1

Solitons and Integrable Field Theories

Luiz A. Ferreira
Instituto de Fsica de S ao Carlos, USP, Brazil
laf@ifsc.usp.br
Cambridge, 11th December 2007
2
Searching for (hidden) symmetries
Exact results require high level of symmetries
Local eld theories are subjected to Coleman-Mandula
Supersymmetry is an improvement
Flat connections on loop spaces may be a possibility
Look for operators that evolve as ( isospectral evolution )
W (t) = U W (0) U
1
Eigenvalues are conserved charges
W (t) | = |
d
d t
= 0
3
A standard result
A

: Flat connection on space-time ( F

= 0 )
d W
d s
+A

d x

d s
W = 0 W = P e

_
ds A

d x

d s
W
C
L
W
C
0
= W
C
t
W
C
L
W
C
t
= W
C
L
W
C
0
W
1
C
L
4
2D Integrable Theories
The sine-Gordon case
A
+
= e
i
T
+
+e
i
T

= i

T
3
+

2
16
_
T

+
1

T
+
_
with
[ T
3
, T

] = T

[ T
+
, T

] = 2 T
3
The at connection condition implies the sine-Gordon eq.
F
+
= [
+
+A
+
,

+A

] =
i
4
_

2
+

2

sin()
_
T
3
5
The role of loop spaces
Introduce at 1-form connection A in loop space
F = A+A A = 0
and get isospectral evolution
W(t) = U W(0) U
1
W = P e
_
A
6
Implementing it
For a space-time M of d + 1 dimensions introduce the loop space
a

d1
(M, x
0
) = { : S
d1
M | (0) = x
0
}
Build the loop space connection A out of a tensor B

1
...
d
, and a
connection A

dened on M, as
A
_

W
1
B

1
...
d
W d

1
...
d1
x

d
with being a d 1 dimensional surface and x

d
variations
perpendicular to it. With W same as before.
a
Orlando Alvarez, L.A.F. e J. S anchez Guillen,
hep-th/9710147, Nucl. Phys. B529 (1998) 689-736
7
Locality in space-time requires
A = 0 and A A = 0
which in space-time becomes
F

= 0 D B = 0
with A

T and B

1
...
d
P
[ T , T ] T
[ T , P ] P
[ P , P ] = 0
Conserved currents are
J

1
...
d
W
1
B

1
...
d
W

= 0
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Where it works
Self-dual Yang-Mills
Bogomolny equations
-models in any d
CP
1
and submodel (baby skyrmions)
Skyrme-like models (hopons)
etc
In general integrability is accompanied by conformal symmetry.
However, we are far from the structures of 2d integrable theories.
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An integrable theory in 4d
Consider the following theory in 3 + 1 Minkowski space-time
S =
_
d
4
xH
2

where
H

= 2i
(

)
(1+ | u |
2
)
2
= n (

n)
with n S
2
and u is its stereographic projection
n =
_
u +u

, i (u u

) , | u |
2
1
_
/
_
1+ | u |
2
_
It is invariant under
Area preserving dieomorphisms on S
2
Conformal symmetry - SO(4, 2)
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Its eq. of motion admit the zero curvature representation
A

=
1
(1+ | u |
2
)
(i

uT
+
i

+ (u

u) T
3
)

B
(j)

=
1
(1+ | u |
2
)
_
K

P
(j)
1
K

P
(j)
1
_
; K

u
based on the sl(2) algebra
[T
3
, T

] = T

, [T
+
, T

] = 2 T
3
and where P
(j)
m
transforms under integer spin j representations of
sl(2) (m = j, j + 1, . . . , j 1, j)
[T
3
, P
(j)
m
] = mP
(j)
m
[T

, P
(j)
m
] =
_
j(j + 1) m(m1) P
(j)
m1
[P
(j)
m
, P
(j

)
m

] = 0
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Connection with Yang-Mills Theory
Cho-Faddeev-Niemi decomposition

= C

n +

n n +

n +

n n
Conjecture: At low energies all degrees of freedom are frozen except
n. The eective Lagrangean of SU(2) YM theory whithout matter
is then an extension of the Skyrme-Faddeev model
a
S = m
2
_
d
4
x (

n)
2
+
1
e
2
_
d
4
xH
2

+ four derivatives terms

a
L.D. Faddeev, A. Niemi, hep-th/9610193, Nature 387:58,1997
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The hidden structures
Locality has to be replaced by a weaker condition
We need
A+A A = 0
and not
A = 0 and A A = 0
Fundamental objects:
not Particles but Fluxes
From Maxwell back to Faraday
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References
Orlando Alvarez, LAF, J. S anchez Guillen; hep-th/9710147, Nucl.
Phys. B529 (1998) 689-736.
H. Aratyn, LAF, A.H. Zimerman; hep-th/9905079, Physical Re-
view Letters 83 (1999) 1723-1726.
LAF, J. Sanchez-Guillen; hep-th/0010168, Phys. Lett. B. B504
(2001) 195-200.
LAF, A.V. Razumov; hep-th/0012176, Letters in Mathematical
Physics 55 (2001) 143-148.
O. Babelon, LAF; hep-th/0210154, JHEP11(2002)020
LAF; hep-th/0406227, Physics Letters B606 (2005) 417-422.
LAF; hep-th/0601235, JHEP03(2006)075
A. C. R. do Bonm, LAF; hep-th/0602234, JHEP03(2006)097