JewelleJoyera

Diamond Ring HD photo Anillo de diamante de alta definicin de fotos

Amber pendants mbar colgantes

Contemporary jewellery design. Contemporneo de diseo de joyas.

The Queen Farida of Egypt red coral parure by Ascione manifacture, 1938, Neaples, Coral Jewellery Museum La reina Farida de Egipto aderezo de coral rojo por Ascione manifacture de 1938, Npoles, Museo de Joyera Coral Jewellery or jewelry [ 1 ] ( Joyera o artculos de joyera [1] ( / d u l r i / ) is a form of personal adornment, manifesting itself as necklaces , rings , brooches , earrings , and bracelets . / d u l r i / ) es una forma de adorno personal, que se manifiesta como collares , anillos , broches , pendientes y pulseras . Jewellery may be made from any material, usually gemstones , precious metals , or shells . Joyera puede ser de cualquier material, por lo general las piedras preciosas , metales preciosos , o conchas . Factors affecting the choice of materials include cultural differences and the availability of the materials. Factores que influyen en la eleccin de los materiales incluyen las diferencias culturales y la disponibilidad de los materiales. Jewellery may be appreciated because of its material properties, its patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Joyera puede ser apreciado por sus propiedades de los materiales, sus patrones, o de smbolos significativos. Jewellery differs from other items of personal adornment in that it has no other purpose than to look appealing. Joyera difiere de otros artculos de adorno personal en el que no tiene otro propsito que el aspecto atractivo. Items such as belts and handbags are considered to be accessories rather than jewellery. Los artculos tales como cinturones y bolsos de mano son considerados como accesorios en lugar de joyas. The word jewellery is derived from the word jewel , which was anglicized from the Old French " jouel " circa the 13th century. [ 2 ] Further tracing leads back to the Latin word " jocale ", meaning plaything. Las joyas de la palabra se deriva de la joya de la palabra, que fue anglicismo del francs antiguo "jouel" alrededor del siglo 13. [2] Ms de seguimiento lleva de nuevo a la Amrica la palabra "jocale", que significa juguete. Jewellery is one of the oldest forms of body adornment; recently-found 100,000-yearold beads made from Nassarius shells are thought to be the oldest known jewellery. [ 3 ] La joyera es una de las ms antiguas formas de adorno corporal, recientemente se encontraron aos de edad cuentas-100000 a partir de Nassarius conchas se cree que la joyera ms antigua conocida. [3] Jewellery is sometimes regarded as a way of showing wealth and might also possess some minimal functionality, such as holding a garment together or keeping hair in place. La joyera es considerado a veces como una forma de mostrar la riqueza y tambin podra tener algunas funcionalidades mnimas, tales como la celebracin de una prenda juntos o mantener el cabello en su lugar. It has from very early times been

regarded as a form of personal adornment. Tiene desde tiempos muy antiguos se ha considerado como una forma de adorno personal. The first pieces of jewellery were made from natural materials , such as bone , animal teeth , shell , wood and carved stone . Las primeras piezas de joyera fueron hechos de materiales naturales , tales como huesos , dientes de animales , conchas , madera y tallado de piedra . Some jewellery throughout the ages may have specifically been as an indication of a social group. Algunas joyas a travs del tiempo puede haber sido especficamente como una indicacin de un grupo social. More exotic jewellery is often for wealthier people, with its rarity increasing its value. joyas ms exticas es a menudo por las personas ms ricas, con su escasez cada vez mayor de su valor. Due to its personal nature and its indication of social class, some cultures established traditions of burying the dead with their jewellery. Debido a su carcter personal y su indicacin de la clase social, algunas culturas, las tradiciones establecidas de enterrar a los muertos con sus joyas. Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings and many more types of jewellery . La joyera se ha hecho para adornar casi todas las partes del cuerpo, a partir de horquillas de los anillos del dedo del pie y muchos ms tipos de joyas . While traditional jewellery is usually made with gemstones and precious metals, such as silver or gold, there is also a growing demand for art jewellery where design and creativity is prized above material value. Mientras joyera tradicional se hace generalmente con piedras preciosas y metales preciosos, como oro o plata, tambin hay una creciente demanda de joyera de arte donde la creatividad es apreciada por encima del valor de diseo y materiales. In addition, there is the less costly costume jewellery , made from lower value materials and often mass-produced. Adems, no es el menos costoso bisutera , fabricados con materiales de menor valor y, a menudo producidos en masa. Other variations include wire sculpture (wrap) jewellery, using anything from base metal wire with rock tumbled stone to precious metals and precious gemstones. Otras variaciones incluyen esculturas de alambre (plstico) de joyera, utilizando cualquier cosa, desde la base de alambre de metal con el rock cay la piedra a los metales preciosos y piedras preciosas.

