by the Provinces to the Provincial services as well. According to the Transparency International surveys the pay structure has to be revised. Like Singapore did an exercise by increasing the pay of public officials up to the levels of market and corporate sectors, and corruption factor went down drastically in public sector. The size of gap between the actual and a living wage is four- to fivefold increase. This Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 26
area has to be focused in order to reduce the corruption in public sector and this will not only increase the efficiency in the delivery but also money would be saved too. Like Singapores structure of public service, other important features of a non-corrupt, professional civil service are the adoption, and acceptance by each civil servant, of a good Code of Conduct with clear rules i.e. on the acceptance of gifts and entertainment, conflict of interest and nepotism, systematic monitoring and enforcement of the rules, and a serious disclosure of assets program for senior officials (under which the disclosure forms are actually checked, verified, made publicly accessible, and action is taken, if suspicion of wrongdoing emerges). There needs to be an accessible and well-functioning complaints mechanism, by which clients/citizens can question the delivery of service to them, citizens or citizens organizations can report on wrongdoing they have noticed same as the citizen card system, which has been introduced in India and proved result oriented. Lastly, Removal from Service (Special Powers) Ordinance, 2000 has to be revised where the officer / official should be given right to be heard in writing and in person by fulfilling the standards of justice. Procurement The World Banks Country Procurement Assessment Report of June 2000 presents many suggestions for improvement, which are seems to be practicable in order to achieve transparency, predictability, accountability and quality of procurement. The semi-official, double role of the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) is particularly difficult to accept, and the PEC should be limited to its private sector responsibilities so as to remove the obvious conflict of interest that exists under the present arrangement. The TI suggests the need for full transparency of the bid evaluation process, the need to apply particularly strict and transparent procedures to the selection of consultants, and the desirability of using the TIdeveloped concept of the Integrity Pact to a few selected major investment projects. The Integrity Pact concept has recently been applied to the selection of consultants for the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board K2 Project and has brought highly satisfactory results for KWSB, in terms of significantly lower consultant cost than had been predicted on the basis of past experience. Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta 27
Bribery of Pakistani politicians and officials by external companies (whether done from abroad or through subsidiaries in Pakistan is now a criminal act in all 35 countries which have ratified the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and UNCAC. This trend should be checked and stopped immediately by involving the foreign countries under the provisions of conventions. The role of the private business sector The private business sector should be reminded of its very special responsibility in the countrys renewal efforts. Active bribery and corruption are criminal acts, in Pakistan as elsewhere. Behaviour suggesting that the Government can be held to ransom should not be tolerated. The law offers sanctions, and those sanctions should be applied systematically, so as to achieve a maximum deterrent effect. Freedom of information A courageous Freedom of Information (FOI) related laws which gives citizens the right of full, easy and free access to most information of government. A few sensitive areas like defense-related matters and personal data can be protected and excluded, but the bulk of all information should be accessible. Role of education The elimination of corruption from a society is a long term process and efforts are required to educate the people starting with schoolchildren, the formal education system and general media efforts. Role of civil society There are number of Civil Society organizations which are ready to play their role of contributing to public activities, and at the same time to monitor public institutions and hold their officials to account. Transparency International being an active part of Civil Society, taking in any country a non-confrontational approach and instead seeking to build coalitions between government, the international donor community, the business community and civil society, hopes that the GOP will seriously consider inviting the Civil Society of Pakistan to take on a larger role to benefit both of the Government and all the people in the country.
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6.2 Conclusion
Although steps towards establishing a more efficient business environment have been made, operating a business can be a cumbersome and slow affair in Pakistan. Although Pakistan's legal framework and economic strategy do not discriminate against foreign investment, protection of property rights and contract enforcement is perceived to be problematic because of the irregularities and corruption in the judicial system. Although former government publicly stated that eliminating corruption was a priority, the National Anti corruption Strategy (NACS) primarily focuses on politicians, civil servants, and businesspeople, while virtually ignoring the military and security personnel. The military's presence in the civil service and anti-corruption institutions expanded during previous regime time in office to become widespread. Although the new government has returned serving military personnel to their original assignments, this has left vacuum in the civil service and anti-corruption institutions which still has to be filled. The implementation of the NACS has apparently been constrained by the lack of consistent political will. Whether the new administration will show commitment to implement and further develop the strategy remains to be seen. However, there has been significant backsliding as of late in relation to the National Reconciliation Ordinance and other issues have been prioritized. The most important recommendations that are still to be carried out are: fair and independent judicial system, media and anti corruption agency, fair elections and reforms in the public sector.
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Appendices
Appendix A: Questionnaire on Corruption in Pakistan
Q1. What do you understand by the word Corruption? (Please comment)
Q2. What are the ways and means of Corruption? (Please select any two) a) Bribery b) Extortion e) i) Patronage Any other please specify: g) Institutional corruption b) Nepotism / favoritism d) Kickbacks / commission f) Cronyism h) Embezzlement
Q3. What do you think that why corruption takes place in our society? (Please select any two) a Poverty b) Injustice ) c) Trust deficit d) Immorality e) Psychic disease f) Illiteracy g Poor governance h) No rule of law ) i) Any other please specify: Q4. Why people, especially in public sector, do corruption? (Please select any two) a) Low salaries b) Status conscious c) Insecurity d) Greediness e) Any other please specify: Q5. What are the major impacts of corruption in our society? (Please select any two) a) c) e) g) National economic crises b) National Integration Moral and social beliefs d) Collapse of institutions degradation Unsustainable development f) Generate gap between have and have not Any other please specify: 30
Q6. Do you think corruption is an issue of? (Please select any two) a) Global b) National c) Local d) Dont know e) Any other please specify: Q7. United Nations Convention against corruption (General Assembly resolution 58/4 of 31-10-1003 first time in history convinced that corruption is no longer a local matter but a transnational phenomenon that affects all societies. In this regard UN has taken measures to combat it. How far do you think the UN has achieved its targets? a) 0% b) 5% c) 10% d) 20% e) 50% f) 100% Q8. What should be the measures and methods to prevent and eradicate corruption in our society? (Please select any three) a) c) e) g) i) Political will Building institutions Fair Accountability Promote integrity Patriotism Poverty reduction b) d) f) & h) j) Rule of law Good governance Reframing existing laws of Anti corruption Education One effective Agency in spite of many (FIA, NAB, Anti corruption dept etc.)
k) Any other please specify Q9. Any other comments and views please specify
Thanks for your valuable input and precious time
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Appendix B: Organizational Chart of Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB), Singapore (CPIB 2007)
CPIB
Operations Division
Operations Special Investigation Team Operations Support Intelligence Unit Administration Records & Screening
Admin & Specialist Support Division

