Intelligence y y Grammar- enables the communicator to combine arbitrary symbols to convey meaning Has 3 aspects o Phonology: the rules

for combining sounds to make words o Syntax: the rules for combining words to make sentences o Semantics: the rules used to communicate meaning Phonemes: smallest sound unit in speech Morphemes: the smallest unit of language that carry meaning Surface structure: literal ordering of words Deep structure: underlying representation of meaning Pragmatics: describes how practical knowledge can be used both to comprehend the intentions of speakers and to produce an effective response Language development o 3-5 weeks: cooing o 4-6 months: babbling( repetition of vowel consonant combos) o 24 months: vocabulary of nearly 200 words o Preschool years: produce and comprehend sentences Rosch and mervis: family resemblance- members of the same category will share certain core features. Prototype: representative member of a category Solving problems o well defined problem: well stated goal, clear starting point and easy way to tell when a solution has been reached o ill-defined problem: don t have well stated goals, clear starting points or effective mechanisms for evaluating progress Functional fixedness: tendency to see objects and their functions in certain fixed and typical ways Algorithms: step by step rules or procedures that guarantee a solution Heuristics: problem solving rules of thumb Means end analysis: attacks problems by devising means or action that reduce the gap between the current starting point and the desired goals Working backwards: starting at the goal state and trying to move back towards the starting point Search for analogies: see a resemblance between the current problem and some task that you solved in the past Mental set: tendencies to rely on particular problem solving strategies, need to think differently Insight: solution seems to pop into mind Decision making: deals with how we evaluate and choose from among alternatives/usually some risk involved Framing: the alternatives that are presented/can influence decisions

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Confirmation bias: tendency to seek out and use information that supports and confirms a prior decision or belief Belief persistence: tendency to cling to initial beliefs even when confronted with disconfirming evidence Conjunction error: see event as + likely as details becomes more specific Decision making heuristic o Representative heuristic: you arrive at your decision by comparing the similarity of the object or event in question, considering more info that may not be represented (make conjunction error) o Availability heuristic : estimate the odds of an event occurring on the basis of how easily examples come to mind/ info slanted or atypical o Anchoring and adjustment: judgments are influenced by initial estimates. Using a starting point and making adjustments even when the anchor is random value of heuristics o usually effective o economical o STM limits o Often missing information to make decision o Background knowledge matters in right decision

y o o o Chapter 10- Intelligence Traditional view of intelligence: simple abilities Internal capacity/ability accounting for individual diff in mental test performance o Enables to adapt to a changing environment(s) Psychometric: to measure the mind, intelligence is determined by administering a variety of tests that measure specific mental skills such as verbal comprehension, memory or spatial ability  Using psychological tests: mathematical, spatial and verbal  Positive way of assessing rather than theory Factor analysis: procedure for analyzing the relationship or correlations among test scores Spearman-Factor analysis  g: general intelligence helped to explain performance on a wide variety of mental tests  s: specific intelligence Cattell and horn o Fluid intelligence is a measure of your ability to solve problems, reason, and remember in ways that are relatively uninfluenced by experience. (natural ability) o crystallized intelligence: measures acquired knowledge and ability Gardner: multiple intelligences: ability to solve problems that matter in a specific cultural setting o Set of separate and independent special intelligences o Used case studies of musicians, poets and scientists Gardner study approach: studies reports of particular individuals with special abilities or talents

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8 district kinds of intelligences o Musical intelligence: gifted musicians or child prodigies o Bodily- kinesthetic intelligence: shown by gifted athletes, dancers, or surgeons who have control over body movements o Logical mathematical intelligence: the type of ability displayed by superior scientists and logical problem solvers o Linguistic intelligence: the type of ability shown by great writers or poets who can express themselves verbally o Spatial intelligence: the type of ability shown by those with superior navigation skills o Interpersonal intelligence: ability shown by those who can easily infer other peoples moods, temperament, or intentions and motivations o Intrapersonal intelligence: the ability shown by someone who has great insight into his or her own feelings and emotions o Naturalist intelligence: ability to observe and interact with diverse species in nature Triarchic theory: good example of an eclectic approach o Analytical intelligence the ability to process formation analytically o creative intelligence the ability to cope with novel tasks o practical intelligence; the ability to solve problems posed by unique cultural surroundings Achievement tests: measure your current knowledge in a particular subject Aptitude tests: measure the ability to learn in a particular area to acquire the knowledge needed for success in a given domain Reliability: measure of the consistency of the test results Validity: how well a test measures what it s supposed to measure Standardization: testing procedures like the SATS Mental age: Binet and Simon called mental level, defined as the chronological age that best fit the child s current level of intellectual performance Intelligence quotient (IQ)= mental age/ chronological age x 100- IQ is used to measure a baseline for average intelligence Deviation IQ: average score in the distribution Mental retardation: an IQ score of 70 or below- diagnosis before age 18 Savant: shows limited intellectual or social functioning but exhibits tremendous gifts Ex. Calendric savant- name weekday corresponding to particular date Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, understand, and express emotion Tacit knowledge: unspoken practical know- how Labeling: IQ label-expectations, teachers interact with kids Test bias: poor performance because tests built in biases, most IQ tests- white middle class psychologists Culture fair tests: assess intelligences Stereotype threat: expectations felt about performance due to negative stereotypes about his/her groups abilities Important aspects to consider: traditional view-reasoning, analytical o other conceptualizations

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creativity,practical, fluid vs. crystallized intelligences