Numerical DifferentiationII

10
www.mathematicsondemand.com Prof OP Dogra ( 9876486598)

i.e 0 10 . 0
4
= =
dp
dy
e i
dp
dy
or
( )
0
2
1 2
0
2
0
= A
+ A y
p
y
0
2
1 2
66
0
2
= A
+ y
p
or ( ) 0 49
2
1 2
66 =
+
p

( ) p p 18 49 132 49 1 2 132 = + = i.e. 8469 . 1
98
181
= = p
( ) ( ) ( ) 05 . 8469 . 1 60 . + = x i from
( ) app 692 . 092345 . 60 . = + = , .692 is close to .60
So we use Newtons forward difference formula from (2)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
49 . 8469 . . 8469 . 1
66 8469 . 1 6221 10
4
+ + + = y 426 . 6137 =
y = .6137 (app) .6137 .692 theMin value of y at x = =
OR we can use Backward formula 75 . 692 . to near x =

Derivative using Newtons backward interpolation formula

( ) ( )( )
.... ..........
3
! 3
2 1
2
! 2
1
+ V
+ +
+ V
+
+ V + =
n
y
p p p
n
y
p p
n
y p
n
y y
h p
n
x x where + =

(
+ V + V + V =
=
(
.......... ..........
3
3
1
2
2
1 1
n
y
n
y
n
y
h
n
x x
dx
dy

2
2
5
1 11
2 3 4 5
2 12 6
d y
y y y y
dx n n n n
h x x
n
l
l
l
l
= \ \ \ \
l
l
l
l
=
l

(
+ V + V =
=
(
(
... .......... ..........

4
2
3
3
3
1
3
3
n
y
n
y
h
n
x x
dx
y d

Q1. Find the table following the from 4 . 0 = x at
dx
dy

4 . 3 . 2 . 1 . ; x
49182 . 1 34986 . 1 22140 . 1 10517 . 1 : y
Sol: 4 . = x lies at the end we use Newtons Backward formula
4 . 0 & 4 . 0 , 1 . = = = x
n
x h
11

h p
n
x x + = 0
1
4 . 4 .
=
=
h
n
x x
p

Table:
x
y
5
10 y V
5
10 y
2 5
10 V y
3 5
10 V
.1

.2

.3

.4
110517

122140

134986

149182

11623

12846

14196

1223

1350

127

By Newtons Backward formula
( ) ( ) 149133 127
3
1
1350
2
1
14196
1 .
1
5
10 =
(
+ + =
=
|
.
|
\
|
n
x x
dx
dy

49133 . 1
4 .
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
x
dx
dy

Q2. The distance (s) covered as a function of time (t) by an athlete during his/ her run for
the 50 metres race is given in the following table:
( ) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 secs Time
50 5 . 36 5 . 24 5 . 15 5 . 8 5 . 2 0 tance Dis
Determine the speed of the athlete at t = 5 secs.

Sol: t = 5 near the end we use backward formula

12

0
4
, 0 . 1
3
, 0 . 3
2
, 12 = V = V = V = V
n
s
n
s
n
s
n
s Here
By Newtons backward formula

(
V + V + V + V + V =
=
(
n
s
n
s
n
s
n
s
n
s
h
n
t t
dx
dy
5
5
1
4
4
1
3
3
1
2
2
1 1

( ) ( ) ( )
(
+ + + + = 5 . 3
5
1
0 1
3
1
3
2
1
12
1
1

= 13.13
or sec / 13 . 13
5
m
dt
ds
t
=
(
=

Q3. The following data given the corresponding values of heat generated by the carnot
engine (Q) in calories and time (t) in seconds.
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 : t
t s
s V
s
2
V s
3
V s
4
V s
5
V s
6
V

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

2.5

8.5

15.5

24.5

36.5

50

2.5

6.0

7.0

9.0

12.0

13.5

3.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

1.5

-2.5

1.0

1.0

-1.5

3.5

0.0

-2.5

-3.5

-2.5

1
13

50 5 . 36 5 . 24 5 . 15 5 . 8 5 . 2 0 : Q
Find the instantaneous rate of heat flows in calories per second at t = 5 secs.
Q4. A rod is rotating in a plane about one of its ends. If the following table gives the
angle u radians through which the rod has turned for different values of time t
seconds. Find its angular velocity and angular acceleration at t = 0.7 secs.
( ) 0 . 1 8 . 0 6 . 0 4 . 0 2 . 0 0 sec in t
20 . 3 0 . 2 10 . 0 48 . 0 12 . 0 0 ) ( radians in u
Sol: t = .7 sec lies near the end of table we use Newtons backward formula
Table:

