Board of Studies in Mathematics (UG) UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

First Degree Programme in MATHEMATICS under Credit and Semester System 2010 admission

SCHEME and SYLLABI

University of Kerala First Degree Programme in Mathematics

Scheme of Instruction The rst degree programme in Mathematics is a choice based credit and semester system of six semesters. Each semester is of 18 weeks duration, with a total of 450 contact hours of instruction including end semester University examinations. The minimum number of credits required for the completion of the programme is 120. The dierent study components and the number of courses under each component are as follows: Study component English Additional language Foundation courses Core courses Open courses Project/Dissertation Complementary course I Complementary course II No. of courses 5 4 2 13 2 1 4 4

The courses engaged by the faculty of Mathematics are the following: Foundation Course 2 Foundation Course 2 is a basic course (course code MM 1221) with 3 credits, oered in the second semseter. Core courses Core courses are oered in all semesters except semester 2. There are 13 core courses, including practicals. The theory courses have university level examinations at the end of the respective semseters. The practical course has university level examination at the end of semester 6. Semesters 1, 3 and 4 oer respectively Core course 1: Methods of Mathematics (course code MM 1141) Core course 2: Methods of Algebra and Calculus-I (course code MM 1341) Core course 4: Methods of Algebra and Calculus-II (course code MM 1441) Complementary Courses Complemetary courses are oered to students of the disciplines of Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Statistics and Economics from Semester 1 to Semester 4. The complementary courses oered during the rst and second semesters to students of the disciplines of Physics, Chemistry, Geology and Statistics shall carry 3 credits each, whereas those for the third and fourth semsters shall carry 4 credits each. The complementary courses oered for Economics shall 2

carry 2 credits for the rst semester and 3 credits each for the second, third and fourth semesters. Open/Elective Courses There shall be two open/ elective courses during the programme. The mathematics student can opt one course (elective) from the Mathematics Department and the other (open course) either from the Mathematics Department or from another Department. The open course comes in the fth semester and the elective course in the sixth semester. Initially, the institution will choose one open course for the fth semester and one elective course for the sixth semester, depending on the faculty and the infrastructure available. Open Course: Operations Research Elective Courses: Fuzzy Mathematics, Mechanics.

General Structure of the First Degree Programme in Mathematics Sem I Course Code EN 1111 1111 EN 1121 MM 1141 ST 1131.1 PY 1131.1 EN 1211 EN 1212 1211 MM 1221 ST 1231.1 PY 1231.1 EN 1311 1311 MM 1341 ST 1331.1 PY 1331.1 EN 1411 1411 MM 1441 ST 1431.1 PY 1431.1 MM 1541 MM 1542 MM 1543 MM 1544 MM 1545 MM 1551 MM MM MM MM MM MM 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1651 Course title English 1 Addl. Language 1 Foundation Course 1 Methodology (Core) Course 1 I Complementary Course 1 II Complementary Course 1 English 2 English 3 Addl. Language 2 Foundation Course 2 I Complementary Course 2 II Complementary Course 2 English 4 Addl. Language 3 Core Course 2 I Complementary Course 3 II Complementary Course 3 English 5 Addl. Language 4 Core Course 3 I Complementary Course 4 II Complementary Course 4 Core Course 4 Core Course 5 Core Course 6 Core Course 7 Core Course 8 Open Course 1 Project Core Course 9 Core Course 10 Core Course 11 Core Course 12 Core Course 13 Open Course 2 (Elective) Project Instr.hrs. per week 5 4 4 4 2+2 2+2 4 5 4 4 2+2 2+2 5 5 5 5 3+2 5 5 5 3+2 3+2 5 4 4 3 5 2 2 5 4 3 3 5 3 2 Credit 4 3 2 4 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 3+4 3+4 4 3 3 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 2 4 Uty.exam duration Evaluation Int. Ext. Total Credit

3 hours

25%

75%

17

II

3 hours

25%

75%

17

III

3 hours

25%

75%

18

IV

3 hours

25%

75%

26

3 hours

25%

75%

19

VI

3 hours

25%

75%

23

MM 1646

Structure of the Core Courses Course Code MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM MM 1141 1221 1341 1441 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1551 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1651 1646 Sem. 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 Title of Course Methods of Mathematics Foundations of Mathematics Methods of Algebra and Calculus-I Methods of Algebra and Calculus-II Real Analysis-I Complex Analysis Dierential Equations Numerical Methods Computer Programming-I Open Course-I Project Real Analysis-II Linear Algebra Vector Analysis Graph Theory Computer Programming-II (Pract.) Elective Course Project Contact hrs Lecture Pract. 72 72 90 90 90 72 72 54 54 36 36 36 90 72 54 54 54 36 54 36 No. of Credits 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 2 4 Ext. exam Duration 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Wtg. 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

For the course on computer programming (MM 1545) during semseter 5, there shall only be a written examination (theory) at the end of smester 5. For the course on computer programming (MM 1645) during semseter 6, there shall only be practical examination at the end of semester 6. The practical examination will be based on the record submitted by the students. Of the total weightage of 30 for the practical paper(MM 1645), the record shall carry a weightage of 5, and the internal examination shall carry a weightage of 5. The weightage for the practical examination shall be 20. The details of the open and elective courses are given below. Semester 5 Course code MM 1551 Title of the Course Operations Research Instructional hrs. per week 2 Credits 2

Semester 6

Course code MM 1651

Title of the Course (a) Fuzzy Mathematics (b) Mechanics

Instructional hrs. per week 3 3

Credits 2 2

Structure of the Complementary Courses Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Physics Course Code MM 1131.1 MM 1231.1 MM 1331.1 MM 1431.1 Sem. 1 2 3 4 Title of Course Dierentiation and Analytic Geometry Integration and Vectors Theory of Eqs., Dierential Eqs., and Theory of Matrices Complex Analysis, Fourier Series and Transforms Contact hrs/week 4 4 5 5 No. of Credits 3 3 4 4 Ext. exam Duration 3 3 3 3

Evaluation Weightage Internal External 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 3

Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Chemistry Course Code MM 1131.2 MM 1231.2 MM 1331.2 MM 1431.2 Sem. 1 2 3 4 Title of Course Dierentiation and Matrices Integration, Dierential Eqs. and Analytic Geometry Theory of Eqs.and Vector Analysis Complex Analysis, Fourier Series and Transforms Contact hrs/week 4 4 5 5 No. of Credits 3 3 4 4 Ext. exam Duration 3 3 3 3 Evaluation Weightage Internal External 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 3

Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Geology Course Code MM 1131.3 MM 1231.3 MM 1331.3 MM 1431.3 Sem. 1 2 3 4 Title of Course Dierentiation and Theory of Equations Integration, Dierential Eqs. and Matrices Analytic Geometry, Complex Nos. and Abstract Algebra Vector Analysis and Fourier Series Contact hrs/week 4 4 5 5 No. of Credits 3 3 4 4 Ext. exam Duration 3 3 3 3

Evaluation Weigh Internal Exter 1 3 1 1 1

Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Statistics Course Code MM 1131.4 MM 1231.4 MM 1331.4 MM 1431.4 Sem. 1 2 3 4 Title of Course Theory of Eqs., Innite Series and Analytic Geometry Dierential Calculus Integration and Complex Nos. Linear Algebra 6 Contact hrs/week 4 4 5 5 No. of Credits 3 3 4 4 Ext. exam Duration 3 3 3 3

Evaluation Weightag Internal External 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 3

Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Economics Course Code MM 1131.5 MM 1231.5 MM 1331.5 MM 1431.5 Sem. 1 2 3 4 Title of Course Mathematics for Economics I Mathematics for Economics II Mathematics for Economics III Mathematics for Economics IV Contact hrs/week 3 3 3 3 No. of Credits 2 3 3 3 Ext. exam Duration 3 3 3 3 Evaluation Weightage Internal External 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 3

Question paper pattern for Core and Complementary Courses 1. The examination shall be of 3 hour duration. 2. Each question paper will have four types of questions. 3. The rst type consists of objective type questions. There shall be 4 bunches, with four questions per bunch, each bunch having weight 1. The candidates shall answer all questions from this part. 4. The second type consists of 12 short answer questions each of weight 1. The candidates are to answer 8 questions following the directions regarding the number of questions that can be chosen from the various units. 5. The third type consists of 8 short essay questions, each of weight 2. The candidates are to answer 5 questions following the directions regarding the number of questions that can be chosen from the various units. 6. The fourth type consists of 3 essay questions, each of weight 4. The candidates are to answer 2 questions following the directions regarding the number of questions that can be chosen from the various units. Project As part of the programme, there shall be a project carrying 4 credits. The aim of the project is to bring out resarch talents in the students and to introduce research methodology. The theme of the project may be chosen from any branch of Mathematics as an extension of the theory covered during the various semesters. The project shall be done individually or in groups of a maximum of ve students. The topics for the project are to identied during the fourth semester with the help of the supervising teacher. The report of the project shall be submitted in duplicate to the Department by the end of the sixth semester well before the commencement of the examination. The reports are to be produced before the external examiners appointed by the University for evaluating the project.

Internal Assessment There shall be internal assessment (IA) based on continuous assessment, and end semseter examination (ESA) for each course. The IA carries 25% weightage based on specic components such as attendance, tests, seminars, etc. and the ESA carries 75% weightage. The components of the internal evaluation for theory and practicals and their weights are given below. Theory Component Attendance Assignments Seminar Tests Weightage 1 1 1 2

Practicals Component Attendance Skill and Punctuality Viva-voce Tests Weightage 1 1 1 2

The allotment of grades for attendance shall be as follows. Weightage Range 90% < 90% but 85% < 85% but 80% < 80% but 75% < 75% Grade A B C D E

Attendance

Tests, assignments and seminars There shall be at least two class tests during a semester. The grades for tests in continuous evaluation shall be awarded on the basis of the grades secured for the two tests. The vaued answer scripts shall be made available to the students for perusal within ten working days from the date of the test. Each student shall be required to do one assignment and one seminar for each course. The valued assignments shall be returned to the students The seminars shall be organised by the teacher in charge and the seminar shall be assessed by a group of teachers including the teacher in charge of the course.

End semester examination The theory examinations of all semesters that are to be conducted externally shall be conducted by the University. There shall be no supplementary examination. For reappearance/improvement as per University rules, the students can appear along with the next batch. Computer facilities may be provided to the students for their practical examinations in the Core courses. The practical examination shall be conducted by the University at the end of the sixth semester with a common time table. The examiners shall be selected from among a panel of experts prepared by the University. For each examination centre, there shall be one external examiner and one internal examiner, who is not in charge of the practical at that centre. The graded score sheet duly certied by the head of the institution should be sent to the University before the commencement of the end semester examinations. The Board of examiners constituted by the Univeristy shall have the freedom for formulating the scheme of evaluation of the external practical examination.

Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester I Methods of Mathematics Code: MM 1141 Instructional hours per week: 4 No.of credits: 4

Overview of the course: Mathematics education starts with natural numbers and in this part of the program, we take a closer look at their algebraic properties. Traditionally such a study comes under Theory of Numbers. Apart from introducing the basic facts about integers, the course aims to introduce the ideas of axioms and theorems and provide practice in writing proofs. Some glimpses into the applications of number theory to cryptography are also intended. In the ensuing semesters, the courses grow into ring theory and into an introduction to abstract algebra. The present course is based on the rst ve chapters of the text. The present course is intended to present some of the methods of mathematics as used in number theory and Calculus. A study of the foundations of mathematics will be undertaken in the second semester, where some of the concepts will be revisited and put on a rm basis. Geometry forms the second major component of math education in schools. In the High School, students have seen how geometry is merged with algebra to form what is known as Analytic Geometry. Also, some problems in analytical geometry, such as nding the slope of a tangent and the area under a curve motivated much of calculus. So, we bring together these two branches of mathematics in this part of the course. It grows into real analysis in the ensuing semesters. The course is based on Chapters 14 and also Sections 4 and 5 of Chapter 11 of the text. Module 1: Methods of Algebra

We attempt at a quick review of various sets of numbers, then mention the notion of partitions and equivalence relations, with which the students have had an acquaintance in their Higher Secondary class. Next, the Principle of Mathematical Induction and the Wellordering principle are also touched upon. All these concepts nd a detailed discussion in the foundation course in the ensuing semester. The use of the Well-ordering Principle in the denition of special types of numbers is to be emphasized and illustrated through the proof of the existence of lcm, as in Proposition 3. Before introducing the Division Theorem, as in Section D, the usual process of long division to get the quotient and remainder must be recalled through examples. After proving the Division Theorem and the Uniqueness Proposition as in this section, the representation of natural numbers in dierent bases can be explained as in Section E. The last section of Chapter 2 on operations in dierent bases (Section F) need not be discussed. The idea of gcd, studied in elementary class, is to be recalled next and the existence of such a number justied, as in Section A of Chapter 3. The idea of coprimality is also to be discussed here. Some of the important properties of coprime numbers, as in Exercises E9, E10 and E11 must be discussed. 10

Next, Euclids Algorithm and some of its applications are to be discussed. After discussing the theoretical consequences of Euclids Algorithm, namely Bezouts Identity and its corollaries, as in Section C, its practical use in solving indeterminate equations of the rst degree is to be discussed, as in the text. The last two sections of this chapter on the eciency of Euclids Algorithm (Section D) and on incommensurability (Section E) need not be discussed. (See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine_equation) Then, a discussion on primes and The Fundamental Theorem on Arithmetic, as given in the rst three section of Chapter 4 is to be done. The last section on primes in an interval need not be discussed. (See, for example, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm) Finally, we introduce the new idea of congruences, as in Chapter 5. The fact that when an integer is divided by another, the dividend is congruent to the remainder modulo the divisor should be emphasized. In discussing the basic properties of congruence as in Section B, the fact that cancellation of common factors does not hold in general for congruences must be emphasized and illustrated through examples. Many of the tricks in Section C maybe familiar to the students and it must be emphasized that we are providing proofs here. Further properties of congruences as in Section D comes next and after that the solution of linear congruences as in Section E. Text: Lindsay N. Childs, A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra. Second Edition, Springer Module 2: Methods of Calculus-I

We start with a review of how the graph of an equation can be plotted, illustrated with examples, and move on to a working denition of a function. It must be emphasized through illustrations that not all equations connecting two variables give one variable as a function of the other, as in Example 1 of Section 1.2 of the text. (The notion of explicit and implicit denitions of functions and their graphs, as given in the rst two parts of Section 3.6 can be discussed here itself.) Functions dened piecewise and their graphs must be specially mentioned and illustrated. Approximate solutions to problems through graphical methods are to be explained as in Example 7 of the section. Section 1.3 on using computers may be skipped, but the use of computers in plotting graphs should be demonstrated, using Open Source Software such as the plotting software gnuplot or the cas maxima. (See also http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Curves/Curves.html) Some of the ideas in Section 1.4, such as arithmetic operations on functions, may be familiar to the students, but they should be reviewed. Other ideas such as symmetry, stretching and compression and translation may be new and should be emphasized. The same goes for Sections 1.5 and 1.6, with familiar ideas reinforced through illustrations and new ideas, especially physical applications, discussed in detail. Section 1.7 on mathematical modelling need not be discussed. But parametric equations, especially that of the cycloid, must be discussed in detail, as in Section 1.8. Limits and continuity are concepts introduced (somewhat vaguely) in Higher Secondary class. In this course, these ideas are to be reinforced through graphs. They are to be made rigorous in the ensuing semester. Section 2.4 of Chapter 2 of the text is to be done only in semester II, but mention may be made of limits as x , as well as innite limits, which will be required in subsequent sections.