Contents Contenido
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1 Form and function 1 Forma y funcin 2 Materials and methods 2 Materiales y mtodos

2.1 Diamonds 2.1 Diamantes 2.2 Other gemstones 2.2 Otras piedras preciosas 2.3 Metal finishes 2.3 Metal acabados

3 Impact on society 3 Impacto en la sociedad 4 History 4 Historia

4.1 Early history 4.1 Historia temprana

4.1.1 Egypt 4.1.1 Egipto

4.2 Europe and the Middle East 4.2 Europa y Medio Oriente

4.2.1 Mesopotamia 4.2.1 Mesopotamia 4.2.2 Greece 4.2.2 Grecia

4.2.3 Rome 4.2.3 Roma 4.2.4 Middle Ages 4.2.4 Edad Media 4.2.5 Renaissance 4.2.5 Renacimiento 4.2.6 Romanticism 4.2.6 Romanticismo 4.2.7 Art Nouveau 4.2.7 Art Nouveau 4.2.8 Art Deco 4.2.8 Art Deco 4.2.9 Jewish jewellery 4.2.9 joyera juda 4.3.1 China 4.3.1 China 4.3.2 India 4.3.2 la India

4.3 Asia 4.3 Asia

4.4 American 4.4 Amrica 4.5 Pacific 4.5 Pacfico

5 Modern 5 Moderno 6 Body modification 6 Consejo de modificacin 7 Jewellery market 7 Joyeras mercado 8 See also 8 Vase tambin 9 References 9 Referencias 10 Further reading 10 Lectura adicional

[ edit ] Form and functionForma y funcin

Kenyan man wearing tribal beads Kenia hombre con cuentas tribales Jewellery has been used for a number of reasons: La joyera se ha utilizado para una serie de razones:

Currency , wealth display and storage, De divisas , la pantalla la riqueza y el almacenamiento, Functional use (such as clasps, pins and buckles) Uso funcional (por ejemplo, cierres, broches y hebillas) Symbolism (to show membership or status) Simbolismo (para mostrar el resultado de miembro o de estado) Protection (in the form of amulets and magical wards), [ 4 ] Proteccin (en forma de amuletos mgicos y barrios), [4] Artistic display Artstica pantalla

Most cultures have at some point had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery. La mayora de las culturas tienen en algn momento tuvo una prctica de mantener grandes cantidades de riqueza almacenada en forma de joyas. Numerous cultures move wedding dowries in the form of jewellery or create jewellery as a means to store or display coins. Numerosas culturas se mueven boda dote en forma de joyas, o crear la joyera como un medio para almacenar o mostrar monedas. Alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good; an example being the use of slave beads . [ citation needed ] Por otra parte, la joyera se ha utilizado como una moneda o un buen comercio, siendo un ejemplo el uso de cuentas de esclavos . [ cita
requerida ]

