Expirement 1 Fluid Properties: Density and Surface Tension

Table of Contents:
OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................................... 1 THEORY....................................................................................................................................2-3 PROCEDURE .............................................................................................................................4-6 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................7-8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 9 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................. 10

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OBJECT:
The object of this experiment was to determine the density of a fluid by performing three different methods and use that determined density to calculate the surface tension of the fluid.

THEORY:
The density of any substance is defined as the mass per unit volume and is denoted by . =m/V (1)

m is the mass of a substance and V is the volume occupied by the mass. The density of a liquid remains sensibly constant because the volume occupied by a given mass of a liquid is almost invariable. From this it may be noted that a liquid may be taken as virtually incompressible. There are several different methods that can be used to determine a fluid s density. One method is to weigh a known volume of the liquid using a graduated cylinder or beaker and a scale. The beaker is weighed empty and then filled to a certain volume according to the graduations on it and weighed again. The difference in weight divided by the volume gives the weight per unit volume of the liquid. This measurement is expressed as, = (m2 m1) / V where m1 is the weight of the empty beaker and m2 is the weight of the filled beaker. A second method of finding density involves measuring the buoyant force exerted on a submerged object. The difference between the weight of an object in air and the weight of the object in liquid is known as the buoyant force. The buoyant force B is found as B = W1 W2 (3) (2)

where W1 is the weight of the object in air and W2 is the weight of the submerged object. The buoyant force is equal to the difference between the weight of the object in air and the weight of the object while submerged. Dividing this difference by the volume displaced, V, gives the weight per unit volume from which density can be calculated. =B/V (4)

A third method of making a density measurement involves the use of a calibrated hydrometer cylinder. The cylinder is submerged in the liquid and the density is read directly on the calibrated portion of the cylinder itself. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of a fluid, usually with a reference to pure water at room temperature. This means that the specific gravity of a fluid is the ratio of the mass of a liquid to the mass of an equal volume of pure water. To calculate the density of a fluid with this instrument, suspend the hydrometer bulb end down in a cylinder filled with fluid and wait for it to come to rest. It is important that the hydrometer does not touch the sides of the cylinder so that the fluid s other properties do not interfere with the reading. On the length of the hydrometer there are calibration marks. The value that is at the meniscus of the fluid is the specific gravity of the 2

fluid. It should be recorded and is denoted as s. To calculate the density from this value, multiply the hydrometer reading by the known density of water. =s*
water

(5)

Another important fluid property is surface tension and is defined as the energy required to pull molecules of liquid from beneath the surface to the surface to form a new area. In a liquid away from the liquid surface, the molecules have random orientations and cause an attraction on each other that is equal in all directions. However, the molecules are rearranged when a liquid surface is formed. The resulting unbalanced attraction of the molecules on each other causes the liquid surface to behave as if the surface were a stretched membrane. The tension in this hypothetical membrane, expressed as a force per unit length [F/L] and given the symbol , is the surface tension of the liquid. The magnitude of the surface tension depends on the temperature and the second fluid (gas or liquid) in contact with the surface. A surface tension meter is used to measure this energy per unit area and give its value directly. The apparent surface tension is expressed as
a

=F/L

(6)

where F is the force required to drag the molecules and L is the area formed above the surface. The apparent surface tension must undergo correction to obtain the actual value for the surface tension of the fluid. To obtain the correction factor the equation F = 0.725 + [ 0.0004033 (
a/

) + 0.04534 1.679 ( r / R ) ]1/2

(7)

must be executed. F is the correction factor and (r/R) is the ratio found on the ring container specific to the type of metal used to form the ring. Once the correction factor is obtained, the actual surface tension for the liquid can be found by =F*
a

(8)

Procedure:
Part 1, Density Measurement Equipment: D D D D D D Graduated Cylinder 250mL Graduated Beaker Fresh Mountain Strawberry shampoo Mettler Toledo MS 3002S/03 Digital Scale Mettler Toledo PB153-S/ Fact Hanging Mass Scale Fisher Hydrometer Cylinder 11-583-D

Method 1: 1. Weigh the empty graduated beaker on a scale and record the mass. 2. Remove the beaker from the scale and fill the beaker to a measured and recorded volume of Fresh Mountain Strawberry shampoo. 3. Weigh the laden beaker on the scale again and record the mass. 4. Determine the difference in the masses and record this mass. This value is the mass of the fluid. 5. Divide the mass of the fluid by the volume measured into the beaker and record this value. This will yield the density of the fluid.

Figure 1: Mettler Toledo MS 3002S/03 Digital Scale Method 2:

1. Suspend the crystal hanging mass from a harness attached directly to the plate of the Mettler Toledo PB 153 (SN: CV3279) and record the crystal s apparent weight. 2. Fill a graduated beaker to a measured volume of Fresh Mountain Strawberry shampoo and record this volume on a data sheet. 3. Remove the crystal hanging mass from the harness on the plate of the scale. Place the fluid filled beaker onto a riser over the plate so the weight of the fluid and beaker are neglected. Hang the crystal mass from the harness again, this time submerging the crystal completely in the fluid. Record the weight of the mass as is it submerged in the fluid. 4. Before removing the hanging mass from the fluid, record the volume of fluid the hanging mass displaced inside the beaker. 5. Determine the buoyant force exerted by the fluid on the hanging mass by subtracting the submerged weight from the non-submerged weight and record this value. 6. Divide the buoyant force by buoyant force calculated in Step 5 by the volume determined in Step 4 to determine the fluid s density.