11

Module 3: Methods of Calculus-II

The notion of dierentiation is also familiar to the students. Here, this idea is to be re-introduced through applications as in the rst two sections of Chapter 3. Much of the material in Sections 3.33.7 maybe already seen, but they should be reviewed, emphasizing the graphical meaning and applications. The idea of implicit dierentiation should be made clear, as in Section 3.6. The last section on approximations (Section 3.8) need not be discussed. (See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_calculus) Chapter 4 is also to be discussed in the same spirit, reviewing familiar concepts, explaining new concepts in detail and always emphasizing geometry and physical applications. Module 4: Analytic Geometry

A detailed discussion on the equations of conic sections, as in Sections 11.4 and 11.5 of Chapter 11 is also part of this course. In Section 11.4, we begin with a demonstartion of conic sections as intersections of a plane with a double-napped cone. Then we move on to the equations of the conics in standard form, followed by a technique for sketching them. A method of nding asymptotes is discussed. This is followed by the section on translated conics and reection properties of conic sections. In Section 11.5, we discuss the equations of conics that are tilted relative to the coordinate axes. This leads to a study of rotations of coordinate axes. (See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic_sections and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelin_spheres) Text: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney,Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. S.Lang, A rst Calculus, Springer. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 18 hours; Module 3: 18 hours, Module 4: 12 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester II Foundations of Mathematics Code: MM 1221 Instructional hours per week: 4 No.of credits: 3

Overview of the course: The present course is meant to be a foundation course in Mathematics. Here we examine some of the basic concepts on which the edice of mathematics is built. As a strong structure naturally demands a strong foundation, the concepts put down here should be given due emphasis. The rst module lays the prerequisites of algebra and the second that of Calculus. Module 1: Foundations of Algebra Though the students have learnt the Principle of Mathematical Induction in their Higher Secondary class, they may not have recognized it as providing a canonical method of proof in proceeding from one natural number to the next. This should be emphasized through examples and exercises. The logical equivalence of the two forms of induction and the contexts where one is more useful than the other are to be explained and illustrated with examples, as in the text. The application of these principles in other branches of mathematics must also be noted, as in Example 5 of Section A and Exercise 4 of Section B. Next comes the Well-Ordering Principle. This is to be introduced as another form of the principle of induction, as in Section C of the text and its equivalence with the rst principle of induction is to be proved as in Theorem 2 and Exercise E2. Congruence modulo m, done in semester I is now presented as an equivalence relation and the congruence classes (mod m) are discussed through examples such as Z/2 Z, and Z/2 Z (clock arithmetic), leading to the general case of Z/m Z. Equipped with these concepts as foundations we continue with the theory of numbers, discussing arithmetic modulo m and a complete set of representatives in Z/m Z. Later, we discuss units, withe special reference to units in Z/m Z. As applications, only Section A on round robin tournaments and Section C on trial division need be discussed. Next we move on to Fermats and Eulers Theorems, as in Chapter 9. Only the rst four sections of this chapter need be done. (The other sections are postponed to the next semester.). In Section C, exercises E7E10 on the computation of Eulers phi function must be done and used to compute the phi-value of some specic numbers. As an application of the material in this chapter, Section B of Chapter 10 on rsa codes is to be discussed. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA) Text: Lindsay N. Childs, A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra. Second Edition, Springer

13

Module 2: Foundations of Calculus and Analytic Geometry The concept of the limit of a function was discussed in the rst semsester, with sucient examples, but without going into too much rigour. A rigorous tretment of the limit of a function will be done in this semester, as in section 2.4 of Chapter 2 of the text. The motivation for the denition of a limit and the transition from the informal to the formal denition should be given due emphasis. Example 2 is an illustartion of a general form of a limit proof. The fact that the value of is not unique should be brought out. Limits as x , as well as innite limits are also to be discussed more rigorously. The remaining part of the course continues the corresponding part of the Semester I course. It is based on Chapters 5-8 of the same text. We start with a discussion of inverses of functions, as in Chapter 7. Though the students may have used this idea in the Higher Secondary class, this has to be done in a more thorough manner. Also, the ideas have to be graphically interpreted. Before discussing the exponential and logarithmic functions, the idea of irrational exponents has to be made clear, as in Section 7.2. After this, the denition and basic properties of inverse trigonometric functions can be done, as in Section 7.6. Then the derivatives and integrals of all these can be discussed as in Sections 7.3, 7.4 and 7.6. (Section 7.5 on logarithmic functions approached via integrals need not be discussed). The discussion on hyperbolic functions, as in Section 7.8 can be done next. (See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenary) Then LHospitals rule, as in Section 7.7 after this. Some applications of integration, as in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 are to be discussed next, followed by various techniques of integration, as in Chapter 8, excluding the last three sections on Table of integrals (Section 8.6), Numerical Integration (Section 8.7) and improper integrals (Section 8.8). Polar coordinates in co-ordinate geometry and expressions for slope, area, arc length and so on for curves given by polar coordinates are to be discussed as in Sections 11.111.3. The polar equations of conics, as in Section 11.6 are also to be discussed. text: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. S.Lang, A First Calculus, Springer.

14

Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester III Methods of Algebra and Calculus-I Code: MM 1341 Instructional hours per week: 5 No.of credits: 4

Overview of the course: Continuing the discussion on number theory in the rst two semesters, here we make rst contact with the part of mathematics currently called Abstract Algebra. It is based on Chapter 8, Chapter 9, Chapter 11 and Chapter 12 of the same text. As the author points out, the idea is to help students appreciate the basic concepts of abstract algebra, with the grounding they have in the algebraic theory of integers and polynomials. Contrary to the usual stand-alone courses on abstract algebra, we introduce rings before groups, since the former arise naturally as generalizations of number systems. The algebraic properties of the ring of integers is developed. Groups are introduced subsequently. The concepts of ring homomorphism and group homomorphism are also discussed in detail. The material covered is based on Chapters 8, 9, 11 and 12 of the same text. The geometry and calculus done in the rst two semesters were conned to two dimensions. Here we consider surfaces and curves in three dimensions. It is based on Chapters 12 and 13 of the text. Chapter 12 discusses analytical geometry of lines, planes and other basic surfaces. The study of vectors is also done alongside. Later on, cylindrical and spherical coordinates are also introduced. Parametric curves in 2-space and 3-space are best studied by vector-valued functions. In Chapter 13, we discuss the Calculus of vector-valued functions in detail, discussing limits, derivatives and integrals of vector-valued functions. We also study their applications to Physics, especially to the derivation of Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion. Module 1: Methods of Algebra I

Chapter 8 introduces the concept of rings and elds. We discuss Z/mZ and the particular case of Z/pZ, p prime, being a eld. The idea of a ring homomorphism, along with its basic properties, is introduced. The chapter ends with a proposition on a ring isomorphism. The problems are to be given due importance; while some problems help x the concepts, others add to the ideas already covered in the text. Chapter 9 begins with a denition of orders of elements, followed by Fermats and Eulers theorems. The method of nding high powers modulo m is also to be discussed. Next comes a discussion on the units of the ring of congruence classes leading to the denition of an abstract group and then the group of units of an abstract ring, as in Section E and Section F of Chapter 9. This culminates in the Abstract Fermats Theorem, as in Section 9E. The exponent of an Abelian group, as in Section 9F also has to be discussed.

15

Module 2: Methods of Algebra II

Further development of the theory of groups is seen in Chapter 11. It begins with the dention of a subgroup, followed by Lagranges theorem. Eulers theorem and Fermats theorem are given as consequences of Lagranges theorem. A probabilistic primality test as an application of Lagranges theorem is to be discussed as in Section 11C. Section 11D on homomorphisms and the case of an isomorphism between rings leading to an isomorphism between the corresponding groups of units are to be discussed in detail. Some examples on non-abelian groups are found in Section E and the Chapter ends with Cayleys theorem. As an illustration of the interplay between number theory and abstract algebra, we consider the The Chinese Remainder Theorem and as an application, reprove the multiplicative property of the phi function done earlier (Corollary 3 of Section 12C). The square roots of 1 modulo some integer, as in Section C of Chapter 12 must also be discussed. Text: Lindsay N. Childs, A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra. Second Edition, Springer References: 1. J B Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications 2. I N Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Vikas Publications 3. J A Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications 4. D A R Wallace, Groups, Rings and Fields, Springer 5. Jones and Jones, Number Theory, Springer Module 3: Vectors in Three Dimensional Space

Students have had some exposure to analytic geometry in three dimensions (such as the equations to planes and lines) and to vectors, in their Higher Secondary Classes. These must be reviewed with more illustrations. Here the aid of a plotting software becomes essential. The Free Software gnuplot, mentioned earlier, has 3d capabilities also. All sections of Chapter 12 must be discussed. (see also http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/Surfaces.html) Chapter 12 introduces 3-dimensional spaces. Here we learn to derive the equations of spheres and cylindrical surfaces and sketch their graphs. Vectors are introduced in Sec 12.2. The dot product and its application to work done by a force are also discussed. This is followed by a study of the cross product and its geometric interpretation. This leads us to the scalar triple product. Sec 12.5 discusses the parametric representation of a line and Sec 12.6 is on planes in 3space. Quadric surfaces, which are three dimensional analogues of conic sections, are covered in Sec 12.7, while in Sec 12.8, two new types of coordinatescylindrical and spherical coordinates, are introduced.

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Module 4: Vector-valued Functions

The next topic of discussion is the calculus of vector valued functions and its application to geometry as in Chapter 13. All sections of this Chapter must be discussed. Sec 13.1 introduces vector-valued functions, which nd a lot of applications in Physics and engineering. We learn to sketch the graphs of vector-valued functions and write down the vector form of a line segment. Sec 13.2 denes limits, derivatives and integrals of vector-valued functions, as well as their properties. Sec 13.3 begins with smooth parametrization. We learn to look at arc length from the vector view-point. Arc length parametrization is also introduced. This is followed by a detailed discussion of change of parameter and arc length parametrization. In Sec 13.4, we discuss unit tangent vectors and unit normal vectors and compute T and N for curves paramterized by arc lengths. Binormal vectors in 3-space are introduced towards the end of the section. Sec 13.5 deals with curvature and derives formulas for curvature and radius of curvature. Exercises 17 (a) and 17 (b) of Exercise Set 13.5 on curvature of plane curves and some of its applications in the subsequent exercises must be discussed in detail. The motion of a prticle along a curve is discussed in Sec 13. Its velocity, acceleration and speed are computed. The normal and tangent components of acceleration are studied, as also the motion of a projectile. In Sec 13.7, Keplers laws of planetary motion are discussed in detail, using the notion of central forces. Text: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. S.Lang, A First Calculus, Springer. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 25 hours; Module 2: 25 hours; Module 3: 20 hours, Module 4: 20 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester IV Methods of Algebra and Calculus-II Code: MM 1441 Instructional hours per week: 5 No.of credits: 4

Overview of the course: The rst two modules on Algebra deal with polynomials, based on part of Chapter 14 and Chapter 15 and part of Chapter 16 of Childss text. Our aim in the rst module is to prove that any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 with coecients in a eld factors uniquely (in a certain sense) into a product of irreducible polynomials. We use the division theorem, Euclids algorithm and Bezouts identity in the process. This leads to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. In the rst module on Calculus, some of the basic concepts of Calculus are extended to functions of two or more variables. Limits, continuity and derivatives of functions of two or more variables are dened. These derivatives are put to use in solving maximization and minimization problems and in the application of Lagrange multipliers. In the second module, the concept of a denite integral is extended to functions of two and three variables. These are then put to use to calculate surface areas and volumes of solids. Module 1: Methods of Algebra I Before discussing this material, the notion of polynomials and of polynomial equations, studied in the Higher Secondary classes must be reviewed. The discussion on quadratic equations and their general solutions leads naturally to the question of higher degree polynomial equations. Section E of Chapter 16 of the text, on the solutions of the cubic and the fourth degree equations, can be discussed at this point. (See also http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Quadratic_etc_equations.html) The unsolvability of higher degree polynomials by radicals must be emphasized. Newtons method of nding approximate solutions of equations, as discussed in Section 7 of Chapter 4 of the Calculus text (Anton et al) can be discussed here.