Many items of jewellery, such as brooches and buckles , originated as purely functional items, but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished. [ 5 ] Muchos artculos de joyera, tales como broches y hebillas , se origin como elementos puramente funcionales, pero convertido en elementos decorativos como requisito funcional disminuida. [5] Jewellery can also be symbolic of group membership, as in the case of the Christian crucifix or Jewish Star of David , or of status, as in the case of chains of office , or the Western practice of married people wearing a wedding ring . Joyera tambin puede ser simblico de la pertenencia a grupos, como en el caso de los cristianos crucifijo o juda estrella de David , o del estado, como en el caso de las cadenas de la oficina , o la costumbre occidental de matrimonio las personas que usan un anillo de bodas . Wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures ; these may take the form of symbols (such as the ankh ), stones, plants, animals, body parts (such as the Khamsa ), or glyphs (such as stylised versions of the Throne Verse in Islamic art ). [ 6 ] El uso de amuletos y medallas devocional para proporcionar una proteccin o evitar el mal es comn en algunas culturas , las cuales pueden tomar la forma de smbolos (como el anj ), piedras, plantas, animales, partes del cuerpo (como la Khamsa ), o glifos (como las versiones estilizadas del verso del Trono en el arte islmico ). [6] Although artistic display has clearly been a function of jewellery from the very beginning, the other roles described above tended to take primacy. [ citation needed ] It was only in the late 19th century, with the work of such masters as Peter Carl Faberg and Ren Lalique , that art began to take primacy over function and wealth. [ citation needed ] This trend has continued into modern times, expanded upon by artists such as Robert Lee Morris , Ed Levin, and Alberto Repossi . Aunque la manifestacin artstica ha sido claramente una funcin de la joyera desde el principio, las dems funciones descritas anteriormente tendan a tener primaca. [ cita requerida ] No fue hasta finales del siglo 19, con la obra de maestros como Peter Carl Faberg y Ren Lalique , que el arte comenz a tener primaca sobre la funcin y la riqueza. [ cita requerida ] Esta tendencia ha continuado en

los tiempos modernos, ampliada por artistas como Robert Lee Morris , Ed Levin, y Alberto Repossi .

[ edit ] Materials and methodsMateriales y mtodos

Anticlastic raised sterling bracelet. Anticlstica planteadas pulsera esterlina. In creating jewellery, gemstones , coins , or other precious items are often used, and they are typically set into precious metals. Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery. Bronze , for example, was common in Roman times. En la creacin de joyas, piedras preciosas , monedas u otros objetos preciosos se utilizan a menudo, y se establece normalmente en metales preciosos. Aleaciones de casi todos los metales conocidos han sido encontrados en la joyera. Bronce , por ejemplo, era comn en la poca romana. Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold , white gold , platinum , palladium , titanium , or silver . finas joyas modernas por lo general incluye el oro , oro blanco , platino , paladio , titanio o plata . Most American and European gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats , indicated by a number followed by the letter K . y europeos joyas de oro de Amrica La mayora est hecha de una aleacin de oro, la pureza de la que se indica en quilates , indicado por un nmero seguido de la letra K. American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity (41.7% pure gold), (though in the UK the number is 9K (37.5% pure gold) and is typically found up to 18K (75% pure gold). Higher purity levels are less common with alloys at 22 K (91.6% pure gold), and 24 K (99.9% pure gold) being considered too soft for jewellery use in America and Europe. These high purity alloys, however, are widely used across Asia , the Middle East and Africa . [ citation needed ] Platinum alloys range from 900 (90% pure) to 950 (95.0% pure). The silver used in jewellery is usually sterling silver , or 92.5% fine silver. In costume jewellery, stainless steel findings are sometimes used. joyas de oro de Amrica debe ser de al menos 10K pureza (41,7% de oro puro), (aunque en el Reino Unido el nmero es 9K (37,5% de oro puro) y se encuentra tpicamente hasta 18 quilates (75% de oro puro). Los niveles ms altos de pureza son menos frecuentes con las aleaciones de 22 K (91,6% de oro puro), y 24 K (99,9% de oro puro) se considera demasiado blando para el uso de joyas en Estados Unidos y Europa. Estas aleaciones de alta pureza, sin embargo, son ampliamente utilizados en Asia , el Medio Oriente y frica . [ cita requerida ] aleaciones de platino rango de 900 (90% de pureza) a 950 (95,0% de pureza). La plata que se usa en joyera suele ser de plata , o el 92,5% de plata fina. En bisutera, de acero inoxidable son los resultados a veces se utiliza.