Plans and Projects Units
Unit I
Finance
Unit II
Unit III
Personnel
Computer Info. System Unit
Prevention and Review Unit
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Appendix C: Methodology for calculation of CPI 2008 (TI 2008b)

Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2008
1. The CPI gathers data from sources that span the last two years. For the CPI 2008, this includes surveys from 2008 and 2007. 2. The CPI 2008 is calculated using data from 13 sources originated from 11 independent institutions. All sources measure the overall extent of corruption (frequency and/or size of bribes) in the public and political sectors and all sources provide a ranking of countries, i.e., include an assessment of multiple countries. 3. For CPI sources that are surveys, and where multiple years of the same survey are available, data for the last two years are included to provide a smoothing effect. 4. For sources that are scores provided by experts (risk agencies/country analysts), only the most recent iteration of the assessment is included, as these scores are generally peer reviewed and change very little from year to year. 5. Evaluation of the extent of corruption in countries is done by country experts, non-resident and residents. In the CPI 2008, this consists of the following sources: Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, Bertelsmann Transformation Index, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment, Economist Intelligence Unit, Freedom House, Global Insight and Merchant International Group. Additional sources are resident business leaders evaluating their own country; in the CPI 2008, this consists of the following sources: IMD, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, and the World Economic Forum. 6. To determine the mean value for a country, standardization is carried out via a matching percentiles technique. This uses the ranks of countries reported by each individual source. This method is useful for combining sources that have a different distribution. While there is some information loss in this technique, it allows all reported scores to remain within the bounds of the CPI, that is to say, to remain between 0 and 10. 7. A beta-transformation is then performed on scores. This increases the standard deviation among all countries included in the CPI and avoids the process by which the matching percentiles technique results in a smaller standard deviation from year to year. 8. All of the standardised values for a country are then averaged, to determine a country's score. 9. The CPI score and rank are accompanied by the number of sources, high-low range, standard deviation and confidence range for each country. 10. The confidence range is determined by a bootstrap (non-parametric) methodology, which allows inferences to be drawn on the underlying precision of the results. A 90 per cent confidence range is then established, where there is 5 per cent probability that the value is below and 5 per cent probability that the value is above this confidence range. 