Module 2: Methods of Algebra II A discussion of polynomial over abstract rings as in Chapter 14 is to be done here. The distinction between polynomial as an algebraic expression and polynomial as function should be emphasized, as in the text. All the four sections of Chapter 15 are to be discussed next. We begin with the Division theorem in Section A, followed by the Remainder theorem and the Root theorem. Section B deals with primitive roots. Euclids algoritm and Bezouts identity comprise Section D. Factorization into irreducible polynomials is discussed in Section D. The rst three sections (A, B and C) of Chapter 16 lead to a discussion of Irreducible polynomials 18

over R. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra is to be stated, but need not be proved at this stage. Text: Lindsay N. Childs, A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra. Second Edition, Springer References: 1. J B Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications 2. I N Herstein, Topics in Algebra, Vikas Publications 3. J A Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications 4. D A R Wallace, Groups, Rings and Fields, Springer 5. Jones and Jones, Number Theory, Springer Module 3: Methods of Calculus-I In this part of the course, we consider the calculus of functions of two variables. This serves as an introduction to calculus of several variables. It is based on Chapter 14 and Chapter 15 of the text. After a discussion of functions of two variable and their graphs, as in the rst section of Chapter 14, we discuss the concepts of limit and continuity of such functions. We then move on to a discussion of dierentiation of functions of two variables, as in Sections 13, Section 5 and Sections 89 of Chapter 14. The section on dierentiability and dierentials (Section 14.5) and the sections on vectors (Section 14.6 and Section 14.7) need not be discussed. Module 4: Methods of Calculus-II Integration in space is to be done as in Sections 15 of Chapter 15. The last three sections of Chapter 15 need not be discussed. Section 15.1 deals with the denition, properties and mode of evaluating double integrals. Double integrals over non-rectangular regions are considered in Section 15.2. Reversal of the order of integration and calculation of area as a double integral are also discussed. Section 15.3 introduces double integrals in polar coordinates. Conversion of double integrals from rectangular to polar coordinates is also considered. Parametric representation of surfaces is discussed in Section 15.4. A discussion of partial derivatives of vector-valued functions leads to tangent planes and parametric surfaces. Section 15.5 denes a triple integral, properties of triple integrals, and evaluation of triple integrals over rectangular boxes and other regions. We also compute volume using triple integrals and consider changing the order of integration. Text: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus, Seventh Edition, John Wiley References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. S.Lang, A First Calculus, Springer. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 20 hours; Module 2: 20 hours; Module 3: 25 hours, Module 4: 25 hours 19

Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester V Real Analysis-I Code: MM 1541 Instructional hours per week: 5 No.of credits: 4

The course on Real Analysis is spread over the last two semesters. Many of the topics discussed in this course were introduced somewhat informally in earlier courses, but in this course, the emphasis is on mathematical rigor. In teaching this course, all ideas should be rst motivated by geometrical considerations and then deduced algebraically from the axioms of real numbers as a complete ordered eld. Also, the historical evolution of ideas, both in terms of physical necessity and mathematical unity should be discussed. (For a concise account of this, see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis). Thus the course emphasizes the dialectic between practical utility and logical rigor on one hand and within mathematics, that between geometric intuition and algebraic formalism. Module 1 The rst step is to make precise the very concept of number and the rules for manipulating numbers. The course can start with a historical overview of how dierent kinds of numbers were constructed in dierent periods in history, depending on the physical or mathematical needs of the age. (See for example, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number#History and also [1]. The three articles on real numbers at www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Analysis.html would also be of interest.) A discussion on how real numbers are conceived as lengths and hence as points on a line should follow this. The approximation of irrational numbers by rational numbers, in the familar instances such as 2 and , lead to an informal discussion of limits of sequences of rational numbers. This gives semi-rigorous denitions of operations on real numbers. The realization of the set R of real numbers as a eld can be introduced at this stage and compared with the set Q of rational numbers, as in 2.1.12.1.4 of the textbook. The idea of order in Q and R must be introduced next, as in 2.1.52.1.13 of the textbook. The notion of absolute value and that of a neighborhood, as in 2.2.12.2.9 of the textbook comes next. Dedekinds translation of the geometric continuity of a line in the language of classes (see p.5 of [2]) can be discussed and phrased in modern set-theoretic terminology as the Completeness Axiom of R and can be used to prove the least upper bound property (see 1.01.1 of [4] and also Eample 1.1 of [3]). It should be emphasized at this point that the only assumptions we make about R are the axioms of a complete ordered eld and every denition we make would be given in terms of these and every result we propose would be deduced from these axioms.

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Applications of the completeness property, such as the Archimedean property (2.4.3 of the textbook) and its consequences (2.4.42.4.6), and also the density of rationals and irrationals (2.4.8 and 2.4.9) should also be discussed. Intervals in R deserve special mention. Their characterization and the nested interval property should be discussed as in 2.5.12.5.3 of the textbook. Module 2 Having set the background, we now move on to the basic idea of mathematical analysis, that of limits. We rst consider limits of sequences. The idea can be motivated by discussing the meaning of such equations as 1 = 0.333 , 2 = 3 1.414213 and = 3.1415 . . . . The entire material in Chapter 3 of the textbook is to be discussed. The notion of absolute convergence, rearrangement, tests for absolute convergence as in section 9.2, excluding 9.2.6, should be discussed in connection with convegence of series. Module 3 The idea of a cluster point of a set and the characterization of cluster points in terms of sequences, as discussed in 4.1.14.1.3 of the textbook must also be discussed here. The point that every rational number and every irrational number is a cluster point of the set of real numbers must be emphasized. Limits of functions as in the rest of Chapter 4 of the textbook is also included in this part of the course. The historical evolution of the idea, as sketched in the introduction to this textbook, supplemented by relevant material from [1], should be rst discussed. The rigorous denition of limits, to be discussed here, should be linked to the informal, mostly geometric, notion of limits used in earlier Calculus courses. Text: Robert G Bartle: Introduction to Real Analysis, Third Ed., John Wiley & Sons

References 1. A. D. Alexandrov et al., Mathematics:Its Content, Methods and Meaning, Dover 2. R. Dedekind, Essays on The Theory of Numbers, available as a freely dowloadable e-book at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/21016) 3. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill 4. A. E. Taylor, General Theory of Functions and Integration, Dover Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 30 hours; Module 2: 30 hours; Module 3: 30 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester V Complex Analysis Code: MM 1542 Instructional hours per week: 4 No.of credits: 3

Module 1 Review of real functions like sin x, cos x, ex and their series representations. In order to introduce complex numbers, we rst consider complex polynomials and rational functions. Then power series and convergence of power series are discussed. We then use power series to obtain some complex functions. (For example, the 1 as its sum when power series 1 + z + z 2 + . . . gives the complex function 1z |z| < 1.) Similarly, we dene ez , sin z, cos z, etc. as the sums of certain power series. Next, we introduce the concepts of limit, continuity and dierentiability through examples and counter-examples. Cauchy-Riemann equations are derived in Cartesian and polar coordinates. Module 2 Properties of dierentiable complex functions on open sets (called anlytic functions): for f and g analytic on an open set , we have f g, f g, f /g, where g = 0 are analytic on . Taylor Series and Laurent Series (without proof) with illustrations. Dention of harmonic functions. Connection between harmonic and analytic functions. Harmonic conjugates. Determination of harmonic conjugates. Orthogonal family of curves. Connection between analytic functions and orthogonl family of curves.
1 Module 3 Mapping properties of w = z 2 , w = z , w = sin z, w = ez . The concept of conformal mapping is introduced through various examples. Criterion for the conformality of the mapping w = f (z) (without proof).

The concept of the Riemann sphere is introduced. Bilinear transformations. Properties of bilinear transformations. Decomposition of a bilinear transformation into special transformations such as translation, dialation and inversion. Special bilinear fractional transformations. Text: R V Churchill and Brown: Functions of a Complex Variable References: 1. J M Howie: Complex Analysis, Springer 2. V Karunakaran: Complex Analysis Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester V Dierential Equations and their Applications Code: MM 1543 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of credits: 3

Module 1 Various situations in which we obtain dierential equations are discussed. These could be exercises or assignments for the students. For example, Newtons second d2 x law: F = ma, that is, F = m 2 . The case of the simple pendulum, CLR circuit, dt planetary motion, etc. The half-life of radium (Chemistry), Prey-predator model (Ecology-Biology), etc. Orthogonal trajectories, Exact equations, integrating factors, Existence and uniqueness of solutions, Picards theorem (statement only) and some simple problems. Non-linear dierential equations of the rst order, Clairauts form, Singular solutions, Geometrical meaning of solutions. Writing down a second order equation as a set of two rst order equations. A brief history of Kepler, Gauss and Riemann can be given. Module 2 Second order (higher order) dierential equations with constant coecients, (LCR circuit, forced oscillations, vibration of spring problem etc.) Complemetary function and particular integral. Solution by method of undetermined coecients. Dierential equations with various types of functions on the RHS like eax , sin ax, cos ax, xm , eax V (x) etc. Simultaneous eqations (Prey-predator equation, velocity components in x and y direction, Lorentz system etc.) Solution of simultaneous dierential equations. Module 3 The Euler-Cauchy equidimensional equation. Second order equations with variable coecients. Finding the complete solution when one solution is known. Method of variation of parameters, Wronskian and its properties. Laplace transform-Laplace transform as a linear integral transform, Properties of the Laplace transform, Finding the Laplace transform of a function, inverse Laplace transform, convolution theorem, Laplace transform of derivatives and integrals. Applications to the solution of dierential equations, Mention of the Fourier sine and cosine transforms. Text: G F Simmons: Dierential Equations with applications and historical notes, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003 References: 1. Kreyzig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th edition, John Wiley. 2. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 23

3. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala Semester V Numerical Methods Code: MM 1544 Instructional hours per week: 3 No. of credits: 3

Module 1 We begin with an explanation of algebraic and transcendental functions. Fundamental theorem of algebra, application of location of roots theorem, Bisection method of obtaining one root, intersection method, Regula-Falsi method, NewtonRaphson method of obtaining roots, dierent types of errors, applications of errors, convergence of the methods. Use computers to draw the graphs of linear, quadratic and cubic equations in one variable and locate their roots. Module 2 Review of the dierent methods (Cramers rule, matrix - inverse method, using matrix transformations) to nd the solution of linear equations. Gaussian elimination method, Gauss - Jordan method, Gauss-Siedel method and Jacobi methods. Solving rst order non-linear dierential equations by Picards method, solving rst order dierential equations by Taylor series method, Euler method (commercial solution), modied Euler method (commercial solution), Runge-Kutta method (commercial solution). Module 3 Finite dierence operators like , E, , and their relations, interpolation with equal intervals, Newtons forward interpolation, Newtons backward interpolation, Stirlings formula, interpolation with unequal intervals, Lagranges formula, inverse interpolation. Finding rst and second derivatives using Newtons forward and backward formula and Stirlings formula, nding the maxima and minima of a given data, general quadrature formula for numerical integration, Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons 1 rule 3 and Simpsons 3 rule. 8 Assignments / Projects : Students must be encouraged to write computer programs and solve dierent problems. Text: S S Sastry: Introductory Methods of Numerical Studying, PHI References: 1. G F Simmons: Dierential Equations with Historical Notes 2. Erwin Kreyszig: Advanced Engineering Mathematics 3. K Sankara Rao: Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, PHI

Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 18 hours; Module 2: 18 hours; Module 3: 18 hours

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Syllabus for First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala Semester V Computer Programming-I Code: MM 1545 Instructional hours per week: 5 No.of credits: 4

Module 1 Algorithms and data (15 hours) Control structures, combining control structures, the goto statement, diagrams for algorithms, subroutines, recursion, a solution to the Tower of Hanoi, power control structurers, data types and data structures, variables, vectors, arrays, queues and stacks, trees, tree sort. Text: David Harel, Algorithmics-The Spirit of Computing, Second edition, Pearson Education Asia, Section 2 of Part I Module 2 Basic UNIX commands and concepts (25 hours of which 12 hours are for lab.) Logging in, setting a password, virtual consoles, popular commands, shells, lename extension, saving output, manual pages, le ownership and permission, changing owner group and permission, start-up les, important directories, process. Programming with gcc: gcc features, basic gcc usage, using multiple source les, enabling debugging code, creating libraries and shared libraries. Text: Matt Welsh et al., Running Linux- OREILLY - Third Edition. Chapter 4 and Section1 1 of Chapter 12 Module 3 C languageBasic syntax and examples (25 hours of which 12 hours are for lab.) Variables, operators(relational, logical, increment and decrement, etc.), formated input/output, control structure (if, if-else, nested if-else), loops (while, do-while, for, switch-case), simple programs. One dimensional and two dimensional arrays, strings, programs: bubble sorting, addition multiplication and transpose of matrices. Text: E. Balaguruswamy, Programming in ansi C Module 4 Pointers and structures in C (25 hours of which 12 hours are for lab.) Understanding pointersdeclaring and initializing pointer, pointer variable, pointer expressions, pointers and arrays, simple programs on pointers; Structuredenition and initialisation, comparison of structure. Variables, arrays of structures, arrays within structures, structure within arrays, pointers and structures, structures and functions, simple programs. Text: E. Balaguruswamy, Programming in ansi C

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester V Operations Research (Open Course) Code: MM 1551 Instructional hours per week: 2 No. of Credits: 2

Module 1 Linear Programming: Formulation of Linear Programming models, Graphical solution of Linear Programs in two variables, Linear Programs in standard form basic variable - basic solution- basic feasible solution -feasible solution, Solution of a Linear Programming problem using simplex method - Big-M simplex method. Module 2 Transportation Problems: Linear programming formulation - Initial basic feasible solution (Vogels approximation method/North-west corner rule) - degeneracy in basic feasible solution - Modied distribution method - optimality test. Assignment problems: Standard assignment problems - Hungarian method for solving an assignment problem. Project Management: Activity -dummy activity - event - project network, CPM (solution by network analysis only), PERT. Module 3 Queueing Models: Examples of queues-queue discipline-Kendalls notationanalysis of steady state distribution and performance evaluation of M/M/1, M/M/c/N - Erlangs loss formula. Text: Ravindran - Philps - Solberg: Operations Research- Principles and Practice Reference: Hamdy A Taha: Operations Research Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 12 hours; Module 2: 12 hours; Module 3: 12 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala Semester VI Real Analysis-II Code: MM 1641 Instructional hours per week: 5 No. of credits: 4

This part of the course builds on the rst course and concentrates on real valued functions. We discuss the three properties of continuity, dierentiability and Riemann integrability. Module 1 Continuity must be rst intuitively introduced as the geometric notion of an unbroken curve and then the discussion should gradually lead to the - denition, as an eort to make this notion formal and rigorous. The connection between continuity and existence of limit should be emphasized. The material contained in Sections 5.15.4, excluding 5.4.14 of the textbook, forms the core of this part of the course. Module 2 Dierentiation and integration are extensively discussed in an earlier Calculus course, with a strong emphasis on computation. Here we take another look at these from a conceptual point of view. Chapter 6 of the textbook, excluding the last part on convex functions, forms the contents of dierentiation and Sections 7.17.3 of Chapter 7, that of integration. The history of how calculus developed must also be discussed. (See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_calculus, for example.) Module 3 Since students have already seen and studied integration as anti-dierentiation in earlier courses, the dierences between anti-dierentiation and Riemanns theory of integration should be stressed. The historical evolution of the ideas leading to Riemann integral can be found in the web-page en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral#History. Section 7.3 of the textbook must be seen as establishing the links between anti-dierntiation and Riemann integration, Examples 7.3.2(e) and 7.3.7(a), (b) are signicant in this context. Text: Robert G Bartle: Introduction to Real Analysis, Third Ed., John Wiley & Sons References 1. A. D. Alexandrov et al., Mathematics:Its Content, Methods and Meaning, Dover 2. R. Dedekind, Essays on The Theory of Numbers, available as a freely dowloadable e-book at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/21016) 3. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill 4. A. E. Taylor, General Theory of Functions and Integration, Dover Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 30 hours; Module 2: 30 hours; Module 3: 30 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester VI Linear Algebra Code: MM 1642 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of Credits: 3