Bead embroidery design. Bolas de diseo de bordado. Other commonly used materials include glass , such as fused-glass or enamel ; wood , often carved or turned; shells and other natural animal substances such as bone and ivory ; natural clay ; polymer clay ; and even plastics . Otros materiales usados comnmente incluyen vidrio , como el fundido de vidrio o esmalte , madera , tallados o se convierte a menudo, conchas y otras sustancias naturales de animales tales como hueso y marfil , natural de la arcilla , la arcilla del polmero , e incluso plsticos . Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has more of a natural feel. Cuerdas de camo y otros se han utilizado tambin para crear joyas que tiene ms de una sensacin natural. However, any inclusion of lead or lead solder will cause an English Assay office (the building which gives English jewellery its stamp of approval, the Hallmark ) to destroy the piece. [ citation needed ] Sin embargo, cualquier inclusin de plomo o soldaduras de plomo, se producir un Ingls oficina de ensayo (el edificio que da a la joyera Ingls su sello de aprobacin, el sello ) para destruir la pieza. [ cita requerida ] Beads are frequently used in jewellery. Granos se usan frecuentemente en joyera. These may be made of glass, gemstones, metal, wood , shells, clay and polymer clay. Beaded jewellery commonly encompasses necklaces , bracelets , earrings , belts and rings . Estos pueden ser de vidrio, piedras preciosas, metales, madera , conchas, barro y arcilla polimrica. bisutera con cuentas comnmente abarca collares , pulseras , pendientes , cinturones y anillos . Beads may be large or small; the smallest type of beads used are known as seed beads , these are the beads used for the "woven" style of beaded jewellery. Perlas pueden ser grandes o pequeas, el tipo ms pequeo de los granos utilizados se conocen como granos de la semilla , stas son las cuentas utilizadas para el "tejido" estilo de joyera de perlas. Another use of seed beads is an embroidery technique where seed beads are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets. Otro uso de granos de la semilla es una tcnica de bordado en mostacillas son cosidos en forros de tela para crear grandes piezas del cuello el collar y pulseras de cuentas. Bead embroidery, a popular type of handwork during the Victorian era , is enjoying a renaissance in modern jewellery making. bordados de

bolas, un tipo popular de trabajo hecho a mano durante la poca victoriana , est disfrutando de un renacimiento en la fabricacin de joyera moderna. Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in many African cultures. Bordn, o abalorios, tambin es muy popular en muchos africanos culturas. Advanced glass and glass beadmaking techniques by Murano and Venetian glassmasters developed crystalline glass, enamelled glass (smalto), glass with threads of gold (goldstone), multicoloured glass ( millefiori ), milk-glass (lattimo), and imitation gemstones made of glass. [ citation needed ] As early as the 13th century, Murano glass and Murano beads were popular. [ citation needed ] Avanzada de vidrio y cristal beadmaking tcnicas de Murano y Venecia glassmasters desarrollado vidrio cristalino, vidrio esmaltado (Smalto), vidrio con hilos de oro (Goldstone), vidrio multicolor ( millefiori ), la leche de vidrio (lattimo), y las piedras preciosas de imitacin de cristal. [ cita requerida ] Ya en el siglo 13, cristal de Murano y perlas de Murano eran populares. [ cita requerida ] Silversmiths , goldsmiths , and lapidaries methods include forging , casting , soldering or welding , cutting, carving and "cold-joining" (using adhesives , staples and rivets to assemble parts). [ 7 ] Plateros , orfebres y lapidarios mtodos incluyen la forja , fundicin , soldadura o soldadura , corte, tallado y "fro unirse" (con adhesivos , grapas y remaches para ensamblar las piezas).