11. Research shows that the unbiased coverage probability for the confidence range is lower than its nominal value of 90 per cent. The accuracy of the confidence interval estimates increases with a growing number of sources: for three sources, 65.3 per cent; for four sources, 73.6 per cent; for five sources, 78.4 per cent; for six sources, 80.2 per cent; and for seven sources, 81.8 per cent. 12. The overall reliability of data is demonstrated in the high correlation between sources. In this regard, Pearson's and Kendall's rank correlations have been performed, which provided average results of .78 and .63 respectively.
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Appendix D: Corruption Perceptions Index 2008 (TI 2008a)
This Excel-sheet provides the 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index and additional background data. For information on data and methodology please consult the press release and the methodology paper at www.transparency.org or www.ICGG.org Country Rank 1 1 1 4 5 5 7 7 9 9 11 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 18 18 21 22 23 23 23 26 27 28 28 28 31 32 33 33 35 36 36 36 39 40 41 41 43 43 45 45 47 47 47 47 47 52 52 54 55 55 Country / Territory Denmark New Zealand Sweden Singapore Finland Switzerland Iceland Netherlands Australia Canada Luxembourg Austria Hong Kong Germany Norway Ireland United Kingdom Belgium Japan USA Saint Lucia Barbados Chile France Uruguay Slovenia Estonia Qatar Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Spain Cyprus Portugal Dominica Israel United Arab Emirates Botswana Malta Puerto Rico Taiwan South Korea Mauritius Oman Bahrain Macao Bhutan Czech Republic Cape Verde Costa Rica Hungary Jordan Malaysia Latvia Slovakia South Africa Italy Seychelles 2008 CPI Score 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.7 8.7 8.3 8.1 8.1 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 Surveys Used 6 6 6 9 6 6 5 6 8 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 3 4 7 6 5 8 8 4 3 6 3 6 3 6 5 6 4 4 9 9 5 5 5 4 5 8 3 5 8 7 9 6 8 8 6 4 Standard Deviation 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.3 0.6 1.4 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.5 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.6 0.4 0.6 1.9 1.1 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.7 High-Low Range 8.9 - 9.6 8.9 - 9.6 9.1 - 9.4 8.4 - 9.6 7.5 - 9.4 8.5 - 9.4 7.3 - 9.5 8.0 - 9.4 7.2 - 9.4 8.0 - 9.4 7.3 - 9.2 7.3 - 8.9 6.3 - 9.3 7.3 - 8.5 7.3 - 8.9 7.3 - 8.0 6.6 - 8.4 7.1 - 7.6 6.3 - 8.1 5.3 - 8.2 6.6 - 7.5 6.3 - 7.5 5.9 - 7.6 5.9 - 7.7 6.4 - 7.5 6.1 - 7.5 5.3 - 7.2 5.3 - 7.5 4.7 - 7.5 4.6 - 7.3 5.9 - 7.3 5.2 - 7.3 4.7 - 7.3 5.3 - 6.7 3.9 - 7.5 4.6 - 7.3 5.3 - 6.6 4.8 - 7.3 4.9 - 6.4 3.8 - 8.0 4.6 - 7.3 3.5 - 7.5 3.5 - 6.3 3.4 - 6.6 3.9 - 6.6 