7 . , 2 . , 0 . 1 = = = t h
n
t

n
t h p t + = or
t t
n
t t p h p
h n
= = =
5 . 1
2 .
3 .
2 .
0 . 1 7 .
=
= p
By Newtons backward formula 0 = p we use the formula
t u u V
u
2
V u
3
V u
4
V u
5
V

0

.2

.4

.6

.8

10

0

.12

.48

1.10

2.0

3.20

.12

.36

.62

.90

1.20

.24

.26

.28

.30

.02

.02

.02

0

0

0
14

(
(
+ V
+ +
+ V
+
+ V = .......... .......... ..........
3
6
2 6
2
3
2
2
1 2 1
n
p p
n
p
n
h dt
d
u u u
u

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 1.5 1 3 1.5 6 1.5 2
1
1.20 .30 .02
.2 2 6
l
' '
1 1

l
1 1
1 1
l =
! !
1 1 l
1 1
l 1 1 + +
l

sec / 496 . 4 rad = , ( )
(
+ V + + V = ......... .......... ..........

3
1
2
2
1
2
2
n
p
n
h dt
d
u u
u

( )
( ) ( ) | | 02 . 1 5 . 1 30 .
2 .
1
2
+ + = = 7.25 radian / sec.
Q5. From the table values of x and y, obtain first & 2
nd
derivatives for the function

x
e y = at x = 2.0 & x = 2.2
2 . 2 2 8 . 1 6 . 1 4 . 1 2 . 1 0 . 1 = x
0250 . 9 3891 . 7 0496 . 6 9530 . 4 0552 . 4 3201 . 3 7183 . 2 = y
Sol: As the derivative are required at x = 2 & x = 2.2 which are near the end of table.
we use Newtons backward formula

x
y
4
10 y V
4
10 y
2 4
10 V y
3 4
10 V y
4 4
10 V y
5 4
10 V y
6 4
10 V

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

27183

33201

40552

49530

60496

6018

7351

8978

10966

13395

1333

1627

1988

2429

294

361

441

535

67

80

94

13

14

1
15

2

2.2

73891

90250

16359
2964
At x = 2
1 .
2 .
2 .
2 .
2 . 2 2
, 2 .
0
= =
= =
h
x x
p h Here
By Newtons formula

(
(
(
(
V + V +
V + V + V + V
=
=
(
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
h
n
x x
dx
dy
6
6
1
5
5
1
4
4
1
3
3
1
2
2
1
1

&
(
+ V + V + V + V =
=
(
(
......
5
6
5
4
24
11
3 2
2
1
2
2
n
y
n
y
n
y
n
y
h
n
x x
dx
y d

2 =
n
x at
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
+ + + + =
(
=
13
5
1
80
4
1
441
3
1
2429
2
1
13395
2 .
1
10
0 . 2
4
x
dx
dy

73896 =

2.0
7.3896
x
dy
dx
=
(
=
(

&
( )
( ) ( )
2
4
2
2
2.0
1 11 5
10 2429 441 80 13
24 6 .2
x
d y
dx
=
( (
= + + +
( (

| | 58 . 72937 83 . 10 67 . 36 441 2429 25 = + + + =
2938 . 7
0 . 2
2
2
=
=
(
(
x
dx
y d

(ii) Take 2 . 2 =
n
x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
+ + + + + =
(
1
6
1
14
5
1
94
4
1
525
3
1
2964
2
1
16359
2 .
1
10
20 . 2
4
dx
dy

90228 =
0228 . 9
2 . 2
=
|
.
|
\
|
dx
dy

16

and
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(
+ + + + =
=
(
(
1
180
137
14
6
5
94
24
11
535 2964
2 .
1
2 . 2
10
2 2
2
4
x
dx
y d

| | 75 . 88612 76 . 67 . 1 4308 535 2964 25 = + + + + =
8613 . 8
2 . 2
2
2
=
=
(
(
x
dx
y d

Derivatives using Striling formula:

( )
.
2 ! 3
1
2 2
2
3
1
3 2 2
1
2
2
1 0
0
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
+ A +
(
A + A
+ =

y y p p
y
p y y
p y y

( ) ( ) ( )
..........
2 ! 5
2 1
! 4
1
3
5
2
5 2 2 2 2
2
4
2 2 2
+
(
(
A + A
+ A
y y p p p
y
p p

( ) 1
( ) 2
0
0

= + =
h
x x
p h p x x ,
h dx
dp 1
=
from (2) p = 0 at
0
x x =

(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
A + A +
+ A
+
(
(
A + A
|
|
.
|
\
|

A + |
.
|
\
|
A + A
=
(
=
....
2 120
4 15 5
24
2 4
2 6
1 3
2
1
3
5
2
5 2 4
2
4
3
2
3
1
3 2
1
2 1 0
0
y y p p
y
p p
y y p
y p
y y
h dx
dy
x x