[7]

[ edit ] DiamondDiamantes

Diamonds . Diamantes . Main article: Diamond Artculo principal: Diamante Diamonds were first mined in India . [ 8 ] Pliny may have mentioned them, although there is some debate as to the exact nature of the stone he referred to as Adamas ; [ 9 ] In 2005, Australia , Botswana , Russia and Canada ranked among the primary sources of gemstone diamond production. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Los diamantes fueron minados por primera vez en la India . [8] Plinio pueden tener los mencion, aunque hay cierto debate sobre la naturaleza exacta de la piedra se refiri como Adamas, [9] En 2005, Australia , Botswana , Rusia y Canad figura entre las principales fuentes de produccin de diamantes de piedras preciosas. [10] [11] The British crown jewels contain the Cullinan Diamond , part of the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found (1905), at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g). Las joyas de la corona britnica contiene el diamante Cullinan , parte de la mayor calidad de diamantes en bruto-joya que se ha encontrado (1905), a 3,106.75 quilates (621,35 g). Now popular in engagement rings , this usage dates back to the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477. [ citation needed ] Ahora populares en los anillos de compromiso , este uso se remonta al matrimonio de Maximiliano I de Mara de Borgoa en 1477. [ cita requerida ]

Diamond Ring HD photo Anillo de diamante de alta definicin de fotos

[ edit ] Other gemstonesOtras piedras preciosas

Main article: Gemstone Artculo principal: Piedras preciosas Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery. Muchas piedras preciosas y semipreciosas se utiliza en joyera. Among them are: Entre ellos se encuentran: Amber mbar

Amber, an ancient organic gemstone, is composed of tree resin that has hardened over time. mbar, una gema orgnica antigua, est compuesto de resina de rbol que se ha endurecido con el tiempo. The stone must be at least one million years old to be classified as amber, and some amber can be up to 120 million years old. La piedra debe ser de al menos un milln de aos para ser clasificado como el mbar, mbar y algunos pueden ser de hasta 120 millones de aos. Amethyst Amatista Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family. Juego ha sido histricamente la piedra ms preciada de la familia del cuarzo. It is treasured for its purple hue, which can range in tone from light to dark. Es apreciado por su color prpura, que puede variar en el tono de claro a oscuro.

Spanish emerald and gold pendant at Victoria and Albert Museum . esmeralda espaol y colgante de oro en el Victoria and Albert Museum . Emerald Esmeralda Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones (along with rubies and sapphires) and are known for their fine green to bluish green colour. Esmeraldas es una de las tres piedras preciosas principales (junto con rubes y zafiros) y son conocidos por su color verde fina de color verde azulado. They have been treasured throughout history, and some historians report that the Egyptians mined emerald as early as 3500 BC. Se han atesorado a travs de la historia, y algunos historiadores informe que los egipcios minadas esmeralda tan pronto como 3500 AC. Jade Jade Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green but can come in a number of other colours, as well. El jade es ms comnmente asociado con el color verde, pero puede venir en un nmero de otros colores, tambin. Jade is closely linked to Asian culture, history, and tradition, and is sometimes referred to as the stone of heaven . Jade est estrechamente vinculada a la cultura asitica, la historia y tradicin, y se refiere a veces como la piedra del cielo. Jasper Jasper Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours. Jasper es una piedra preciosa de la familia de calcedonia que viene en una variedad de colores. Often, jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured stone. A menudo, jaspe contar con patrones nicos e interesantes dentro de la piedra de color. Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours (often beiges and browns) and swirls in the stone's pattern. jaspe