Module 1 A review of algebra of matrices is followed by some applications of matrices to conic sections, systems of linear equations, equilibrium-seeking systems and dierence equations. Systems of linear equations: elementary matrices, the process of Gaussian elimination, Hermite or row-reduced echelon matrices. Linear independence of columns, Row equivalent matrices, Rank of a matrix, Column rank, Normal form, Consistent systems of equations. Module 2 Invertible matrix: Left and right inverse of a matrix, Orthogonal matrix, Vector spaces, Subspaces, Linear combintion of vectors, Spanning set, Linear independence, Basis. Linear mappings: Linear transformations, Kernel and range, Rank and Nullity, Linear isomorphism. Module 3 Matrix connection: Ordered basis, Matrix of f relative to a xed ordered basis, Transition matrix from a basis to another, Nilpotent and index of nilpotency. Determinants: Determinantal if multilinear, alternating and 1-preserving, Transposition, Signum of a permutation, Laplace expansion along the ith row, Adjoint. Eigen values and eigen vectors: Characteristic equation, Algebraic multiplicities, Eigen space, Geometric multiplicities, Eigen vector, diagonalisation, Tridiagonal matrix. Text: T S Blyth and E F Robertson: Linear Algebra, Springer, Second Ed. References: 1. R Bronson and G B Costa: Linear Algebra, Academic Press, Seond Ed. 2. David C Lay: Linear Algebra, Pearson 3. K Homan and R Kunze: Linear Algebra, PHI

Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester VI: Vector Analysis Code: MM 1643 Instructional hours per week: 3 No. of credits: 3

Overview: The students are already aware of the concepts of a vector in three dimensional space and their dot, cross and triple products, as well as of derivatives of vector-valued functions, from the earlier semester. This course deals with advanced topics in vector calculus and covers Chapter 16 of the text. The authors claim that this chapter takes the student back to the roots of Calculus. The main theme is the concept of a ow and we analyse mathematically various types of ows. Module 1 Vector elds, graphical representation, inverse square eld, gradient elds, conservative elds and potential functions, divergence and curl, the operator, the Laplacian, 2 . Line integrals, evaluation of line integrals, line integrals in 3-space, mass of a wire as a line integral, arc length as a line integral, line integral with respect x, y andz, line integral along piecewise smooth curves, change of parameter in a line integral, reversing the direction of integration, work as a line integral, work done by a vector eld, work expressed in scalar form. Module 2 Work integrals, independence of path, the fundamental theorem of work integrals, work integrals along closed paths, a test for conservative vector elds, conservative vector elds in 3-space, conservation of energy. Greens theorem, nding work using Greens theorem, nding areas using Greens theorem, Greens theorem for multi-connected regions. Surface integrals: denition, evaluation of surface integrals over z = g(x, y), y = g(x, z) and x = g(y, z), mass of curved lamina as a surface integral, surface area as a surface integral. Module 3 Application of surface integrals: ow elds, oriented surfaces, orientation of a smooth parametric surface, ux, evaluation of ux integrals, orientation of nonparametric surfaces. Orientation of piecewise smooth closed surfaces, the Divergence theorem, using the Divergence theorem to nd ux, divergence viewed as ux density, sources and sinks, Gauss law for inverse square elds, Gauss law in electrostatics. Relative orientation of curves and surfaces, Stokes theorem, using Stokes theorem to calculate work, relationship between Greens theorem and Stokes theorem, curl viewed as circulation.

Text: Howard Anton, et al: Calculus, Seventh Edition, John Wiley

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References: 1. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 2. Kreyzig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th edition, John Wiley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 4. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 18 hours; Module 2: 18 hours; Module 3: 18 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester VI Graph Theory Code: MM 1644 Instructional hours per week: 3 No. of credits: 3

Overview of the Course: The course has been designed to build an awareness of some of the fundamental concepts in Graph Theory and to develop better understanding of the subject so as to use these ideas skillfully in solving real world problems. Module 1 A brief history of Graph Theory: The Knigsberg bridge problem, the history of the o Four Colour Theorem for maps, Contributions to Graph Theory by Euler, Kircho, Cayley, Mobius, De Morgan, Hamilton, Erds, Tutte, Harary, etc. (A maximum o of three hours may be allotted to this sub-module. In addition to sections 1.2 and 1.6 of the text, materials for this part can be had from other sources including the internet.) Graphs: Denition of graph, vertex, edge, incidence, adjacency, loops, parallel edges, simple graph. Representation of graphs, diagrammatic representation, matrix representation (adjacency* matrix and incidence matrix only). Finite and innite graphs, Denition of directed graphs, illustrative examples, Directed graphs, Applications of graphs. [sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2 ] Degree of a vertex, odd vertex, even vertex, relation between sum of degrees of vertices and the number of edges in a graph, and its consequence: number of odd vertices in a graph is even. Isolated vertex, pendant vertex, null graph, complete graphs [page 32], bipartite graphs [page 168], complete bipartite graph [page 192-prob 8.5], regular graph, complement* of a graph, graph isomorphisms, self complementary* graphs, illustrative examples. [sections 1.4, 1.5, 2.1 ] Sub-graphs, edge disjoint sub-graphs, spanning sub-graphs*, induced subgraphs [sections 2.2] The decanting problem and its graph model [no solution at this point]. The puzzle with multicolour cubes [problem 1.8 and section 2.3]. Module 2 Walks, open walks, closed walks, paths, circuits, end vertices of a path, path joinig two vertices, length of a path, connected and disconnected graphs. Components of a graph. [ sections 2.4, 2.5 ] Euler line, Euler graph, unicursal line, unicursal graph, characterisaion of Euler graph, Concept of Euler digraph [section 2.5, 9.5], Solution of the decanting problem. The Knigsberg problem, the Chinese postman problem* and the Teleprinters o problem, their graph models and solutions. [problem 1.8 and sections 2.3, 1.2, 9.5] Module 3 Trees- properties of trees, distance, eccentricity, center, radius, diameter, spanning tree, illustrative examples. [sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.7 ] Planar graphs examples of planar and non-planar graphs, dierent representations of a planar graph. Regular polyhedra, Eulers polyhedral formula. [Theorem 5.6, without proof] . Illustrative examples, Kuratowskis graphs and their importance in 32

the theory of planar graphs, forbidden sub-graph, characterisaion of planar graph [Kuratowskis theorem, Theorem 5.9, without proof], illustrative examples-both planar and non-planar. [sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5] Graph theoretic version of the Four Colour Theorem, without proof. Text: Narsingh Deo: Graph Theory with applications for Engineering and Computer Science, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 2000. References: 1. BalakrishnanR and Ranganatahan: A Text Book of Graph Theory, Springer 2. Body J A and Murthy U S R:Graph Theory with Applications, The Macmillan Press 3. Harary F: Graph Theory, Addison-Wesley 4. Vasudev C: Graph Theory with Applications 5. West D B: Introduction to Graph Theory, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

Note: Generally, the references are from NARSINGH DEO. Those marked with an asterisk are found elsewhere. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 18 hours; Module 2: 18 hours; Module 3: 18 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala Semester VI Computer Programming-II (Practicals) Code: MM 1645 Instructional hours per week: 5 No.of credits: 4

A Module 1 LTEX Programming (30 hrs) Basic, document, biblography, biblographic data base, table of contents, displayed text, row and columns, typesetting mathematics, typesetting theorems, several A kinds of boxes, oats, cross references in LTEX, footnotes, marginpars and endnotes.

A Text: Indian TEXUsers Group, Trivandrum, India - LTEXTutorialsA Primer, Chapters 1 to 13 (free download www.sarovar.org)

Module 2 Python (30 hours) Whetting your appetite, using the Python interpreter, An informal introduction to Python, More control ow tools, data structures, modules, input and output Text: Guido van Rossum Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor Python Tutorial- Release 3.1.1 Sections 1 to 7 Module 3 Python (continued) (30 hours) Errors and exceptions, classes, brief tour of the standard library, brief tour of the standard library Part II, interactive input editing and history substitution, oating point arithmetic: issues and limitations. Text: Guido van Rossum Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor Python Tutorial- Release 3.1.1 Sections 8 to 14

About the examination (a) This paper has only a practical examination of duration 3 hours. There shall be one external examiner and one internal examiner for the practical examination. (b) The maximum number of students allowed per batch for the practical examination shall be 20. (c) Out of a total of 100 marks, 75 marks shall be for the practical (external) examination and 25 for internal assessment (15 for theory and 10 for practical record.) (d) Each student shall submit a lab record consisting of at least thirty programs based on modules 1, 2 and 3. (This may include problems from other course work). (e) The internal assessment for theory shall be based on a written (internal) examination.

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester VI Fuzzy Mathematics (Elective) Code: MM 1651 Instructional hours per week: 3 No. of credits: 2

Module 1 From crisp sets to fuzzy sets: a paradigm shift. Introduction-crisp sets: an overview-fuzzy sets: basic types and basic concepts of fuzzy sets, Fuzzy sets versus crisp sets, Additional properties of cuts, Representation of fuzzy sets. Module 2 Operations on fuzzy sets and Fuzzy Arithmetic: Operations on fuzzy sets-types of operations, fuzzy complements, fuzzy intersections, t-norms, fuzzy unions, t-conorms, combinations of operations, aggregation operations. Fuzzy numbers, Linguistic variables, Arithmetic operations on intervals, Arithmetic operations on fuzzy numbers, Lattice of fuzzy numbers, Fuzzy equations. Module 3 Fuzzy relations and Fuzzy logic: Crisp versus fuzzy relations, projections and cylindric extensions, Binary fuzzy relations, Binary relations on a single set, Fuzzy equivalence relations, Fuzzy compatability relations, Fuzzy morphisms. Classical logic: an overview-multi-valued logics-Fuzzy propositions, Fuzzy quantiers, Lingistic hedges, Inference from conditional fuzzy propositions. Text: George J Klir and Yuan: Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: Theory and applications, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000. Chapter 1: Sections 1.1 to 1.4 Chapter 2: Sections 2.1 and 2.2 Chapter 3: Sections 3.1 to 3.6 Chapter 4: Sections 4.1 to 4.6 Chapter 5: Sections 5.1 to 5.8 Chapter 8: Sections 8.1 to 8.6 References: 1. Klir G J and T Folger: Fuzzy sets, Uncertainty and Information, PHI Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, 1998 35

2. H J Zimmerman: Fuzzy Set Theory and its Applications, Allied Publishers, 1996. 3. Dubois D and Prade H: Fuzzy Sets and Systems: Theory and Applications, Ac.Press, NY, 1988. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 18 hours; Module 2: 18 hours; Module 3: 18 hours

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Syllabus for the First Degree Programme in Mathematics of the University of Kerala

Semester VI Mechanics (Elective) Code: MM 1651 Instructional hours per week: 3 No. of credits: 2

Part A: STATICS Module 1 Introduction, composition and resolution of forces, parallelogram law of forces, triangle law of forces, Lamis theorem, polygon of forces, theorem, resultant of a nite number of coplanar forces acting upon a particle, conditions of equilibrium, parallel forces, resultant of two parallel forces acting upon a rigid body, moments, moments of a force about a point and about an axis, generalized theorem of moments. Module 2 Couples, equilibrium of a rigid body acted on by three coplanar forces, general conditions of equilibrium of a rigid body under coplanar forces, friction, laws of friction, limiting friction, coecient of friction and simple problems. Part B : DYNAMICS Module 3 Velocity, relative velocity, acceleration, parallelogram laws of acceleration, motion under gravity, Newtons laws of motion and their applications to simple problems. Impulse, work, energy, kinetic and potential energies of a body, principle of conservation of energy. Module 4 Projectiles, Range on an inclined plane, Collision of elastic bodies, Newtons experimental law, Impact of sphere on a plane, Direct and oblique impact of two spheres, Loss of kinetic energy by impact, Simple harmonic motion, Examples of simple harmonic motion, Simple pendulum. Text: by S.L. Loney, The Elements of Statics and Dynamics, Part-I and Part-II, AITBS Publications and distributions (Regd), Delhi Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 15 hours; Module 2: 12 hours; Module 3: 15 hours, Module 4: 12 hours

37

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Physics

Semester I Mathematics-I (Dierentiation and Analytic Geometry) Code: MM 1131.1 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of Credits:3

Overview of the course: The complementary course intended for Physics students lays emphsis on the application of mathematical methods to Physics. The two modules on Calculus links the topic to the real world and the students own experience as the authors of the text put it. Doing as many of the indicated exercises from the text should prove valuable in understanding the applications of the theory. Analytic geometry presented here is important in applications of calculus.

