ADAPTIVE SOLAR PANEL

Sohrab Sheikhani ( 88104208 ) Morteza Toopchi ( 88104724 )

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Thursday, January 19, 12

ENERGY FROM THE SUN

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Energy from the Sun

The Earth receives 174petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the nearultraviolet. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined. The major problem with solar panel technology is that the efciencies for solar power systems are still poor and the costs per kilo-watt-hour (KWH) are not competitive, in most cases, to compete with petroleum energy sources. Solar energy can be harnessed in different levels around the world. Depending on a geographical location the closer to the equator the more "potential" solar energy is available.Solar power is an alternative technology that will hopefully lead us away from our petroleum dependent energy sources.
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SOLAR ENERGY
How We Obtain it ?
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Solar power
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

Solar Farm
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CSP

PHOTOVOLTAICS
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The rst solar cell was constructed by Charles Frittsin the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286USD/watt and reached efciencies of 4.56% now its as cheap as 4 USD/watt with a better efciency. * Our project is based on this type of solar energy generators.

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CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working uid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.

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A DEEPER LOOK INTO PHOTOVOLTAICS

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SOLAR CELLS
Today solar panels are made of semi-conductor materials such as silicon.The electrons in the semiconductor material will only jump into the conduction band if they absorb a photon. The photons can either be absorbed, reected, or can even pass right through the semiconductor. In order to increase the number of photons absorbed ultimately increasing the efciency of the solar panel, the percentage of photons that pass through and reected must be reduced. There is an obvious loss of electric potential when the photons are reected off the semiconductor material. To reduce the percentage of reected photons, an anti-reective coating is usually put on the semiconductor, which will decrease the number of reected photons increasing the total number of photons that will become absorbed.

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SOLAR CELLS
The photons in sunlight have a wide variety of different wavelengths causing some to pass right through. The photons that pass through the semiconductor have energy lower than the band gap energy of the semiconductor. As a result, these photons do not contain enough energy to create an electron-hole pair, so the photon just passes right through the semiconductor.However, if the photon has an excess of energy, meaning it gives the electron more energy than the band gap, than this excess will be emitted as a form heat and the electron will settle down in the conduction band. To minimize the amount of photons that pass through the semiconductor, some semiconductors are manufactured with many layers, each having a different band gaps in order to better match the light spectrum.

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VOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS ( V-I )

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Thursday, January 19, 12

VOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS ( V-I )

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Thursday, January 19, 12

VOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS ( V-I )

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Thursday, January 19, 12

VOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS ( V-I )

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WHAT WE USED IN THE CIRCUIT

L298 Motor Driver ATMega 32

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WHAT WE USED IN THE CIRCUIT

5 IR-Sensors

Capacitor
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Bunch of Wires

Thursday, January 19, 12

WHAT WE USED IN THE CIRCUIT

+ +

C++ AVR Programming

AVR Programmer

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WHAT WE DESIGNED !?
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WHAT OUR DESIGN REALLY LOOKED LIKE !

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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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