4.3 - 7.5 3.4 - 6.6 4.6 - 5.6 4.2 - 5.9 2.9 - 7.6 3.3 - 6.8 4.6 - 5.4 3.5 - 5.9 3.8 - 5.3 3.3 - 6.3 3.2 - 7.3 Confidence range 9.1 - 9.4 9.2 - 9.5 9.2 - 9.4 9.0 - 9.3 8.4 - 9.4 8.7 - 9.2 8.1 - 9.4 8.5 - 9.1 8.2 - 9.1 8.4 - 9.1 7.8 - 8.8 7.6 - 8.6 7.5 - 8.6 7.5 - 8.2 7.5 - 8.3 7.5 - 7.9 7.2 - 8.1 7.2 - 7.4 7.0 - 7.6 6.7 - 7.7 6.6 - 7.3 6.5 - 7.3 6.5 - 7.2 6.5 - 7.3 6.5 - 7.2 6.5 - 7.0 6.2 - 6.9 5.6 - 7.0 4.7 - 7.3 5.7 - 6.9 5.9 - 6.8 5.6 - 6.7 4.7 - 6.8 5.6 - 6.3 4.8 - 6.8 5.2 - 6.4 5.3 - 6.3 5.0 - 6.6 5.4 - 6.0 5.1 - 6.3 4.9 - 6.4 4.5 - 6.4 4.3 - 5.9 3.9 - 6.2 4.5 - 5.9 4.8 - 5.9 3.4 - 5.6 4.8 - 5.3 4.8 - 5.4 4.0 - 6.2 4.5 - 5.7 4.8 - 5.2 4.5 - 5.3 4.5 - 5.1 4.0 - 5.5 3.7 - 5.9
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57 58 58 58 61 62 62 62 65 65 67 67 67 70 70 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 80 80 80 80 80 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 92 92 92 92 96 96 96 96 96 96 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 109 109 109 109 109 109 115 115 115 115 115 115 121 121 121 121 121 126
Greece Lithuania Poland Turkey Namibia Croatia Samoa Tunisia Cuba Kuwait El Salvador Georgia Ghana Colombia Romania Bulgaria China Macedonia Mexico Peru Suriname Swaziland Trinidad and Tobago Brazil Burkina Faso Morocco Saudi Arabia Thailand Albania India Madagascar Montenegro Panama Senegal Serbia Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Lesotho Sri Lanka Benin Gabon Guatemala Jamaica Kiribati Mali Bolivia Djibouti Dominican Republic Lebanon Mongolia Rwanda Tanzania Argentina Armenia Belize Moldova Solomon Islands Vanuatu Egypt Malawi Maldives Mauritania Niger Zambia Nepal Nigeria Sao Tome and Principe Togo Viet Nam Eritrea
4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6
6 8 8 7 6 8 3 6 4 5 5 7 6 7 8 8 9 6 7 6 4 4 4 7 7 6 5 9 5 10 7 5 5 7 6 6 7 5 7 6 4 5 5 3 6 6 4 5 4 7 5 7 7 7 3 7 3 3 6 6 4 7 6 7 6 7 3 6 9 5
0.6 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.8 1.6 0.9 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.2 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.7 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.7 1.3
3.5 - 5.3 3.2 - 6.2 3.3 - 5.9 3.3 - 5.9 3.2 - 5.9 3.5 - 5.3 3.4 - 4.9 3.2 - 7.1 3.2 - 5.3 2.5 - 5.9 2.7 - 4.9 2.7 - 5.6 3.3 - 5.1 2.7 - 5.2 2.7 - 4.9 2.4 - 5.6 2.5 - 6.2 1.8 - 5.1 3.2 - 4.5 3.3 - 4.8 3.2 - 4.6 2.7 - 5.3 3.0 - 4.6 3.0 - 4.9 2.5 - 5.3 2.5 - 4.6 2.5 - 4.6 2.4 - 4.5 3.2 - 3.5 2.7 - 3.9 1.8 - 4.9 1.8 - 4.6 2.5 - 4.3 2.7 - 5.3 2.7 - 4.9 2.7 - 3.5 2.6 - 3.9 1.6 - 4.6 2.5 - 3.9 2.7 - 3.9 2.7 - 3.4 1.8 - 5.1 2.7 - 3.4 2.5 - 3.4 2.6 - 3.4 2.7 - 3.3 1.9 - 3.4 2.6 - 3.4 1.8 - 4.2 2.0 - 3.4 2.5 - 3.3 1.8 - 3.4 1.8 - 3.5 2.3 - 3.4 1.8 - 4.2 1.8 - 5.3 2.5 - 3.4 2.5 - 3.4 2.0 - 3.5 1.8 - 3.3 1.5 - 5.3 1.8 - 5.3 1.9 - 3.3 2.1 - 3.3 1.8 - 3.4 1.9 - 3.3 2.1 - 3.3 1.5 - 5.3 1.8 - 3.9 1.4 - 4.6