Module 1: Dierentiation with applications to Physics-I Functions and graphs of functions with examples from Physics. Interpretations of slope. The graph showing direct and inverse proportional variation. Mathematical models (functions as models). Parametric equations. Cycloid and Brachistochrone problem. Exercise set 1.8; Questions 31 34, 37 and 39. Instantaneous velocity and the slope of a curve. Limits. Innite limits and vertical asymptotes. Limits at innity and horizontal asymptotes. Some basic limits. Indeterminate forms of the type 0/0. Exercise set 2.1; Questions 27 and 28. Continuity. Slopes and rates of change. Rates of change in applications. Derivative. Exercise set 3.1; Questions 1 4 and 15, 16, 18 21. Exercise set 3.2; Question 39. Techniques of dierentiation. Higher derivatives. Implicit dierentiation. Related rates. Local linear approximation. Dierentials. Examples 1 6. Exercise set 3.3; Question 68. Exercise set 3.4; Question 32. Exercise set 3.8; Questions 57 60. Rectilinear motion. Speeding up and slowing down. Analysing the position versus time curve. Free fall motion. Examples 1 7. Exercise set 4.4; Questions 8, 9, 23, 27, 30 32. Absolute maxima and minima. Applied maximum anmd minimimum problems. Exercise set 4.6; Questions 47, 48, 56, 59. 38

 Statement of Rolles Theorem and Mean Value Theorem. The velocity interpretation of Mean Value Theorem. Statement of theorems 4.1.2 and 4.83 (consequences of the Mean Value Theorem). Exercise set 4.8; Questions 22 25. Inverse functions. Continuity and dierentiability of inverse functions. Graphing inverse functions. exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic functions and logarithmic dierentiation. Derivatives of the exponential function. Graphs and applications involving logarithmic and exponential functions. Logistic curves. Example 4 of section 7.4 (Newtons Law of Cooling). Exercise set 7.4; Questions 31, 35, 49 50. LHospitals Rule for nding the limits (without proof) of indeterminate forms of the type 0/0 and /. Analysing the growth of exponential functions using LHospitals Rule. Indeterminate forms of type 0 and and their evaluation by converting them to 0/0 or / types. Indeterminate forms of type 00 , 0 and 1 . Exercise set 7.7; Questions 55. Denitions of hyperbolic functions. Graphs of hyperbolic functions. Hanging cables and other applications. Hyperbolic identities. Why they are called hyperbolic functions. Derivatives of hyperbolic functions. Inverse hyperbolic functions. Logarithmic forms of inverse hyperbolic functions. Derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions. Exercise set 7.8; Questions 69 and 72. Module 2: Dierentiation with applications to Physics-II Power series and their convergence. Results about the region of convergence of a power series(without proof). Radius of convergence. Functions dened by a power series. Results about term by term dierentiation and integration of power series (without proof). Taylors theorem with derivative form of remainder (without proof) and its use in approximating functions by polynomials. Taylor series and Maclaurin series and representation of functions by Taylor series. Taylor series of basic functions and the regions where these series converge to the respective functions. Binomial series as a Taylor series and its convergence. Obtaining Taylor series representation of other functions by dierentiaion, integration, substitution etc. Functions of several variables. Graphs of functions of two variables. Equations of surfaces such as sphere, cylinder, cone, paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid etc. Partial derivatives and dierentials. The chain rule (various forms). Eulers theorem for homogeneous functions. Jacobians. Exercise set 14.3; Questions 47 and 48. Exercise set 14.4; Questions 49 and 50. Exercise set 14.5; Questions 41. 42 and 46. Local maxima and minima of functions of two variables. Use of partial derivatives in locating local maxima and minima. Lagrange method for nding maximum/minimum values of functions subject to one constraint. Exercise set 14.9; Question 20. 39

Module 3: Analytic Geometry Geometric denition of a conic-the focus, directrix and eccentricity of a conic. Classication of conics into ellise, parabola and hyperbola based on the value of eccentricity. Sketch of the graphs of conics. Reection properties of conic sections. Exercise set 11.4; Questions 39 43. Equations of the conics in standard positions. Equations of the conics which are translated from standard positions vertically or horizontally. Parametric representation of conics in standard form. Condition for a given straight line to be a tangent to a conic. Equation of the tangent and normal to a conic at a point. Asymptotes of a hyperbola. Equation of the asymptotes. Rectangular hyperbola and its parameric representation. Equation of tangent and normal to a rectangular hyperbola at a given point. Rotation of co-ordinate axes. Equation connecting the co-ordinates in the original and rotated axes. Elimination of the cross product term in a general second degree equation by suitable rotation. Identifying conics in non-standard positions represented by general second degree equation by suitable rotation of axes. The discriminant of a general second degree equation and its invariance under rotation of co-ordinate axes. The conditions on the discriminant for the general second degree equation to represent a conic, a pair of straight lines or a circle. Conic sections in polar coordinates. Eccentricity of an ellipse as a measure of atness. Polar equations of conics. Sketching conics in polar coordinates. Keplers Laws. Example 4 of section 11.6. Text: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

40

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Physics

Semester II Mathematics-II (Integration and Vectors) Code: MM 1231.1 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of Credits: 3

Overview of the course: The complementary course in the second semester continues the trend indicated in the rst, namely, laying emphasis on applications of integral calculus and vectors to problems in Physics. Module 1 consists of a review of basic integration techniques and the applications of integration. It also covers multiple integrals. Modules 2 and 3 deal with vector calculus and its applications in detail. Module 1: Integration (with applications to Physics) Indenite integrals (Review only), integral curves, integration from the view point of dierential equations, direction elds Exercise set 5.2; Questions 43, 44 and 51. (Review only) Denite integral and Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Rectilinear motion: nding position and velocity by integration. Uniformly accelerated motion. The free-fall model. integrating rates of change. Displacement in rectilinear motion. Distance travelled in rectilinear motion. Analysing the velocity versus time curve. Average value of a continuous function. Average velocity revisited. Exercise set 5.7; Questions 3, 4, 5, 6, 29, 39, 45 and 55. Review of integration techniques. Use of denite integrals in nding area under curves, area between two curves, volume of revolution, arc length and surface area of a solid of revolution. The idea of approximating the volume under a bounded surface in 3-space by volumes of boxes, leading to the denition of double integrals of functions of two variables over bounded regions. Evaluation of double integrals by iterated integrals. Evaluation by changing to polar co-ordinates and by suitably changing order of integration in the iterated integral. Applications to nding the volume of solids under bounded surfaces. Triple integrals over bounded regions in three space. Evaluation by iterated integrals. Cylindrical coordinates and spherical coordinates and their relation to Cartesian coordinates. Use of cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates in evaluating triple integrals. Applications of triple integrals to nding volumes of solid objects.

41

Module 2: Vector Dierentiation (Review only) Vectors in 3-space. Addition of two vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar and basic properties of these operations. Representation in Cartesian coordinates using standard basis. Dot, cross and triple product of vectors, their signicance and properties. Vector function of a single variable and representation in terms of standard basis. Limit of a vector function and evaluation of limit in Cartesian representation. Continuous vector functions and the idea that such functions represent oriented space curves. Examples. Derivative of a vector function and its geometric signicance. Derivative in terms of Cartesian components. Tangent vector to a curve, smooth and piecewise smooth curves. Applications to nding the length and curvature of space curves, velocity and acceleration of motion along a curve etc. Scalar eld and level surfaces. The gradient vector of a scalar eld (Cartesian form) at a point and its geometric signicance. Gradient as an operator and its properties. Directional derivative of a scalar eld and its signicance. Use of gradient vector in computing directional derivative. Vector elds and their Cartesian representation. Sketching of simple vector elds in the plane. The curl and divergence of a vector eld(Cartesian form) and their physical signicance. The curl and divergence as operators, their properties. Irrotational and solenoidal vector elds. Various combinations of gradient, curl and divergence operators. Module 3: Vector Integration The method of computing the work done by a force eld in moving a particle along a curve leading to the denition of line integral of a vector eld along a smooth curve. Scalar representation of line integral. Evaluation as a denite integral. Properties. Line integral over piecewise smooth curves. Greens theorem in the plane (without proof) for a region bounded by a simple closed piecewise smooth curve. Oriented surfaces. The idea of ux of a vetor eld over a surface in 3-space. The surface integral of a vector eld over a bounded oriented surface. Evaluation by reducing to a double integral. Use of cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates in computing surface integral over cylindrical and spherical surfaces. Stokes theorem (without proof) for an open surface with boundary a piecwise smooth closed curve. Gauss divergence theorem (without proof). Verication of the theorems in simple cases and their use in computing line integrals or surface integrals which are dicult to evaluate directly. Physical intrepretation of divergence and curl in terms of the velocity eld of a uid ow. Conservative elds and potential functions. Relation of conservative vector elds to their irrotational nature and the path- independence of line integrals in the eld ( without proof). Signicance of these results in the case of conservative force elds such as gravitational, magnetic and electric elds. Method of nding the potential function of a conservative eld. Text: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley

42

References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 4. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

43

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Physics

Semester III Mathematics-III (Theory of equations, Dierential Equations and Theory of Matrices) Code: MM 1331.1 Instructional hours per week: 5 No. of Credits: 4 Module 1: Theory of equations Polynomial equations and fundamental theorem of algebra (without proof). Applications of the fundamental theorem to equations having one or more complex roots, rational roots or multiple roots. Relations between roots and coecients of a polynomial equation and computation of symmetric functions of roots. Finding equations whose roots are functions of the roots of a given equation. Reciprocal equation and method of nding its roots. Analytical methods for solving polynomial equations of order up to four-quadratic formula, Cardanos method for solving cubic equations, Ferraris method (for quartic equations). Remarks about the insolvability of equations of degree ve or more. Finding the nature of roots without solving-Des Cartes rule of signs. Module 2: Dierential Equations Review of basic concepts about dierential equations and their solutions. Method of solving special types of rst order ODEs such as variable separable, exact, homogeneous, and linear. Finding the family of curves orthogonal to a given family. Second order linear dierential equations. Nature of the general solution of homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear ODEs. Extension to higher order ODEs. Second order linear homogeneous ODEs with constant coecients. The characteristic equation and its use in nding the general solution. Extension of the results to higher order ODEs. Second order linear non-homogeneous ODEs with constant coecients. General solution as the sum of complementary function and particular integral. Second order linear dierential operator and its properties. The inverse operator and its properties. Operator method for nding the particular integral of simple functions. Extension of the results to higher order equations. Cauchy and Legendre equations and their solutions by reducing to equations with constant coecients by suitable change of variable. Module 3: Theory of Matrices (Review only) Basic concepts about matrices. Operations involving matrices, dierent types of matrices. Representation of a system of linear equation in matrix form. Inverse of a matrix, Cramers rule. 44

 The rows and columns of a matrix as elements of Rn for suitable n. Rank of a matrix as the maximum number of linearly independent rows/columns. Elementary row operations. Invariance of rank under elementary row operations. The echelon form and its uniqueness. Finding the rank of a matrix by reducing to echelon form. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous system of linear equations. Results about the existence and nature of solution of a system of equations in terms of the ranks of the matrices involved. The eigen value problem. Method of nding the eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix. Basic properties of eigen values and eigen vectors. Eigen values and eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix. Diagonalisable matrices. Advantages of diagonalisable matrices in computing matrix powers and solving system of equations. The result that a square matrix of order n is diagonalisabe (i) if and only if it has n linearly independent eigen vectors (ii) if it has n distinct eigen values. Method of diagonalising a matrix. Diagonalisation of real symmetric matrices. Similar matrices. Text for Module 1: Barnard and Child, Higher Algebra, Macmillan Text for Module 2: Kreyzig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th edition, John Wiley. Text for Module 3: David C. Lay, Linear Algebra, Thompson Publications, 2007. References: 1. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 2. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 3. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. 4. George F Simmons, Dierential equations with applications and historical notes, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003 Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 30 hours; Module 2: 30 hours; Module 3: 30 hours

45

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Physics

Semester IV Mathematics-IV (Complex Analysis, Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms) Code: MM 1431.1 Instructional hours per week: 5 No. of Credits: 4 Module 1: Complex Analysis-I 1. Complex Functions (Review only) Basic concepts about complex numbers. Real and imaginary parts, modulus of a complex number. Algebra of complex numbers, complex plane, modulus and argument of a complex number, n-th roots of a complex number. Sets of points in the complex plane, circle, open disc, cloded disc, closed set open set, connected set and limit point of a set. Complex functions. The real and imaginary parts of a complex function. Functions as mapping between two complex planes. Polynomial and rational functions. Denition of elementary functions-exp(z),sinz,cosz etc by dening their real and imaginary parts in terms of known real functions. Denition of logz as the inverse of exponential function and its multivalued nature. Principal branch of logarithm. Rational and complex powers of a complex number and their multi-valuedness. 2. Complex dierentiation The limit of a complex function. Limit in terms of real and imaginary parts of the function. Basic properties of limits. Derivative of a complex function. The CauchyRiemann equations and the necessary and sucient conditions for dierentiability. Analytic functions. Analyticity of the elementary functions. Harmonic functions of two variables. The result that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic. Method of constructing an analytic function with a given harmonic function as real or imaginary part. Module 2: Complex Analysis-II 1. Complex Integration Curves in the complex plane. Smooth and piecewise smooth curves. Integral of a complex function along acurve. Evaluation of line integrals by reducing to denite integral. Cauchys theorem (without proof) and its implications. Conditions for independence of path in simply connected domains. Fundamental theorem showing connection between line integral of a function and its and anti-derivative (without proof). Cauchys integral formula for derivatives and its use in computing line integrals over simple closed curves. 46

2. Complex series Sequences and series of complex numbers and their convergence. Cauchys convergence principle Comparison and ratio tests for convergence of compex series. Power series and radius of convergence of a power series. Taylor series and Taylors theorem on the representation of a function analytic in an open disk and the uniqueness of such representation (without proof). Taylor series representation of elementary functions. Laurents theorem on the representation of a function analytic in an annulus and the uniqueness of such representation (without proof). Examples of nding series representations of simple functions. 3. Residue Theory Isolated singular point of a complex function and classication of such singularitiesremovable singularity, poles and essential singularity. Residue of a function at a singular point. Calculation of residues. Cauchys residue theorem(without proof). Evaluation of line integrals using Residue theorem. Use of Residue theorem in evaluating denite integrals of rational functions involving sines and cosines. Module 3: Fourier Series and transforms Periodic functions, trigonometric series, Fourier series, evaluation of Fourier coecients for functions dened in (, +), Fourier series for odd and even functions, half range series, Fourier series for odd and even functions, Fourier series of functions dened in (L, +L). Fourier integrals and Fourier transforms. Text for Modules 1 and 2: Ruel V. Churchill and James Ward Brown,Complex Variables and Applications, 1989. Text for Module 3: Kreyzig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th edition, John Wiley. Chapter 8, Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10. References 1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Peter V. O Neil, Thompson Publications, 2007 2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Michael D. Greenberg, Pearson Education, 2002.