Figure 2: Mettler Toledo PB153-S/ Fact Hanging Mass Scale

Method 3: 1. Fill the beaker or graduated cylinder with shampoo. 2. Choose the proper hydrometer cylinder and put it vertically into the graduated cylinder or beaker containing the Fresh Mountain Strawberry shampoo. 3. Allow the hydrometer cylinder settle in the beaker and record the scale of the hydrometer. 4. Take the results of step 3 and multiply by the density of water in SI units. 5. The results from step 4 are the density. Part 2: Surface Tension Equipment Used: 5

D D D D

Beaker Fresh Mountain Strawberry shampoo Fisher Surface Tensiomat model 21 (SN: 84858) Thermo Scientific Platinum Iridium Ring No. 576830-1

Procedure: 1. Fill a small beaker with an arbitrary amount of Suave Ocean Breeze shampoo. The amount is inconsequential as long as there is enough fluid for the platinum iridium ring to be inserted into the beaker beneath the free surface and not touch the bottom. 2. Insert the platinum-iridium ring beneath the surface of the fluid at an angle so as to not disturb the surface too much. Any breakage of the surface will skew the results of the surface tension meter. 3. Place the beaker with ring onto the movable table of the Tensiomat and affix the ring to the balance rod of the device. 4. Level the balance rod of the Tensiomat through careful movements of the tension knob on the right side of the device. Zero out the reading dial on the front of the machine. 5. Flip the up/down switch on the front of the Tensiomat to the up position. The device will put the internal wire of the machine through torsion and lift the ring to and through the surface of the fluid. 6. Once the ring has broken the surface of the fluid, the machine will disengage. The dial on the front of the Tensiomat will display the amount of force per unit length required to break the surface of the fluid in dynes per centimeter. This value is the apparent surface tension of the fluid. 7. Remove the ring from the beaker and administer a small amount of fluid to restore the surface. Repeat Steps 2 through 6 three more times and record the results. 8. To obtain the actual surface tension of the fluid, assess the correction factor by evaluating Equation 7 using the density acquired in Part 1 of this experiment and the r/R value for the platinum-iridium ring. Multiply this value by the apparent surface to obtain the actual surface tension of the fluid.

Figure 3: Fisher Surface Tensiomat model 21 (SN: 84858)

Results:
Part 1: Density Measurement Method 1: Table 1: Density measurements for Method 1 Mass of Empty Beaker Mass of Filled Beaker Volume in Beaker Density Method 2: Table 2: Density measurements for Method 2 Hanging Weight Submerged Weight Buoyant Force Displaced Volume Density Method 3: 30.435 g 20.275 g 10.167 g 10 mL 1.017 g/mL 132.97 g 230.07 g 97 mL 1.001 g/mL

Table 3: Density measurements for Method 3 Specific Gravity Density 1.005 1.005 g/mL

Density of Water 1.000 g/mL

Part 2: Surface Tension Table 4: Measurements for Surface Tension Trial 1 2 3 average
a

(dynes/cm) 29.0 32.0 27.6 29.5

F 1.2428 0.8888 0.8833 1.0050

(dynes/cm) 36.0 28.4 24.4 29.6

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The results for the density measurements are not all the same value but they are in agreement with one another because their values are not too far apart. Because the calculated values for all three methods fall within a small range it can be said that these values are in agreement. The buoyant force does not vary with the depth of the submerged object. Once the object is submerged the upward and downward forces acting on the top and bottom of the object is the same at any depth. This means that the buoyant force remains constant at any depth because the buoyant force is related to the weight of the object and not to the depth. In my opinion the best method used was method 3 because there was little room for human error. This will allow for more accurate results. The results are precise as stated earlier because they are consistent to each other and the differences between the results are minimal. The mean of the values obtained was 1.0073 g/mL and is obtained by adding the values together and dividing by the total number of values used. Mean = (1.001 + 1.016 + 1.005) / 3 = 1.0073 g/mL The standard deviation of the results was 0.0078 g/mL.
= [ ( x-xAVG) / (n-1) ]
2 1/2

= [ ((1.001-1.0073) + (1.016-1.0073) + (1.005-1.0073) ) / 2 ]

1/2

= 0.0078 g/mL

None of the measurements can be discarded using Chauvent s rule because all of the densities lie within range. Chauvenent s Rule = = 1.0073 0.0107 = 0.9966g/mL
V avg  CW e V avg e V avg  CW
avg

1.0073+0.0107 1.018g/mL

avg

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Appendix:
Data Usage: Sample Calculations for Method 1: =(230.07-132.97)/97 = 1.001 g/mL Sample Calculations for Method 2: = (30.435-20.275)/10 = 1.016 g/mL Sample Calculations for Method 3: = 1.005*1.000 = 1.005 g/mL Sample Calculations for Surface Tension: F = 0.725+[ 0.0004033*(29/1.0073)+0.04534-1.679*(1/5305932016) ]1/2 F = 1.2428 = F*
A

= 1.2428*29 = 36 dyne/cm

Bibliography: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Edition William S. Janna (1993)

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