4.2 - 5.0 4.1 - 5.2 4.0 - 5.2 4.1 - 5.1 3.8 - 5.1 4.0 - 4.8 3.4 - 4.8 3.5 - 5.5 3.6 - 4.8 3.3 - 5.2 3.2 - 4.5 3.2 - 4.6 3.4 - 4.5 3.3 - 4.5 3.4 - 4.2 3.0 - 4.3 3.1 - 4.3 2.9 - 4.3 3.4 - 3.9 3.4 - 4.1 3.3 - 4.0 2.9 - 4.3 3.1 - 4.0 3.2 - 4.0 2.9 - 4.2 3.0 - 4.0 3.0 - 3.9 3.0 - 3.9 3.3 - 3.4 3.2 - 3.6 2.8 - 4.0 2.5 - 4.0 2.8 - 3.7 2.9 - 4.0 3.0 - 4.0 2.9 - 3.4 2.9 - 3.5 2.3 - 3.8 2.9 - 3.5 2.8 - 3.4 2.8 - 3.3 2.3 - 4.0 2.8 - 3.3 2.5 - 3.4 2.8 - 3.3 2.8 - 3.2 2.2 - 3.3 2.7 - 3.2 2.2 - 3.6 2.6 - 3.3 2.7 - 3.2 2.5 - 3.3 2.5 - 3.3 2.6 - 3.1 1.8 - 3.7 2.4 - 3.7 2.5 - 3.2 2.5 - 3.2 2.4 - 3.2 2.4 - 3.1 1.7 - 4.3 2.2 - 3.7 2.4 - 3.0 2.5 - 3.0 2.4 - 3.0 2.3 - 3.0 2.1 - 3.1 1.9 - 3.7 2.4 - 3.1 1.7 - 3.6
35
126 126 126 126 126 126 126 134 134 134 134 138 138 138 141 141 141 141 145 145 147 147 147 147 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 166 166 166 166 166 171 171 173 173 173 176 177 178 178 180
Ethiopia Guyana Honduras Indonesia Libya Mozambique Uganda Comoros Nicaragua Pakistan Ukraine Liberia Paraguay Tonga Cameroon Iran Philippines Yemen Kazakhstan Timor-Leste Bangladesh Kenya Russia Syria Belarus Central African Republic Cte dIvoire Ecuador Laos Papua New Guinea Tajikistan Angola Azerbaijan Burundi Congo, Republic Gambia Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone Venezuela Cambodia Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Congo, Democratic Republic Equatorial Guinea Chad Guinea Sudan Afghanistan Haiti Iraq Myanmar Somalia
2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.0
7 4 6 10 5 7 7 3 6 7 8 4 5 3 7 4 9 5 6 4 7 7 8 5 5 5 6 5 6 6 8 6 8 6 6 5 3 5 7 7 7 5 8 7 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4
0.6 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.6
1.9 - 3.3 2.3 - 2.7 1.8 - 3.5 1.8 - 3.6 1.8 - 3.4 2.1 - 3.3 1.8 - 3.5 1.9 - 3.4 1.8 - 2.9 1.3 - 3.3 1.8 - 3.2 1.8 - 3.2 1.8 - 2.9 1.9 - 2.7 1.8 - 3.3 1.8 - 2.7 1.8 - 2.7 1.8 - 3.4 1.7 - 3.4 1.8 - 2.7 1.4 - 2.7 1.8 - 2.7 1.6 - 3.4 1.3 - 2.7 1.3 - 3.2 1.8 - 2.5 1.5 - 3.3 1.8 - 2.5 1.5 - 2.7 1.0 - 2.7 1.5 - 2.9 1.0 - 2.7 1.3 - 2.5 1.0 - 2.9 1.8 - 2.1 1.4 - 3.0 1.8 - 2.1 1.8 - 2.1 1.8 - 2.1 1.5 - 1.9 1.5 - 2.0 1.1 - 2.7 1.1 - 3.2 0.9 - 2.7 1.5 - 2.1 1.4 - 1.9 1.4 - 1.9 1.0 - 2.1 1.3 - 1.9 1.0 - 1.8 1.0 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.8 1.0 - 1.8 0.3 - 1.8
2.2 - 2.9 2.4 - 2.7 2.3 - 2.9 2.3 - 2.9 2.2 - 3.0 2.4 - 2.9 2.2 - 3.0 1.9 - 3.0 2.2 - 2.7 2.0 - 2.8 2.2 - 2.8 1.8 - 2.8 2.0 - 2.7 1.9 - 2.6 2.0 - 2.7 1.9 - 2.5 2.1 - 2.5 1.9 - 2.8 1.8 - 2.7 1.8 - 2.5 1.7 - 2.4 1.9 - 2.4 1.9 - 2.5 1.6 - 2.4 1.6 - 2.5 1.9 - 2.2 1.7 - 2.5 1.8 - 2.2 1.6 - 2.3 1.6 - 2.3 1.7 - 2.3 1.5 - 2.2 1.7 - 2.1 1.5 - 2.3 1.8 - 2.0 1.5 - 2.4 1.8 - 2.0 1.8 - 2.0 1.8 - 2.0 1.7 - 1.9 1.7 - 1.9 1.5 - 2.2 1.5 - 2.2 1.5 - 2.1 1.6 - 1.9 1.5 - 1.8 1.5 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.9 1.5 - 1.7 1.1 - 1.6 1.1 - 1.7 1.1 - 1.6 1.0 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.4
36
Appendix E: Responses on word corruption on this research questionnaire