47

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Chemistry

Semester I Mathematics-I (Dierentiation and Matrices) Code: MM 1131.2 Overview of the course: The complementary course intended for Chemistry students lays emphsis on the application of mathematical methods to Chemistry. The two modules on Calculus links the topic to the real world and the students own experience as the authors of the text put it. Doing as many of the indicated exercises from the text should prove valuable in understanding the applications of the theory. Applications to Chemistry on the lines of those in Physics as given in the text could be obtained from the net. The third module covers matrix theory. Module 1: Dierentiation with applications to Chemistry-I Functions and graphs of functions with examples from Chemistry. Interpretations of slope. The graph showing direct and inverse proportional variation. Mathematical models (functions as models). Parametric equations. Cycloid. Exercise set 1.8; Questions 31 34. Instantaneous velocity and the slope of a curve. Limits. Innite limits and vertical asymptotes. Limits at innity and horizontal asymptotes. Some basic limits. Indeterminate forms of the type 0/0. Exercise set 2.1; Questions 27 and 28. Continuity. Slopes and rates of change. Rates of change in applications. Derivative. Exercise set 3.1; Questions 1, 2 and 16. Techniques of dierentiation. Higher derivatives. Implicit dierentiation. Related rates. Local linear approximation. Dierentials. Examples 1 6. Exercise set 3.8; Questions 53 55. Rectilinear motion. Speeding up and slowing down. Analysing the position versus time curve. Free fall motion. Examples 1 7. Exercise set 4.4; Questions 8, 9, 30 32. Absolute maxima and minima. Applied maximum anmd minimimum problems. Exercise set 4.6; Questions 47 and 48. Statement of Rolles Theorem and Mean Value Theorem. The velocity interpretation of Mean Value Theorem. Statement of theorems 4.1.2 and 4.83 (consequences of the Mean Value Theorem). 48 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of Credits: 3

 Inverse functions. Continuity and dierentiability of inverse functions. Graphing inverse functions. exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic functions and logarithmic dierentiation. Derivatives of the exponential function. Graphs and applications involving logarithmic and exponential functions. Exercise set 7.4; Question 50. LHospitals Rule for nding the limits (without proof) of indeterminate forms of the type 0/0 and /. Analysing the growth of exponential functions using LHospitals Rule. Indeterminate forms of type 0 and and their evaluation by converting them to 0/0 or / types. Indeterminate forms of type 00 , 0 and 1 . Denitions of hyperbolic functions. Graphs of hyperbolic functions. Hyperbolic identities. Why they are called hyperbolic functions. Derivatives of hyperbolic functions. Inverse hyperbolic functions. Logarithmic forms of inverse hyperbolic functions. Derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions. Module 2: Dierentiation with applications to Chemistry-II Power series and their convergence. Results about the region of convergence of a power series(without proof). Radius of convergence. Functions dened by a power series. Results about term by term dierentiation and integration of power series (without proof). Taylors theorem with derivative form of remainder (without proof) and its use in approximating functions by polynomials. Taylor series and Maclaurins series and representation of functions by Taylor series. Taylor series of basic functions and the regions where these series converge to the respective functions. Binomial series as a Taylor series and its convergence. Obtaining Taylor series representation of other functions by dierentiaion, integration, substitution etc. Functions of two variables. Graphs of functions of two variables. Equations of surfaces such as sphere, cylinder, cone, paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid etc. Partial derivatives and chain rule (various forms). Eulers theorem for homogeneous functions. Jacobians. Exercise set 14.3; Questions 47 and 48. Exercise set 14.4; Question 50. Exercise set 14.5; Question 42. Local maxima and minima of functions of two variables. Use of partial derivatives in locating local maxima and minima. Lagrange method for nding maximum/minimum values of functions subject to one constraint. Exercise set 14.9; Question 20. Module 3: Theory of Matrices (Review only) basic concepts about matrices. Operations involving matrices, dierent types of matrices. Representation of a system of linear equation in matrix form. Inverse of a matrix, Cramers rule. The rows and columns of a matrix as elements of Rn for suitable n. Rank of a matrix as the maximum number of linearly independent rows/columns. Elementary row operations. Invariance of rank under elementary row operations. The Echelon form and its uniqueness. Finding the rank of a matrix by reducing it to echelon form. 49

 Homogeneous and non-homogeneous system of linear equations. Results about the existence and nature of solution of a system of equations in terms of the ranks of the matrices involved. The eigen value problem. Method of nding the eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix. Basic properties of eigen values and eigen vectors. Eigen values and eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix. Diagonalisable matrices. Advantages of diagonalisable matrices in computing matrix powers and solving system of equations. The result that a square matrix of order n is diagonalisabe (i) if and only if it has n linearly independent eigen vectors (ii) if it has n distinct eigen values. Method of diagonalising a matrix. Diagonalisation of real symmetric matrices. Similar matrices. Text for Modules 1 and 2: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley Text for Module 3: David C. Lay, Linear Algebra, Thompson Publications, 2007 References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

50

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Chemistry

Semester II Mathematics-II (Integration, Dierential Equations and Analytic Geometry) Code: MM 1231.2 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of Credits: 3

Overview of the course: The complementary course in the second semester continues the trend indicated in the rst, namely, laying emphasis on applications of integral calculus to problems in Chemistry. Module 1 consists of a review of basic integration techniques and the applications of integration. It also covers multiple integrals. Module 2 deals with dierential equations, while Module 3 covers analytic geometry.

Module 1: Integration (with applications to Chemistry) Indenite integrals (Review only), integral curves, integration from the view point of dierential equations, direction elds Exercise set 5.2; Questions 43 and 44 (Review only) Denite integral and Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Rectilinear motion: nding position and velocity by integration. Uniformly accelerated motion. The free-fall model. integrating rates of change. Displacement in rectilinear motion. Distance travelled in rectilinear motion. Analysing the velocity versus time curve. Average value of a continuous function. Average velocity revisited. Exercise set 5.7; Questions 3, 4, 5, 6, 29 and 55 Review of integration techniques. Use of denite integrals in nding area under curves, area between two curves, volume of revolution, arc length and surface area of a solid of revolution. The idea of approximating the volume under a bounded surface in 3-space by volumes of boxes, leading to the denition of double integrals of functions of two variables over bounded regions. Evaluation of double integrals by iterated integrals. Evaluation by changing to polar co-ordinates and by suitably changing order of integration in the iterated integral. Applications to nding the volume of solids under bounded surfaces. Triple integrals over bounded regions in three space. Evaluation by iterated integrals. Cylindrical coordinates and spherical coordinates and their relation to Cartesian coordinates. Use of cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates in evaluating triple integrals. Applications of triple integrals to nding volumes of solid objects.

51

Module 2: Dierential Equations Review of basic concepts about dierential equations and their solutions. Method of solving special types of rst order ODEs such as variable separable, exact, homogeneous, and linear. Finding the family of curves orthogonal to a given family. Second order linear dierential equations. Nature of the general solution of homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear ODEs. Extension to higher order ODEs. Second order linear homogeneous ODEs with constant coecients. The characteristic equation and its use in nding the general solution. Extension of the results to higher order ODEs. Second order linear non-homogeneous ODEs with constant coecients. General solution as the sum of complementary function and particular integral. Second order linear dierential operator and its properties. The inverse operator and its properties. Operator method for nding the particular integral of simple functions. Extension of the results to higher order equations. Cauchy and Legendre equations and their solutions by reducing to equations with constant coecients by suitable change of variable. Module 3: Analytic Geometry Geometric denition of a conic-the focus, directrix and eccentricity of a conic. Classication of conics into ellise, parabola and hyperbola based on the value of eccentricity. Sketch of the graphs of conics. Reection properties of conic sections. Exercise set 11.4; Questions 39 43. Equations of the conics in standard positions. Equations of the conics which are translated from standard positions vertically or horizontally. Parametric representation of conics in standard form. Condition for a given straight line to be a tangent to a conic. Equation of the tangent and normal to a conic at a point. Asymptotes of a hyperbola. Equation of the asymptotes. Rectangular hyperbola and its parameric representation. Equation of tangent and normal to a rectangular hyperbola at a given point. Rotation of co-ordinate axes. Equation connecting the co-ordinates in the original and rotated axes. Elimination of the cross product term in a general second degree equation by suitable rotation. Identifying conics in non-standard positions represented by general second degree equation by suitable rotation of axes. The discriminant of a general second degree equation and its invariance under rotation of co-ordinate axes. The conditions on the discriminant for the general second degree equation to represent a conic, a pair of straight lines or a circle. Conic sections in polar coordinates. Eccentricity of an ellipse as a measure of atness. Polar equations of conics. Sketching conics in polar coordinates. Keplers Laws. Example 4 of section 11.6. Text for Modules 1 and 3 : Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley Text for Module 2: Kreyzig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th edition, John Wiley.

52

References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 4. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. 5. George F Simmons, Dierential equations with applications and historical notes, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003 Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

53

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Chemistry

Semester III Mathematics-III (Theory of Equations and Vector Analysis) Code: MM 1331.2 Instructional hours per week: 5 No. of Credits: 4 Module 1: Theory of equations Polynomial equations and fundamental theorem of algebra (without proof). Applications of the fundamental theorem to equations having one or more complex roots, rational roots or multiple roots. Relations between roots and coecients of a polynomial equation and computation of symmetric functions of roots. Finding equations whose roots are functions of the roots of a given equation. Reciprocal equation and method of nding its roots. Analytical methods for solving polynomial equations of order up to four-quadratic formula, Cardanos method for solving cubic equations, Ferraris method (for quartic equations). Remarks about the insolvability of equations of degree ve or more. Finding the nature of roots without solving-Des Cartes rule of signs. Module 2: Vector Dierentiation (Review only) Vectors in 3-space. Addition of two vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar and basic properties of these operations. Representation in Cartesian coordinates using standard basis. Dot, cross and triple product of vectors, their signicance and properties. Vector function of a single variable and representation in terms of standard basis. Limit of a vector function and evaluation of limit in Cartesian representation. Continuous vector functions and the idea that such functions represent oriented space curves. Examples. Derivative of a vector function and its geometric signicance. Derivative in terms of Cartesian components. Tangent vector to a curve, smooth and piecewise smooth curves. Applications to nding the length and curvature of space curves, velocity and acceleration of motion along a curve etc. Scalar eld and level surfaces. The gradient vector of a scalar eld (Cartesian form) at a point and its geometric signicance. Gradient as an operator and its properties. Directional derivative of a scalar eld and its signicance. Use of gradient vector in computing directional derivative. Vector elds and their Cartesian representation. Sketching of simple vector elds in the plane. The curl and divergence of a vector eld(Cartesian form) and their physical signicance. The curl and divergence as operators, their properties. Irrotational and solenoidal vector elds. Various combinations of gradient, curl and divergence operators. 54

Module 3: Vector Integration The method of computing the work done by a force eld in moving a particle along a curve leading to the denition of line integral of a vector eld along a smooth curve. Scalar representation of line integral. Evaluation as a denite integral. Properties. Line integral over piecewise smooth curves. Greens theorem in the plane (without proof) for a region bounded by a simple closed piecewise smooth curve. Oriented surfaces. The idea of ux of a vetor eld over a surface in 3-space. The surface integral of a vector eld over a bounded oriented surface. Evaluation by reducing to a double integral. Use of cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates in computing surface integral over cylindrical and spherical surfaces. Stokes theorem (without proof) for an open surface with boundary a piecwise smooth closed curve. Gauss divergence theorem (without proof). Verication of the theorems in simple cases and their use in computing line integrals or surface integrals which are dicult to evaluate directly. Physical intrepretation of divergence and curl in terms of the velocity eld of a uid ow. Conservative elds and potential functions. Relation of conservative vector elds to their irrotational nature and the path- independence of line integrals in the eld ( without proof). Signicance of these results in the case of conservative force elds such as gravitational, magnetic and electric elds. Method of nding the potential function of a conservative eld. Text for Module 1: Barnard and Child, Higher Algebra, Macmillan Text for Modules 2 and 3: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 4. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 30 hours; Module 2: 30 hours; Module 3: 30 hours

55

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Chemistry

Semester IV Mathematics-IV (Abstract algebra, Linear transformations, Coordinate systems) Code: MM 1431.2 Instructional hours per week: 5 No. of Credits: 4

Module 1: Abstract algebra Groupsdenition and examples, elementary properties, nite groups and subgroups, cyclic groups, elementary properties, symmetry of plane gures Rings and eldsdenition and examples, Vector spaces, denition and examples, elementary properties, linear dependence and independence, basis and dimension. Module 2: Linear Transformations Linear transformations from Rn into Rm . Matrix of a linear transformation relative to a given pair of bases and linear transformation dened by a matrix. Characterisation of linear transformations from Rn into Rm . Linear transformations from Rn into Rn and matix of such tranformations. Matrix representation of simple tranformations such as rotation, reection, projection etc. on the plane. Relation between matrices of a given transformation relative to two dierent bases. Method of choosing a suitable basis in which the matrix of a given transformation has the particularly simple form of a diagonal matrix. Module 3: Co-ordinate systems Spherical co-ordinates, polar co-ordinates, cylindrical co-ordinates, relation to cartesian co-ordinates, application of integration, integration in spherical co-ordinates. Text for Module 1: J B Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications Text for Module 2: David C. Lay, Linear Algebra, Thompson Publications, 2007 Text for Modules 3: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley

References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 56

3. Kreyzig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th edition, John Wiley. 4. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 5. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 30 hours; Module 2: 30 hours; Module 3: 30 hours

57

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Geology

Semester I Mathematics-I (Dierentiation and Theory of Equations) Code: MM 1131.3 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of Credits: 3 credits

Overview of the course: The complementary course intended for Geology students lays emphsis on the application of mathematical methods to Geology. The two modules on Calculus links the topic to the real world and the students own experience as the authors of the text put it. Doing as many of the indicated exercises from the text should prove valuable in understanding the applications of the theory. Applications to Geology on the lines of those in Physics as given in the text could be obtained from the net. The third module covers theory of equations. Module 1: Dierentiation with applications to Geology-I Functions and graphs of functions with examples from Geology. Interpretations of slope. The graph showing direct and inverse proportional variation. Mathematical models (functions as models). Parametric equations. Cycloid. Exercise set 1.8; Questions 31 34. Instantaneous velocity and the slope of a curve. Limits. Innite limits and vertical asymptotes. Limits at innity and horizontal asymptotes. Some basic limits. Indeterminate forms of the type 0/0. Exercise set 2.1; Questions 27 and 28. Continuity. Slopes and rates of change. Rates of change in applications. Derivative. Exercise set 3.1; Questions 1, 2 and 16. Techniques of dierentiation. Higher derivatives. Implicit dierentiation. Related rates. Local linear approximation. Dierentials. Examples 1 6. Exercise set 3.8; Questions 53 55. Rectilinear motion. Speeding up and slowing down. Analysing the position versus time curve. Free fall motion. Examples 1 7. Exercise set 4.4; Questions 8, 9, 30 32. Absolute maxima and minima. Applied maximum anmd minimimum problems. Exercise set 4.6; Questions 47 and 48. Statement of Rolles Theorem and Mean Value Theorem. The velocity interpretation of Mean Value Theorem. Statement of theorems 4.1.2 and 4.83 (consequences of the Mean Value Theorem). 58

 Inverse functions. Continuity and dierentiability of inverse functions. Graphing inverse functions. exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic functions and logarithmic dierentiation. Derivatives of the exponential function. Graphs and applications involving logarithmic and exponential functions. Exercise set 7.4; Question 50. LHospitals Rule for nding the limits (without proof) of indeterminate forms of the type 0/0 and /. Analysing the growth of exponential functions using LHospitals Rule. Indeterminate forms of type 0 and and their evaluation by converting them to 0/0 or / types. Indeterminate forms of type 00 , 0 and 1 . Denitions of hyperbolic functions. Graphs of hyperbolic functions. Hyperbolic identities. Why they are called hyperbolic functions. Derivatives of hyperbolic functions. Inverse hyperbolic functions. Logarithmic forms of inverse hyperbolic functions. Derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions. Module 2: Dierentiation with applications to Geology-II Power series and their convergence. Results about the region of convergence of a power series(without proof). Radius of convergence. Functions dened by a power series. Results about term by term dierentiation and integration of power series (without proof). Taylors theorem with derivative form of remainder (without proof) and its use in approximating functions by polynomials. Taylor series and Maclaurins series and representation of functions by Taylor series. Taylor series of basic functions and the regions where these series converge to the respective functions. Binomial series as a Taylor series and its convergence. Obtaining Taylor series representation of other functions by dierentiaion, integration, substitution etc. Functions of two variables. Graphs of functions of two variables. Equations of surfaces such as sphere, cylinder, cone, paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid etc. Partial derivatives and chain rule (various forms). Eulers theorem for homogeneous functions. Jacobians. Exercise set 14.3; Questions 47 and 48. Exercise set 14.4; Question 50. Exercise set 14.5; Question 42. Local maxima and minima of functions of two variables. Use of partial derivatives in locating local maxima and minima. Lagrange method for nding maximum/minimum values of functions subject to one constraint. Exercise set 14.9; Question 20. Module 3: Theory of equations Polynomial equations and fundamental theorem of algebra (without proof). Applications of the fundamental theorem to equations having one or more complex roots, rational roots or multiple roots. Relations between roots and coecients of a polynomial equation and computation of symmetric functions of roots. Finding equations whose roots are functions of the roots of a given equation. Reciprocal equation and method of nding its roots.