If then x x at p
0
0 = =

(
(
(
(
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
A + A
=
(

=
......... ..........
2 30
1
2 6
1
2
1
3
5
2
5
2
3
1
3
1 0
0
y y
y y y y
h dx
dy
x x

( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
+
A + A
+ A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
+ A
=
(
(
...... ..........
2 12
3 2
12
1 6
2
2
1
&
3
5
2
5 3
2
4
2 3
1
3
1
2
2 2
2
y y p p
y
p y
p y
h dx
y d

0 = p putting

(
A + A A =

. .......... .......... ..........
90
1
12
1 1
3
6
2
4
1
2
2 2
2
y y y
h dx
y d

17

Q1. Find
dx
dy
at x = .6 of the function ( ) x f y = where
8 . 7 . 6 . 5 . 4 . : x
6510818 . 2 3275054 . 2 0442376 . 2 7974426 . 1 5836494 . 1 : y
6 . = x (is in middle of table)
we use Striling formula for differentiation

Table:

Here 1 . , 8 . , 7 . , 4 . , 5 . , 6 .
2 1 2 1 0
= = = = = =

h x x x x x
34710 , 38358 , 2467950 , 2832678
2
3
1
3
1 0
= A = A = A = A

y y y y

(
(
(
(
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
A + A
=
=
(

........ ..........
3 30
1
2 6
1
2
1
0 3
5
2
5
2
3
1
3
1 0
y y
y y y y
h
x x
dx
dy

p
x
y
7
10 y A
7
10 y
2 7
10 A y
3 7
10 A y
4 7
10 A

-2

-1

0

1

2

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

15836494

17874426

20442376

2327054

26510818

2137932

2467950

2832678

3235764

330018

364728

403084

34710

38358

3648
18

(
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
=
(
....
1
34710 38358
12
1
2
2467950 2832678
2
1
1 .
1
6 .
10
7
x
dx
dy

| | there is y of term No
2
5
26442250

A =
. 644225 . 2
6 .
Ans
x
dx
dy
=
=
(

Q2. A rod is moving in a plane the following table given the angle u in radian through
which the rod has turned for various values of t seconds.
2 . 1 1 8 . 6 . 4 . 2 . 0 : t
67 . 4 20 . 3 02 . 2 12 . 1 49 . 12 . 0 : u
Calculate the angular velocity & angular acc. Of the rod
When x = .6
Sol: Angular velocity
dt
du
= & Angular acc.
2
2
dt
d u
=
Since .6 lies in the middle. We use striling formula

H

t
p
u u A
u
2
A u
3
A u
4
A u
5
A u
6
A
0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2
-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3
0

.12

.49

1.12

2.02

3.20

4.67

.12

.37

.63

.90

1.18

1.47

.25

.26

.27

.28

.29

.01

.01

.01

.01

0

0

0

0

0

0
19

here 2 . , 6 .
0
= = h t

27 . , 63 . , 90 .
1
2
1 0
= A = A = A

u u u
01 . , 01 .
2
3
1
3
= A = A

u u
Now
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
A A
=
(

=
....
2 30
1
2 6
1
2
1
3
5
2
5
2
3
1
3
1 0
6 .
u u u u u u u
h dt
d
t
0
1
01 . 01 .
12
1
2
63 . 90 .
2 .
1
+
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
= | | 815 . 3 0017 . 765 .
2 .
1
12
02 .
2
56 . 1
2 .
1
= =
(
=

(
+ A A =
(
(

=
..........
12
1 1
2
4
1
2
2
6 .
2
2
u u
u
h dt
d
t

( )
( ) . 75 . 6 27 . 25 0
12
1
27 .
2 .
1
2
Ans = =
(
=
Q3. Find ( ) 93
'
f from the following table:
120 105 90 75 60 : x
( ) 7 . 37 9 . 40 2 . 43 2 . 38 2 . 28 : x f
Hint: Here
5
1
15
90 93
0
=
=
h
x x
p

(
+ A +
A + A
=

......... ..........
2
1
1
2 1 0
y p
y y
h dx
dy
use
Derivatives using Bessels formula
Consider the Bessels form

( )
( )
( )
1
3
0
2
1
2
0 0
! 3
1
2
1
2
1
! 2
1

A
|
.
|
\
|

+ A + A
+ A + = y
p p p
y y
p p
y p y y

( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) 1
! 4
2 1 1
1
4
2
4
A + A
+
+

y y
p p p p

h p x x + =
0

( )
1
3
2
0
2
1
2
0
! 3
2
1
3 3
2
1
.
! 2
1 2

A
+
+ A + A
+ A = y
p p
p
y
dp
dy
y y
( ) .......
2
1
.
! 4
2 2 6 4
1
4
2
2
3
+ A + A
+
+

y y
p p p

If p = 0 , at
0
x x =
20

Then
( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
A + A
A A + A +
A + A + A A
=
|
.
|
\
|