La imagen es un tipo de jaspe conocida por los colores (a menudo, beiges y marrones) y remolinos en el patrn de la piedra. Quartz Cuarzo Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes. Cuarzo se refiere a una familia de piedras preciosas cristalinas de diversos colores y tamaos. Among the well-known types of quartz are rose quartz (which has a delicate pink colour), and smoky quartz (which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown). Entre los tipos bien conocidos de cuarzo son cuarzo rosa (que tiene un delicado color rosa), y cuarzo ahumado (que viene en una variedad de tonos de marrn translcido). A number of other gemstones, such as Amethyst and Citrine , are also part of the quartz family. Un nmero de otras piedras preciosas, como la amatista y citrino , tambin forman parte de la familia del cuarzo. Rutilated quartz is a popular type of quartz containing needle-like inclusions. cuarzo rutilado es un tipo popular de cuarzo que contiene inclusiones en forma de aguja. Ruby Ruby Rubies are known for their intense red colour and are among the most highly valued precious gemstones. Los rubes son conocidos por su color rojo intenso y estn entre las gemas ms preciosas de gran valor. Rubies have been treasured for millennia. Rubes han atesorado durante milenios. In Sanskrit , the word for ruby is ratnaraj , meaning king of precious stones . En snscrito , la palabra de rub es ratnaraj, es decir, rey de piedras preciosas. Sapphire Zafiro The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire, which is known for its medium to deep blue colour and strong saturation. La forma ms popular de zafiro es de zafiro azul, que es conocida por su medio y de color azul profundo y fuerte saturacin. Fancy sapphires of various colours are also available. Fantasa zafiros de varios colores estn tambin disponibles. In the United States, blue sapphire tends to be the most popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones (emerald, ruby, and sapphire). En los Estados Unidos, el zafiro azul tiende a ser el (zafiro esmeralda, rub, y) ms popular y ms asequible de las tres piedras preciosas ms importantes. Turquoise Turquesa Turquoise is found in only a few places on earth, and the world's largest turquoise producing region is the southwest United States. Turquesa se encuentra en pocos lugares en la tierra, y la mayor regin de produccin de color turquesa es el suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour, most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue, and its ancient heritage. Turquesa es apreciada por su color atractivo, ms a menudo un intenso azul medio o un azul verdoso, y su herencia ancestral. Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles. La turquesa es utilizado en una gran variedad de estilos de joyera. It is perhaps most closely associated with southwest and Native American jewellery, but it is also used in many sleek, modern styles. Es quizs lo ms estrechamente asociada con la joyera estadounidense suroeste y nativos, pero tambin se utiliza en muchos estilos elegante y moderno. Some turquoise contains a matrix of dark brown markings, which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstone's bright blue colour. Algunos turquesa contiene una matriz de las marcas de color marrn oscuro, que proporciona un interesante contraste con el color azul brillante de la piedra preciosa. Some gemstones (like pearls, coral, and amber) are classified as organic, meaning that they are produced by living organisms. Algunas piedras preciosas (como perlas, coral, y

mbar) se clasifican como orgnicos, lo que significa que son producidos por organismos vivos. Others are inorganic, meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals. [ 12 ] Otros son inorgnicos, lo que significa que por lo general se compone de y se derivan de los minerales. [12] Some gems, for example, amethyst , have become less valued as methods of extracting and importing them have progressed. Algunas joyas, por ejemplo, la amatista , se han vuelto menos valorados como los mtodos de extraccin e importacin de ellos han progresado. Some man-made gems can serve in place of natural gems, such as cubic zirconia , which can be used in place of diamond. [ 13 ] Algunos hechos joyas-el hombre puede servir en lugar de gemas naturales, como el xido de circonio cbico , que puede ser utilizado en lugar del diamante. [13]

[ edit ] Metal finishesMetal acabados

An example of gold plated jewellery Un ejemplo de joyas de oro plateado For platinum , gold , and silver jewellery, there are many techniques to create finishes. Para el platino , oro y plata, joyas, hay muchas tcnicas para crear acabados. The most common are high-polish, satin/matte, brushed , and hammered. Los ms comunes son de alto pulido, satinado / mate, cepillado y martillado. High-polished jewellery is by far the most common and gives the metal a highly reflective, shiny look. joyera de alto pulido es con mucho el ms comn y da el metal de gran reflexin, mirada brillante. Satin, or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the jewellery and is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as diamonds . Satinado o mate reduce el brillo y reflejo de la joyera y se utiliza comnmente para acentuar las piedras preciosas como diamantes . Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look and are created by brushing a material (similar to sandpaper) against the metal, leaving "brush strokes." acabados cepillado dan las joyas una mirada textura y son creados con el cepillo de un material (similar a papel de lija) contra el metal, dejando "pinceladas". Hammered finishes are typically created by using a soft, rounded hammer and hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy texture. acabados martillado suelen crearse utilizando un pao suave, redondeada y el martillo golpeando las joyas para darle una textura ondulada. Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny, reflective look or to achieve a desired colour. Algunas joyas se platea para darle un aspecto brillante, reflexivo o para lograr el color deseado. Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver (a process known as flashing) or may be plated with rhodium or gold. joyas de plata de ley puede ser plateado con una capa delgada de plata fina .999 (un proceso conocido como intermitente) o puede ser plateado con el rodio u oro. Base metal costume jewellery may also be plated with silver, gold, or rhodium for a more attractive finish. [ 14 ] de metal comn bisutera tambin puede ser recubierto de plata, oro o rodio para un acabado ms atractivo. [14]