59

 Analytical methods for solving polynomial equations of order up to four-quadratic formula, Cardanos method for solving cubic equations), Ferraris method (for quartic equations). Remarks about the insolvability of equations of degree ve or more. Finding the nature of roots without solving-Des Cartes rule of signs. Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours Texts: 1. Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley 2. Barnard and Child, Higher Algebra, Macmillan. References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

60

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Geology

Semester II Mathematics-II (Integration, Dierential Equations and Matrices) Code: MM 1231.3 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of Credits: 3

Overview of the course: The complementary course in the second semester continues the trend indicated in the rst, namely, laying emphasis on applications of integral calculus and vectors to problems in Geology. Module 1 consists of a review of basic integration techniques and the applications of integration. It also covers multiple integrals. Module 2 deals with dierential equations, while Module 3 covers matrix theory.

Module 1: Integration (with applications to Geology) Indenite integrals (Review only), integral curves, integration from the view point of dierential equations, direction elds Exercise set 5.2; Questions 43 and 44 (Review only) Denite integral and Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Rectilinear motion: nding position and velocity by integration. Uniformly accelerated motion. The free-fall model. integrating rates of change. Displacement in rectilinear motion. Distance travelled in rectilinear motion. Analysing the velocity versus time curve. Average value of a continuous function. Average velocity revisited. Exercise set 5.7; Questions 3, 4, 5, 6, 29 and 55 Review of integration techniques. Use of denite integrals in nding area under curves, area between two curves, volume of revolution, arc length and surface area of a solid of revolution. The idea of approximating the volume under a bounded surface in 3-space by volumes of boxes, leading to the denition of double integrals of functions of two variables over bounded regions. Evaluation of double integrals by iterated integrals. Evaluation by changing to polar co-ordinates and by suitably changing order of integration in the iterated integral. Applications to nding the volume of solids under bounded surfaces. Triple integrals over bounded regions in three space. Evaluation by iterated integrals. Cylindrical coordinates and spherical coordinates and their relation to Cartesian coordinates. Use of cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates in evaluating triple integrals. Applications of triple integrals to nding volumes of solid objects.

61

Module 2: Dierential Equations Review of basic concepts about dierential equations and their solutions. Method of solving special types of rst order ODEs such as variable separable, exact, homogeneous, and linear. Finding the family of curves orthogonal to a given family. Second order linear dierential equations. Nature of the general solution of homogeneous and non-homogeneous linear ODEs. Extension to higher order ODEs. Second order linear homogeneous ODEs with constant coecients. The characteristic equation and its use in nding the general solution. Extension of the results to higher order ODEs. Second order linear non-homogeneous ODEs with constant coecients. General solution as the sum of complementary function and particular integral. Second order linear dierential operator and its properties. The inverse operator and its properties. Operator method for nding the particular integral of simple functions. Extension of the results to higher order equations. Cauchy and Legendre equations and their solutions by reducing to equations with constant coecients by suitable change of variable. Module 3: Theory of Matrices (Review only) basic concepts about matrices. Operations involving matrices, dierent types of matrices. Representation of a system of linear equation in matrix form. Inverse of a matrix, Cramers rule. The rows and columns of a matrix as elements of Rn for suitable n. Rank of a matrix as the maximum number of linearly independent rows/columns. Elementary row operations. Invariance of rank under elementary row operations. The Echelon form and its uniqueness. Finding the rank of a matrix by reducing to echelon form. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous system of linear equations. Results about the existence and nature of solution of a system of equations in terms of the ranks of the matrices involved. The eigen value problem. Method of nding the eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix. Basic properties of eigen values and eigen vectors. Eigen values and eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix. Diagonalisable matrices. Advantages of diagonalisable matrices in computing matrix powers and solving system of equations. The result that a square matrix of order n is diagonalisabe (i) if and only if it has n linearly independent eigen vectors (ii) if it has n distinct eigen values. Method of diagonalising a matrix. Diagonalisation of real symmetric matrices. Similar matrices. Text for Module 1: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley Text for Module 2: Kreyzig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th edition, John Wiley. Text for Module 3: David C. Lay, Linear Algebra, Thompson Publications, 2007.

62

References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 4. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. 5. George F Simmons, Dierential equations with applications and historical notes, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003 Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

63

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Geology

Semester III Mathematics-III (Analytic Geometry, Complex Numbers, Abstract Algebra) Code: MM 1331.3 Instructional hours per week: 5 No. of Credits: 4

Module 1: Analytic Geometry Geometric denition of a conic-the focus, directrix and eccentricity of a conic. Classication of conics into ellise, parabola and hyperbola based on the value of eccentricity. Sketch of the graphs of conics. Reection properties of conic sections. Exercise set 11.4; Questions 39 43. Equations of the conics in standard positions. Equations of the conics which are translated from standard positions vertically or horizontally. Parametric representation of conics in standard form. Condition for a given straight line to be a tangent to a conic. Equation of the tangent and normal to a conic at a point. Asymptotes of a hyperbola. Equation of the asymptotes. Rectangular hyperbola and its parameric representation. Equation of tangent and normal to a rectangular hyperbola at a given point. Rotation of co-ordinate axes. Equation connecting the co-ordinates in the original and rotated axes. Elimination of the cross product term in a general second degree equation by suitable rotation. Identifying conics in non-standard positions represented by general second degree equation by suitable rotation of axes. The discriminant of a general second degree equation and its invariance under rotation of co-ordinate axes. The conditions on the discriminant for the general second degree equation to represent a conic, a pair of straight lines or a circle. Conic sections in polar coordinates. Eccentricity of an ellipse as a measure of atness. Polar equations of conics. Sketching conics in polar coordinates. Keplers Laws. Example 4 of section 11.6. Module 2: Complex Numbers Review of basic results: Introduction to complex numbers, representation of complex numbers, the Argand diagram, De Moivres theorem, evaluation of roots of complex numbers, nding nth roots of unity, its properties, Expansion of trigonometric functions of multiples of angles, expansion of powers of trigonometric functions, separation into real and imaginary parts, Summation of series.

64

Module 3: Abstract algebra Groupsdenition and examples, elementary properties, nite groups and subgroups, cyclic groups, elementary properties, symmetry of plane gures. Rings and eldsdenition and examples, Vector spaces, denition and examples, elementary properties, linear dependence and independence, basis and dimension. Text for Modules 1: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley Text for Module 2: S K Mapa, Algebra, Sarat Book Distributors, Calcutta. Text for Module 3: J B Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publications References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. D A R Wallace, Groups, Rings and Fields, Springer Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 30 hours; Module 2: 30 hours; Module 3: 30 hours

65

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Geology

Semester IV Mathematics-IV (Vector Analysis and Fourier Series) Code: MM 1431 Instructional hours per week: 5 No. of Credits: 4

Module 1: Vector Dierentiation (Review only) Vectors in 3-space. Addition of two vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar and basic properties of these operations. Representation in Cartesian coordinates using standard basis. Dot, cross and triple product of vectors, their signicance and properties. Vector function of a single variable and representation in terms of standard basis. Limit of a vector function and evaluation of limit in Cartesian representation. Continuous vector functions and the idea that such functions represent oriented space curves. Examples. Derivative of a vector function and its geometric signicance. Derivative in terms of Cartesian components. Tangent vector to a curve, smooth and piecewise smooth curves. Applications to nding the length and curvature of space curves, velocity and acceleration of motion along a curve etc. Scalar eld and level surfaces. The gradient vector of a scalar eld (Cartesian form) at a point and its geometric signicance. Gradient as an operator and its properties. Directional derivative of a scalar eld and its signicance. Use of gradient vector in computing directional derivative. Vector elds and their Cartesian representation. Sketching of simple vector elds in the plane. The curl and divergence of a vector eld(Cartesian form) and their physical signicance. The curl and divergence as operators, their properties. Irrotational and solenoidal vector elds. Various combinations of gradient, curl and divergence operators. Module 2: Vector Integration The method of computing the work done by a force eld in moving a particle along a curve leading to the denition of line integral of a vector eld along a smooth curve. Scalar representation of line integral. Evaluation as a denite integral. Properties. Line integral over piecewise smooth curves. Greens theorem in the plane (without proof) for a region bounded by a simple closed piecewise smooth curve. Oriented surfaces. The idea of ux of a vetor eld over a surface in 3-space. The surface integral of a vector eld over a bounded oriented surface. Evaluation by reducing to a double integral. Use of cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates in computing surface integral over cylindrical and spherical surfaces.

66

 Stokes theorem (without proof) for an open surface with boundary a piecwise smooth closed curve. Gauss divergence theorem (without proof). Verication of the theorems in simple cases and their use in computing line integrals or surface integrals which are dicult to evaluate directly. Physical intrepretation of divergence and curl in terms of the velocity eld of a uid ow. Conservative elds and potential functions. Relation of conservative vector elds to their irrotational nature and the path- independence of line integrals in the eld ( without proof). Signicance of these results in the case of conservative force elds such as gravitational, magnetic and electric elds. Method of nding the potential function of a conservative eld. Module 3: Fourier Series and transforms Periodic functions, trigonometric series, Fourier series, evaluation of Fourier coecients for functions dened in (, +), Fourier series for odd and even functions, half range series, Fourier series for odd and even functions, Fourier series of functions dened in (L, +L). Fourier integrals and Fourier transforms. Text for Modules 1 and 2: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley Text for Module 3: Kreyzig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8th edition, John Wiley. Chapter 8, Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10. References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 4. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 30 hours; Module 2: 30 hours; Module 3: 30 hours

67

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Statistics

Semester I Mathematics-I (Theory of equations, Innite Series and Analytic Geometry) Code: MM 1131.4 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of Credits: 3

Overview of the course: The complementary course intended for Statistics students lays emphsis on the application of mathematical methods to Statistics. The First Module develops concepts in the theory of equations and covers the methods of solving the cubic and the quartic. The second module starts with a sequence of real numbers and goes on to discuss various tests for the convergence of an innite series. The third Module treats analytic geometry. Module 1: Theory of equations Polynomial equations and fundamental theorem of algebra (without proof). Applications of the fundamental theorem to equations having one or more complex roots, rational roots or multiple roots. Relations between roots and coecients of a polynomial equation and computation of symmetric functions of roots. Finding equations whose roots are functions of the roots of a given equation. Reciprocal equation and method of nding its roots. Analytical methods for solving polynomial equations of order up to four-quadratic formula, Cardanos method for solving cubic equations, Ferraris method (for quartic equations). Remarks about the insolvability of equations of degree ve or more. Finding the nature of roots without solving-Des Cartes rule of signs. Module 2: Innite Series Sequences of real numbers and limit of a sequence. Convergent and divergent sequences. Algebra of convergent sequences.Bounded and monotone sequences. The result that bounded monotone sequences are convergent (without proof). Innite limits and limit at innity with examples. Innite series as a sequence of partial sums of a given sequence. Convergence and divergence of series. The behaviour of the series 1/np . Tests of convergencecomparison test, ratio test and root test. Examples illustrating the use of these tests. Series of positive and negative terms. Absolute convergence. The result that absolute convergence implies convergence. Tests for absolute convergence-comparison, ratio and root tests. Alternating series and Leibnitz test for convergence.