Respondents Views
1. Corruption is illegal accumulation of wealth earned by unfair means. it also refers to the undue advantage someone gets using or violating his powers etc 2. A person holding or public position gives undue favour to someone by taking illegal gratification 3. Illegal immoral activity is corruption 4. menting of money, favour and social advantage illegally or using your social position as a public employee or representative 5. Corruption means use of authority without accountability 6. A menace that has crippled societies in general and developing countries in particular. Corruption is a vast term and comprises many evils including misappropriation, nepotism etc. 7. Unlawful and use of ways other than your efforts and services 8. The illegal practice of your powers, non consideration of merit, exploitation of resources dishonestly 9. Misuse of govt. resources (employer's resources) and abuse of authority entrusted by the employer for seeking monetary, economic and other benefits 10. Corruption is a way of accept gratification for duty that has to be done / not done by the office whether legal or illegal 11. Deliberately not fulfilling one's obligations as per law. Distortions may be in terms of monetary or inefficiency. 12. It means bribery, embezzlement and other practices which are not lawful. 13. Unfair use of official authority to generate money or other benefits 14. Misuse of authority for personal benefits 15. Any think which is beyond to rule of law is corruption 16. A person adopting unfair menus to live life. it can at Micro or Macro level depending upon the status of an individual. it could be social, economic, political etc. 17. Corruption can be defined as imbalanced and unethical approach towards fulfillment of one's desires or needs. 18. Doing beyond the limitations. 19. Corruption is any think which comes to you because of your official stature for want of wrongful acts / deeds
37
References
AGP, 2008. Auditor General of Pakistan. [Online]. Available at: http://www.agp.gov.pk/ [accessed on 16 November 2008] American Heritage, 2005. Dictionary.com :The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Source location: Houghton Mifflin Company. Available at: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/patronage [accessed 25th November 2008. BACP (Business Anti Corruption Portal), 2008. Pakistan Country Profile. [Online]. Available at: http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/normal.asp?pageid=464 [accessed on 13th November 2008] BOI, 2008. Board of Investment. [Online]. Available at http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/ [accessed on 23rd November 2008] Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, 2008. Answers.com. [online]. Available at: http://www.answers.com/corruption [accessed on 14th November 2008] Brown, Deryck.R., 2007. Introduction to Corruption & Anti Corruption. Singapore Commonwealth Third Country Programme: Better Governance Managing Corruption. Singapore Civil Service College Business Dictionary, 2008. Answers.com. [Online]. Available at: http://www.answers.com/graft [accessed on 26th November 2008] Cambridge, 2008. Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary. [Online]. Available at: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=25300&dict=CALD [accessed on 26th November 2008] Constitution of Pakistan 1973 Corruption (Confiscation of Benefits) Act (Singapore) 1989 Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefits) Act (Singapore) 1999 CPDI-Pakistan. Centre for Peace and Development Initiatives Pakistan. [Online]. Available at: http://www.cpdi-pakistan.org/ [accessed on 23 November 2008] CPIB, 2007. Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau. Bulletin of Prime Ministers Office Singapore. Available at http://app.cpib.gov.sg/newcpib/user/default.aspx?pgID=21 Encarta, 2008. Dictionary. [Online]. Available at: http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861600531/corruption.html [accessed on 14th November 2008] FIA Act 1974 Freedom of Information Ordinance, 2002 GI 2007. Global Integrity. [Online]. Available at: http://www.globalintegrity.org/pakistan/2007 [accessed on 14th November 2008]