[ edit ] Impact on societyImpacto en la sociedad

Jewellery has been used to denote status. Joyera se ha utilizado para denotar el estado. In ancient Rome, for instance, only certain ranks could wear rings; [ 15 ] Later, sumptuary laws dictated who could wear what type of jewellery, again based on rank. En la antigua Roma, por ejemplo, slo ciertos rangos puede llevar anillos, [15] Ms tarde, las leyes suntuarias dictadas que podra usar el tipo de joyas, de nuevo basada en el rango. Cultural dictates have also played a significant role. Cultura dicta tambin han desempeado un papel importante. For example, the wearing of earrings by Western men was considered effeminate in the 19th century and early 20th century. Por ejemplo, el uso de aretes en los hombres occidentales era considerado afeminado en el siglo 19 y siglo 20. More recently, the display of body jewellery, such as piercings , has become a mark of acceptance or seen as a badge of courage within some groups but is completely rejected in others. Ms recientemente, la pantalla de la joyera del cuerpo, tales como perforaciones , se ha convertido en una marca de aceptacin o visto como un smbolo de coraje dentro de algunos grupos, pero es completamente rechazada en otros. Likewise, hip hop culture has popularised the slang term bling-bling , which refers to ostentatious display of jewellery by men or women. Del mismo modo, hip hop cultura ha popularizado el trmino del argot bling-bling , que se refiere a la ostentacin de joyas por hombres o mujeres. Conversely, the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign to popularise wedding rings for men, which caught on, as well as engagement rings for men, which did not, going so far as to create a false history and claim that the practice had medieval roots. Por el contrario, la industria de la joyera en el siglo 20 inici una campaa para popularizar los anillos de bodas para los hombres, que tuvo xito, as como los anillos de compromiso para los hombres, que no, va tan lejos como para crear una historia falsa y afirman que la prctica tiene sus races medievales. By the mid 1940s, 85% of weddings in the US featured a double-ring ceremony, up from 15% in the 1920s. [ 16 ] Religion has also played a role: Islam, for instance, considers the wearing of gold by men as a social taboo , [ 17 ] and many religions have edicts against excessive display. [ 18 ] In Christianity, the New Testament gives injunctions against the wearing of gold, in the writings of the apostles Paul and Peter. A mediados de la dcada de 1940, el 85% de las bodas en los EE.UU. ofreci una ceremonia de entrega del anillo de matrimonio, frente al 15% en la dcada de 1920. [16] La religin tambin ha desempeado un papel: el Islam, por ejemplo, considera el uso de oro por los hombres como un bien social tab , [17] muchas religiones y han edictos contra la pantalla excesivo. [18] En el cristianismo, el Nuevo Testamento da los mandamientos judiciales contra el uso de oro, en los escritos de los apstoles Pablo y Pedro. In Revelation 17, "the great whore" or false religious system, is depicted as being "decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand." En Apocalipsis 17, "la gran ramera" o sistema religioso falso, es representado como "adornada con oro y piedras preciosas y perlas, y tena una copa de oro en la mano." (Rev. 17:4) (Apocalipsis 17:4)

[ edit ] HistoryHistoria
The history of jewellery is a long one, with many different uses among different cultures. La historia de la joyera es larga, con muchas aplicaciones diferentes entre las diferentes culturas. It has endured for thousands of years and has provided various insights into how ancient cultures worked. Que ha perdurado por miles de aos y ha ayudado a comprender la forma en que varios antiguos culturas trabajadas.