68

Module 3: Analytic geometry (Review) Geometric denition of a conic-the focus, directrix and eccentricity of a conic. Classication of conics into ellise, parabola and hyperbola based on the value of eccentricity. Sketch of the graphs of conics. Equations of the conics in standard positions. Equations of the conics which are translated from standard positions vertically or horizontally. Parametric representation of conics in standard form. Condition for a given straight line to be a tangent to a conic. Equation of the tangent and normal to a conic at a point. Asymptotes of a hyperbola. Equation of the asymptotes. Rectangular hyperbola and its parameric representation. Equation of tangent and normal to a rectangular hyperbola at a given point. Rotation of co-ordinate axes. Equation connecting the co-ordinates in the original and rotated axes. Elimination of the cross product term in a general second degree equation by suitable rotation. Identifying conics in non-standard positions represented by general second degree equation by suitable rotation of axes. The discriminant of a general second degree equation and its invariance under rotation of co-ordinate axes. The conditions on the discriminant for the general second degree equation to represent a conic, a pair of straightlines or a circle. Texts for Modules 1 and 2: 1. Barnard and Child, Higher Algebra, Macmillan. 2. S K Mapa, Algebra, Sarat Book Distributors, Calcutta. Texts for Module 3: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

69

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Statistics

Semester II Mathematics-II (Dierential Calculus) Code: MM 1231.4 Instructional hours per week: 4 No. of Credits: 3

Overview of the course: The complementary course intended for Statistics students lays emphsis on the application of mathematical methods to Statistics. The two modules on Dierential Calculus links the topic to the real world and the students own experience as the authors of the text put it. Doing as many of the indicated exercises from the text should prove valuable in understanding the applications of the theory. Applications to Statistics on the lines of those in Physics as given in the text could be obtained from the net. The third Module on Integral Calculus reviews basic integration techniques and covers several applications of integration. It also treats multiple integrals. The emphasis should be on applications to statistical problems. Module 1: Dierentiation with applications to Statistics-I Functions and graphs of functions with examples from Statistics. Interpretations of slope. The graph showing direct and inverse proportional variation. Mathematical models (functions as models). Parametric equations. Cycloid. Exercise set 1.8; Questions 31 34. Instantaneous velocity and the slope of a curve. Limits. Innite limits and vertical asymptotes. Limits at innity and horizontal asymptotes. Some basic limits. Indeterminate forms of the type 0/0. Exercise set 2.1; Questions 27 and 28. Continuity. Slopes and rates of change. Rates of change in applications. Derivative. Exercise set 3.1; Questions 1, 2 and 16. Techniques of dierentiation. Higher derivatives. Implicit dierentiation. Related rates. Local linear approximation. Dierentials. Examples 1 6. Exercise set 3.8; Questions 53 55. Rectilinear motion. Speeding up and slowing down. Analysing the position versus time curve. Free fall motion. Examples 1 7. Exercise set 4.4; Questions 8, 9, 30 32. Absolute maxima and minima. Applied maximum anmd minimimum problems. Exercise set 4.6; Questions 47 and 48.

70

 Statement of Rolles Theorem and Mean Value Theorem. The velocity interpretation of Mean Value Theorem. Statement of theorems 4.1.2 and 4.83 (consequences of the Mean Value Theorem). Inverse functions. Continuity and dierentiability of inverse functions. Graphing inverse functions. exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic functions and logarithmic dierentiation. Derivatives of the exponential function. Graphs and applications involving logarithmic and exponential functions. Exercise set 7.4; Question 50. LHospitals Rule for nding the limits (without proof) of indeterminate forms of the type 0/0 and /. Analysing the growth of exponential functions using LHospitals Rule. Indeterminate forms of type 0 and and their evaluation by converting them to 0/0 or / types. Indeterminate forms of type 00 , 0 and 1 . Denitions of hyperbolic functions. Graphs of hyperbolic functions. Hyperbolic identities. Why they are called hyperbolic functions. Derivatives of hyperbolic functions. Inverse hyperbolic functions. Logarithmic forms of inverse hyperbolic functions. Derivatives of inverse hyperbolic functions. Module 2: Dierentiation with applications to Statistics-II Power series and their convergence. Results about the region of convergence of a power series(without proof). Radius of convergence. Functions dened by a power series. Results about term by term dierentiation and integration of power series (without proof). Taylors theorem with derivative form of remainder (without proof) and its use in approximating functions by polynomials. Taylor series and Maclaurins series and representation of functions by Taylor series. Taylor series of basic functions and the regions where these series converge to the respective functions. Binomial series as a Taylor series and its convergence. Obtaining Taylor series representation of other functions by dierentiaion, integration, substitution etc. Module 3: Dierentiation with applications to Statistics-III Functions of two variables. Graphs of functions of two variables. Equations of surfaces such as sphere, cylinder, cone, paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid etc. Partial derivatives and chain rule (various forms). Eulers theorem for homogeneous functions. Jacobians. Exercise set 14.3; Questions 47 and 48. Exercise set 14.4; Question 50. Exercise set 14.5; Question 42. Local maxima and minima of functions of two variables. Use of partial derivatives in locating local maxima and minima. Lagrange method for nding maximum/minimum values of functions subject to one constraint. Exercise set 14.9; Question 20. Text: Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 71

2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. 3. Peter V. O Neil, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 4. Michael D. Greenberg, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 24 hours; Module 2: 24 hours; Module 3: 24 hours

72

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Statistics

Semester III Mathematics-III (Integration and Complex Numbers) Code: MM 1331.4 Instructional hours per week: 5 No. of Credits: 4

Module 1: Integration with applications to Statistics-I Indenite integrals (Review only), integral curves, integration from the view point of dierential equations, direction elds Exercise set 5.2; Questions 43 and 44 (Review only) Denite integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Techniques of integration. Rectilinear motion: nding position and velocity by integration. Uniformly accelerated motion. The free-fall model. integrating rates of change. Displacement in rectilinear motion. Distance travelled in rectilinear motion. Analysing the velocity versus time curve. Average value of a continuous function. Average velocity revisited. Exercise set 5.7; Questions 3, 4, 5, 6, 29 and 55 Use of denite integrals in nding area under curves, area between two curves, volume of revolution, arc length and surface area of a solid of revolution. Module 2: Integration with applications to Statistics-II The idea of approximating the volume under a bounded surface in 3-space by volumes of boxes, leading to the denition of double integrals of functions of two variables over bounded regions. Evaluation of double integrals by iterated integrals. Evaluation by changing to polar co-ordinates and by suitably changing order of integration in the iterated integral. Applications to nding the volume of solids under bounded surfaces. Triple integrals over bounded regions in 3-space. Evaluation by iterated integrals. Cylindrical coordinates and spherical coordinates and their relation to Cartesian coordinates. Use of cylindrical and spherical co-ordinates in evaluating triple integrals. Applications of triple integrals to nding volumes of solid objects. Module 3: Complex Numbers Review of basic results: Introduction to complex numbers, representation of complex numbers, the Argand diagram, De Moivres theorem, evaluation of roots of complex numbers, nding nth roots of unity, its properties, Expansion of trigonometric functions of multiples of angles, expansion of powers of trigonometric functions, separation into real and imaginary parts, Summation of series. 73

Text for Modules 1 and 2 : Howard Anton, et al, Calculus. Seventh Edition, John Wiley Text for Module 3: S K Mapa, Algebra, Sarat Book Distributors, Calcutta. References: 1. James Stewart, Essential Calculus, Thompson Publications, 2007. 2. Thomas and Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ninth Edition, Addison-Wesley. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 35 hours; Module 2: 35 hours; Module 3: 20 hours

74

University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Statistics

Semester IV Mathematics-IV (Linear Algebra) Code: MM 1431.4 Instructional hours per week: 5 No. of Credits: 4

Module 1: Vector Spaces over R Vector in 3-space as an ordered triple of real numbers. Addition of two vectors and multiplication of a vector by a scalar. Algebra of vectors involving addition and scalar multiplication. The norm of a vector. The dot product and orthogonal vectors. Geometric interpretation of these concepts and their connection to the traditional method of representing a vector in terms of standard unit vectors. The ntuple as a generalisation of ordered triple and the space Rn of all ntuples. Addition of two ntuples and multiplication of an ntuple by a scalar. Listing of the algebraic properties of Rn that makes it a vector space. Dot product of ntuples and orthogonality. The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in Rn . Sub space of Rn . Geometric meaning of subspaces in R2 .and R3 . Linear dependence and independence of vectors in Rn . Basis and dimension and the standard basis of Rn . Orthogonal and orthonormal bases. Representation of an arbitrary vector in an orthonormal basis. The Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process. Module 2: Theory of Matrices (Review only) basic concepts about matrices. Operations involving matrices, dierent types of matrices. Representation of a system of linear equation in matrix form. Inverse of a matrix, Cramers rule. The rows and columns of a matrix as elements of Rn for suitable n. Rank of a matrix as the maximum number of linearly independent rows/columns. Elementary row operations. Invariance of rank under elementary row operations. The Echelon form and its uniqueness. Finding the rank of a matrix by reducing to echelon form. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous system of linear equations. Results about the existence and nature of solution of a system of equations in terms of the ranks of the matrices involved. The eigen value problem. Method of nding the eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix. Basic properties of eigen values and eigen vectors. Eigen values and eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix. The result that the eigen vectors of a real symmetric matrix form an orthogonal basis of Rn .

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 Diagonalisable matrices. Advantages of diagonalisable matrices in computing matrix powers and solving system of equations. The result that a square matrix of order n is diagonalisabe (i) if and only if it has n linearly independent eigen vectors (ii) if it has n distinct eigen values. Method of diagonalising a matrix. Diagonalisation of real symmetric matrices. Quadratic forms in Rn and matrix of quadratic forms. Canonical form of a quadratic form and the principal axes theorem. Geometric meaning of principle axes theorem for quadratic forms in R2 . Use of these results in identifying the type of a conic that a general second degree equation may represent. Module 3: Linear Transformations Linear transformations from Rn into Rm . Matrix of a linear transformation relative to a given pair of bases and linear transformation dened by a matrix. Characterisation of linear transformations from Rn into Rm . Linear transformations from Rn into Rn and matix of such tranformations. Matrix representation of simple tranformations such as rotation, reection, projection etc. on the plane. Relation between matrices of a given transformation relative to two dierent bases. Method of choosing a suitable basis in which the matrix of a given transformation has the particularly simple form of a diagonal matrix. Text: David C. Lay, Linear Algebra, Thompson Publications, 2007 References: 1. T S Blyth and E F Robertson: Linear Algebra, Springer, Second Ed. 2. Peter V. O Neil: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thompson Publications, 2007 3. Michael D. Greenberg: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education, 2002. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 30 hours; Module 2: 30 hours; Module 3: 30 hours

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University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Economics Semester I Mathematics for Economics-I Code: MM 1131.5 Overview of the course: The complementary course intended for Economics students lays emphsis on the increased use of mathematical methods in Economics. The rst Module of the rst semester course discusses the basic concepts of functions, limits and continuity, which is essential to understand what is to follow in subsequent Modules. The second Module is on Dierentiation. Applications to Economics abound in this area. The concepts should therefore be carefully motivated with suitable examples. Module 1: Functions, Limits and Continuity Functions: Denition and examples of functions, domain and range of a function, graph of a function, notion of implicit and explicit functions, demand functions and curves, total revenue functions and curves, cost functions and curves, indierence function, indierence curves for ow of income over time. Limits and continuity of functions: Notion of the limit of a function with sucient xn an examples, algebra of limits (No proof), theorems on limits : limxa = nxn1 , xa sin x ex 1 ax 1 limx0 = 1, limx0 = 1, limx0 = log a, for a > 0 (No proof), x x x denition and examples of continuous functions, discontinuity, examples, geometrical meaning of continuity Module 2: Dierentiation-I Dierentiation: Dierentiation of functions of one variable, derivative as a rate measure, rules of dierentiation, derivative of a function at a point, product rule, quotient rule, function of a function rule, derivatives of standard functions, derivatives and approximate values, geometrical interpretation of the derivative, applications in economics (such as marginal revenue, marginal cost), References: 1. R G D Allen, Mathematical Analysis for Economics, AITBS Publishers, D-2/15. Krishnan Nagar, New Delhi 2. Taro Yamane, Mathematics for Economists, An Elementary Survey, PHI, New Delhi. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 27 hours; Module 2: 27 hours Instructional hours per week: 3 No. of Credits: 2

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University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Economics

Semester II Mathematics for Economics-II Code: MM 1231.5 Instructional hours per week: 3 No. of Credits: 3

Overview of the course: The rst module on dierentiation discusses dierntials, increasing and decreasing functions and maxima and minima, along with several applications. The second module is on partial dierentiation. It considers the maxima and minima of functions of two varibles and these are readily applied to problems in Economics. Module 1: Dierentiation-II Further dierentiation: Successive derivatives of elementary functions, dierentials and approximations, increasing and decreasing functions, turning points, points of inexion, convexity of curves, maxima and minima of functions of one variable, the problem of average and marginal values, problems of monopoly and duopoly in economic theory. Module 2: Partial Dierentiation Partial Dierentiation: Functions of several variables, Denition and examples partial dierentiation of functions of two variables, maxima and minima of functions of many variables, Lagrangian multiplier method of maxima and minima of functions, illustrations from economics, geometrical interpretation of partial derivatives, total dierentials, derivatives of implicit functions, higher order partial derivatives, homogeneous functions, applications(maxima and minima problems) in economics, References: 1. R G D Allen, Mathematical Analysis for Economics, AITBS Publishers, D-2/15. Krishnan Nagar, New Delhi 2. Taro Yamane, Mathematics for Economists, An Elementary Survey, PHI, New Delhi. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 27 hours; Module 2: 27 hours

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University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Economics

Semester III Mathematics for Economics-III Code: MM 1331.5 Instructional hours per week: 3 No. of Credits: 3

Overview of the course: The course follows the trends set in the rst two semester. Integration techniques, denite integrals and approximate integration are discussed in the rst module, highlighting applications to Economics. Various innite series form the content of the second module. Module 1: Integration Integration : Integral as an antiderivative, integration by substitution, integration by parts, denition of the denite integral, denite integrals and approximate integration (Simpsons rule and trapezoidal rule), total cost, marginal cost, capitalisation of an income ow, law of growth, Domars models on public debt and national income. Module 2: Series Series: geometric, binomial, exponential and logarithmic series, Taylors formula, Taylor series, extension to many variables. References: 1. R G D Allen, Mathematical Analysis for Economics, AITBS Publishers, D-2/15. Krishnan Nagar, New Delhi 2. Taro Yamane, Mathematics for Economists, An Elementary Survey, PHI, New Delhi. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 27 hours; Module 2: 27 hours

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University of Kerala Complementary Course in Mathematics for First Degree Programme in Economics

Semester IV Mathematics for Economics-IV Code: MM 1431.5 Instructional hours per week: 3 No. of Credits: 3

Overview of the course The two modules in this course treat dierential equations, the solutions of which are important in most mathematical models. First order dierential equations are considered in the rst module, whereas second order dierenetial equations with constant coecients, together with the Euler equation are dealt with in the second module. Module 1: Dierential Equations-I Dierential Equations: Formulation of dierential equations, geometrical interpretation of a dierential equation representing a family of curves, First order equations, Linear equations, Variables separable, Homogeneous equations. Module 2: Dierential Equations-II Dierential equations of higher order: Second order dierential equations with constant coecients with RHS as one of x, eax , sin ax, cos ax, Euler equations, applications in economics, Domars capital expansion model, equilibrium of a market and stability of equilibrium of a dynamic market. References: 1. R G D Allen, Mathematical Analysis for Economics, AITBS Publishers, D-2/15. Krishnan Nagar, New Delhi 2. Taro Yamane, Mathematics for Economists, An Elementary Survey, PHI, New Delhi. Distribution of instructional hours: Module 1: 27 hours; Module 2: 27 hours

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