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Khan, M. Asghar., 2005. We have learnt nothing from history, Pakistan: Politics and Military Power. Oxford University Press Law Encyclopedia, 2008. Answers.com. [Online]. Available at: http://www.answers.com/topic/bribery [accessed on 26th November 2008] LLL (Lectric Law Library), 2008. The Lectric Law Librarys Lexicon on Extortion. [Online]. Available at: http://www.lectlaw.com/def/e073.htm [accessed on 26th November 2008] Local Government Ordinance, 2001 Mahmood, Amjad., 2008. Pakistans National Anti Corruption Strategy: Background, Status, Opportunities and Challenges. [Online]. Available at: http://www.u4.no/training/incountryopen/pakistan-materials/national-ac-strategy-pakistan.pdf [accessed on 13th November 2008] NAB, 2008. National Accountability Bureau. [Online]. Available at: http://www.nab.gov.pk/ [accessed on 15 November 2008] NACS, 2002. National Anti Corruption Strategy. Islamabad: NAB National Accountability Bureau Ordinance, 1999 National Reconciliation Ordinance, 2007 Noorani, A.G., 2008. The Medias Sting. Dawn. 22nd November. Ombudsman, 2008. Ombudsman - Wafaqi Mohtasib of Pakistan. [Online]. Available at: http://www.mohtasib.gov.pk/ [accessed on 23rd November 2008] Pakistan Penal Code 1860 Philosophy of Religion, 2008. Inherited Corruption. [Online]. Available at: http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/arguments-for-atheism/problems-with-originalsin/inherited-corruption/ [accessed on 14th November 2008] PPRA, 2008. Public Procurement Regulatory Authority. [Online]. Available at: http://www.ppra.gov.pk/ [accessed on 15th November 2008] Prevention of Corruption Act (Singapore) 1960 Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 Public Procurement Rules, 2004 Robson, C., 2002. Real world research: a resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Shian, 2007. Singapores principle of governance and structure of government. Singapore Civil Service College Special Powers from Removal of Service Ordinance, 2000 TI (Transparency International), 2008a. Corruption Perceptions Index 2008 of world countries. [Online]. Available at: http://www.transparency.org.pk/documents/CPI2008/CPI2008_table.xls [accessed on 16th 17th November 2008]
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TI, 2008b. Transparency International the global coalition against corruption. [online]. Available at: http//www.transparency.org/ [accessed on 16th November 2008] TIP, 2008. Transparency International Pakistan. [Online]. Available at: http://www.transparency.org.pk/ [accessed on 16 November 2008]. UN, 2004. United Nations Convention against Corruption. New York: UN UNDP, 2005. Institutional Arrangements to Combat Corruption: A Comparative Study.Thailand. Available at: http://regionalcentrebangkok.undp.or.th/practices/governance/documents/Corruption_Comparati ve_Study-200512.pdf [accessed on 25 January 2007] WB (World Bank 2008). Module IV: Causes of Corruption. [Online]. Available at http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/35971/mod04.pdf [accessed on 25th November 2008] Webster (Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary), 2006. Dictonary.com. [Online]. Available at: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nepotism (accessed 25th November 2008). Wikipedia, 2008. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Corruption. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption [accessed on 16th November 2008] WordNet, 2008. Answers.com. [Online]. Available at: http://www.answers.com/cronyism [accessed on 26th November 2008. Zaman, Viqar., 2008. How to curb corruption. Dawn. 20th October.
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National Institute of Management Quetta