=
........ ..........
240
1
120
1
24
1
12
1
4
1
1
2
6
3
6
2
5
1
4
2
4
1
3
0
2
1
2
0
0
y y
y y y
y y y y
h dx
dy
x x

&
(
(
(
(
(
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + A
+
+
A + A
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

.........
2 ! 4
2 12 12
! 3
3 6
2
1
1
4
2
4 2
1
0
2
1
2
2 2
2
y y p p
y
p y y
h dx
y d

at
0
x x = when p = 0
( ) ( )
(
+ A + A A A + A =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

.......
24
1
2
1
2
1 1
0
1
4
2
4
1
3
0
2
1
2
2 2
2
y y y y y
h
x x
dx
y d

Q1. Find the value of
( )
'
4 f from the following table using Bessels formula
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 : x
( ) 18 12 8 5 3 1 0 : x f
Sol:
x
p y
y A
y
2
A y
3
A y
4
A y
5
A y
6
A

1

2

3

4

5

6

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

0

1

3

5

8

12

1

2

2

3

4

1

0

1

1

2

-1

1

0

1

2

-1

1

-3

2

5

21

7

3

18
6

( ) ( )
( )
(
(
(
(
A + A A
A + A + A + A + A A
=
(

=
2
6
3
6
2
5
1
4
2
4
1
3
0
2
1
2
0
4
240
1
120
1
[
24
1
12
1
4
1
1
y y y
y y y y y y
h dx
dy
x

Here h = 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 3
1
3
1
2
0
2
0
= A = A = A = A

y y y y

0 , 5 , 2 , 1 1
2
6
3
6
2
5
1
4
2
4
= A = A = A = A = A

y y y y y

Putting in above formula we get

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
3 1 1 1
1
4 12
1 1 1
1
4 1 1 2 5 0
24 120 240
dy
dx
x
l
l

l
l
l
=
l
l
l
l
=
l
l

4625 . 2
240
591
240
5 4 120 720
48
1
60
1
0 0
2
1
3 = =

= + + =

Derivative using Newtons divided difference formula

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
, , , x x x f x x x x x x f x x x f x f + + =
( )( ) ( ) ( ) .......... .......... , , ,
3 2 1 0 2 1 0
+ + x x x x f x x x x x x

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )
2 1 0 1 0 1 0
'
, , , x x x f x x x x x x f x f + + =

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) | | ( ) . .......... .......... , , ,
3 2 1 0 2 1 2 0 1 0
+ + + + x x x x f x x x x x x x x x x x x

Q1. Given the following pairs of values of x & y.
10 8 4 2 1 : x
( ) 27 21 5 1 0 : x f y =
22

Determine first derivative at x = .4

Sol: x values are not equally spaced we use Newtons divided difference formula

x ( ) x f ( ) x f A
( ) x f
2
A ( ) x f
3
A ( ) x f
4
A

1

2

4

8

10

0

1

5

21

27

1
1 2
0 1
=

2
2 4
1 5
=

4
4 8
5 21
=

3
8 10
21 27
=

333 .
1 4
1 2
=

333 .
2 8
2 4
=

1667 .
4 10
4 3
=

0

.1667 .333
10 2
0.0625

=

-.0069

4 , 8 , 4 , 2 , 1
3 2 1 0
= = = = = x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
0
2
1 0 0 0 0
x f x x x x x f x x x f x f A + A + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
0 1 2 0
x x x x x x f x + A

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
4
0 1 2 3 0
1 x x x x x x x x f x + A
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )
0
2
1 0 0
'
x f x x x x x f x f A + + A =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
3
0 1 0 2 1 2 0
x x x x x x x x x x x x f x + + + A (

23

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
0 1 2 0 1 3 4
0
0 2 3 1 2 3
x x x x x x x x x x x x
f x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
l

l
^
l

l
l

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | 0 . 4 4 1 4 2 4 1 4 333 . 2 4 1 4 1 4
'
+ + + + = f

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0069 .
8 4 4 4 2 4 8 4 4 4 1 4
8 4 2 4 1 4 4 4 2 4 1 4
+ +
+
+
= 1+ 1.665+0-24(-.0069)
= 2.8321

Q2. Using the following data, find ( ) 5
'
f
9 7 4 3 2 0 : x
( ) 932 466 112 58 26 4 : x f
(Try) Ans. 98
Q3. Find ( ) 10
'
f for the following data:
34 27 11 5 3 : x
( ) 35606 17315 899 23 13 : x f
(Try) Ans. 232.8688

Numerical DifferentiationII

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... .......... ..........

+ V + + V = ......... .......... ..........

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