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The Heat Pump: QC QH , where Win is input, by maintaining the high T region at a high T: = COPHP = QH/Wnet,in = QH/(Q H - QC); COPHP is always > 1
Note that for fixed values of QH and QC : COPHP = COPR + 1 or = + 1 Most HPs in operation have an average-season value of COP between 2 and 3.
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K. Nasr,c:\thermo \module4.doc
A Simplified Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle (Carnot - left and Ideal - right) Heat is transferred to the working fluid (refrigerant) in the evaporator and then compressed by the compressor. Heat is transferred from the working fluid in the condenser, and then its pressure is suddenly reduced in the expansion valve. A refrigeration cycle is used to extract energy from a fluid (air) in contact with the evaporator. Its normally assumed that kinetic and potential energy are negligible, and that the expansion process through the valve is a throttling process. Carnot Operation: Isentropic Compression Constant Pressure Heat Rejection Isentropic Expansion Constant Pressure Heat Absorption
1. 2. 3. 4.
A Carnot cycle is the most efficient, however it is not practical because: (I) The compressor would experience wear due to liquid droplets since state (1) is a liquid-vapor mixture. (II) It is difficult to maintain equilibrium between liquid and vapor if we do compress (III) the isentropic expansion device, involving no losses (friction), is expensive to construct. Ideal Cycle Operation: Corrects for the drawbacks of Carnot operation by having: 1. Inlet to compressor is saturated vapor 2. exit of compressor is superheated vapor 3. An irreversible throttling process as an expansion process. The performance of the refrigeration cycle is quantified by the coefficient of performance: COP = Qevap. / Wcomp. Applications of the Open System 1st and 2nd Laws to the Various Devices: . . . dE C.V. . V2 V2 = QC.V. W C .V . + m i ( h i + i + gz i ) m e (h e + e + gz e ) (1st Law): dt 2 2 i e
.
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K. Nasr,c:\thermo \module4.doc
Assumptions: SSSF, Negligible KE and PE, Single-Inlet, Single-Outlet conditions Process 12: Isentropic Compression 2 3: p = C. Heat Rejection 3 4: Adiabatic Throttling 4 1: p = C. Heat Absorption Device Compressor Condenser Throttling Device (O-Tube, TXV) Evaporator COP = QEvap. / WComp . 1st Law
.
h3 = h4
s4 > s3
.
QEvap. = m(h1 h4 )
s1 > s4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Actual Cycle Operation: Deviates from ideal cycle operation by having: Pressure drops due to friction in connecting pipes Heat transfer exists across connecting pipes Pressure drops occur through the condenser and evaporator tubes Heat transfer occurs from the compressor Frictional effects and flow separation occur on the compressor blades Refrigerant vapor entering the compressor may be slightly superheated Refrigerant temperature exiting the condenser may be slightly below saturation.
A desirable effect out of the above list is item 7. Having a subcooled liquid exiting the condenser results in having a larger refrigeration effect. Problem: A vapor-compression refrigeration system for a household refrigerator has a refrigerating capacity of 1000 Btu/h. The refrigerant, R134a, enters the evaporator at 10 F and exits at 0 F. The isentropic compressor efficiency is 80%. The refrigerant condenses at 95 F and exits the condenser subcooled at 90 F. There are no significant pressure drops in the flows through the evaporator and condenser. We want to determine the evaporator and condenser pressures, the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, the compressor power input, and the coefficient of performance. Solution: First, the refrigerating capacity is the rate of heat transfer into the refrigerant flowing in the evaporator. It is the cooling effect, that is the rate of heat transfer extracted from air on the outside of the evaporator. The refrigerating capacity is normally given in tons of refrigeration for a system where one ton of refrigeration is equivalent to 12000 Btu/hr. Second, since the inlet to the evaporator is always a mixture of liquid and vapor, the pressure therefore is the saturation pressure at the given temperature. It is also assumed that frictional effects, between the refrigerant and the tubes of the evaporator, are neglected so that the pressure at the inlet equals the pressure at the exit of the evaporator. Copyright 2004, K. Nasr. All Rights Reserved Page 3
K. Nasr,c:\thermo \module4.doc
Third, since the refrigerant condenses inside the condenser at 95 F, then the pressure in the condenser is the saturation pressure at the given temperature. Lets determine the properties of R134a at each state to give us a better look at what the system is doing. Interpolated Btu Btu P1 = PSat@ 10 F = 16.674 lbf T1 = 0 F from -12E h1 = 102.2 lbm , s1 = 0.2281 lbm*R Table A State 1: 2
in
State 2:
Interpolating from Table A -12E Btu Btu P2 = PSat @ 95 F = 128.62 lbf h 2s = 121.01 lbm , s 2 s = s1 = 0.2281 lbm* R in 2
Utilizing the concept for the isentropic efficiency of a compressor, being the ratio of the isentropic (minimum required) to the actual power, we get the actual enthalpy value of the refrigerant leaving the compressor:
C =
State 3: State 4:
Btu (3) to (4) is a throttling process, thus from the 1st law: h3 = h4 = 40.72 lbm
& To determine the mass flow rate, we need to utilize the refrigeration capacity, Q In and the specific enthalpies at State 4 and 1. & 1h 1000 Btu Q In h lbm & m= = (102.2 40.72) Btu 60 min = 0.271 min h1 h4 lbm
Now we can calculate the power needed, in horsepower, to run the compressor via the 1st Law: 60 min 1hp Btu & = 0.150 hp & WC = m(h1 h2 ) = (0.271 lbm )(102.2 125.7 ) lbm min Btu 1h 2545 h Its performance is measured via Coefficient of Performance (COP). Now we can determine the coefficient of performance for this refrigerator. It has the same notion as the efficiency. In this case, what I get is cooling off the evaporator and what I pay for is compressor power. Therefore,
h1 h4 = 2.62 h 2 h1
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K. Nasr,c:\thermo \module4.doc
What is the entropy change for the refrigerant flowing through the compressor?
What is the entropy change for the refrigerant flowing through the condenser?
What is the entropy change for the refrigerant flowing through the expansion valve?
What is the entropy change for the refrigerant flowing through the evaporator?
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K. Nasr,c:\thermo \module4.doc
If the air around the condenser experiences a temperature rise of 15 F, what is the mass flow rate of air via a fan across the condensers coils?
Estimate the CFM (ft3/min) of air flowing across the condenser coils
Can you draw a T-s diagram and trace the refrigerant as it goes through from device to device?
Can you draw an pressure enthalpy (p-h) diagram as this is what was normally used to get enthalpy values prior to the days of computers and tables?
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