Anti-corruption drive: in global perspective with special reference to Pakistan

Advisor: Hamid Ghani Anjum, Chief Instructor NIM, Quetta

Mid Career Management Course 4

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................5 2.1 RESEARCH

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

4.3.13 4.3.14 4.3.15 4.3.16

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

1.3 Purpose and scope of study

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

1.6 Research Problem

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

2.1 Research design

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

3.1 Global standpoint

Adopted by Organization of American States Council of the EU Organization for Economic

Kofi Annan. Ex Secretary General of the United Nations

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

3.2 Major cases of corruption in the world

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

3.3 Case Study Singapore

3.3.2 CPIB and Legislation

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

3.3.3 Public sector reforms

3.3.4 Principles of governance

3.3.5 Example of leadership

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

4 Anti-Corruption drive in Pakistan

4.1 Ways and means of corruption

4.2 Why corruption takes place (Root Causes)

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

4.3 Anti-corruption Framework and Initiatives to combat corruption

4.3.2 Governments Strategies

4.3.3 National Accountability Bureau (NAB)

4.3.4 The Federal Investigation Agency (FIA)

4.3.5 Anti-Corruption Establishments (ACEs)

I have served in the S&GAD

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

4.3.6 The Auditor General of Pakistan

4.3.9 Public procurement

4.3.10 Public Accounts Committees (PACs)

4.3.11 Special Powers from Removal of Service Ordinance, 2000

4.3.12 Public Safety Commission (PSC)

4.3.14 Civil society of Pakistan

4.3.15 Transparency International Pakistan (TIP)

4.3.16 The centre for peace and development Initiatives (CPDI-Pakistan)

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

5 Research Analysis and findings

5.1 Analysis of survey results

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

5.2 Research Findings

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta

Thanks for your valuable input and precious time

Tariq Qamar Baloch 2008, NIM Quetta