[ edit ] Early historyPrimeros Aos

The first signs of jewellery came from the people in Africa. Los primeros signos de la joyera lleg de la gente en frica. Perforated beads made from snail shells have been found dating to 75,000 years ago at Blombos Cave . Perforada cuentas hechas de conchas de caracoles se han encontrado datan de 75.000 aos atrs, en la Cueva de Blombos . In Kenya, at Enkapune Ya Muto , beads made from perforated ostrich egg shells have been dated to more than 40,000 years ago. En Kenia, a Enkapune Ya Muto , cuentas hechas de conchas perforadas de huevo de avestruz se han fechado de 40.000 aos ms. Outside of Africa, the Cro-Magnons had crude necklaces and bracelets of bone, teeth, berries, and stone hung on pieces of string or animal sinew , or pieces of carved bone used to secure clothing together. Fuera de frica, el hombre de Cro-Magnon tena crudo collares y pulseras de hueso, dientes, bayas, y la piedra colgada en trozos de cuerda o animal tendones , o pedazos de hueso tallado utilizado para garantizar la ropa juntos. In some cases, jewellery had shell or mother-of-pearl pieces. En algunos casos, las joyas haban depsito o la madre-de-perla piezas. In southern Russia , carved bracelets made of mammoth tusk have been found. En el sur de Rusia , tallado pulseras de gigantescos colmillos se han encontrado. The Venus of Hohle Fels features a perforation at the top, showing that it was intended to be worn as a pendant . La Venus de Hohle Fels cuenta con una perforacin en la parte superior, demostrando que estaba destinado a ser usado como un colgante . Around 7,000 years ago, the first sign of copper jewellery was seen[ 5 ]Alrededor de hace 7.000 aos, el primer signo de cobre, joyera fue visto. [5] [ edit ] Egypt [ editar ] Egipto

Amulet pendant (254 BC) made from gold , lapis lazuli , turquoise and carnelian , 14 cm wide. Amuleto de techo (254 aC), hecho de oro , lapislzuli , turquesa y cornalina , 14 cm de ancho.

An 18th dynasty pharaonic era princess' crown Una 18 dinasta faranica princesa era "la corona

The first signs of established jewellery making in Ancient Egypt was around 3,0005,000 years ago. [ 19 ] The Egyptians preferred the luxury, rarity, and workability of gold over other metals. Predynastic Egypt had Jewelery in Egypt soon began to symbolize power and religious power in the community. Los primeros signos de la joyera establecido que en el Antiguo Egipto fue de alrededor de 3.000-5.000 aos. [19] Los egipcios prefieren el lujo, la rareza, y la viabilidad de oro sobre otros metales. predinstico de Egipto haba Joyera en Egipto pronto comenz a simbolizar el poder y religiosos poder en la comunidad. Although it was worn by wealthy Egyptians in life, it was also worn by them in death, with jewelery commonly placed among grave goods . A pesar de que fue usado por los egipcios ricos en la vida, que tambin fue usado por ellos en la muerte, con joyas comnmente colocado entre ajuar funerario . In conjunction with gold jewelery, Egyptians used colored glass , along with precious gems.. En relacin con joyas de oro, egipcios utilizaron colores de vidrio , junto con joyas preciosas .. The color of the jewelery had significance. El color de las joyas tenan un significado. Green, for example, symbolized fertility. Verde, por ejemplo, simbolizaba la fertilidad. Although lapis lazuli and silver had to be imported from beyond the country's borders, many other materials for jewelery were found in or near Egypt. A pesar de lapislzuli y plata tenan que ser importados desde ms all de las fronteras del pas, muchos otros materiales para joyera fueron encontrados en o cerca de Egipto. Egyptian jewelery was predominantly made in large workshops. joyera egipcia se hizo principalmente en los grandes talleres. Egyptian designs were most common in Phoenician jewelery. diseos egipcios fueron ms comunes en fenicio joyas. Also, ancient Turkish designs found in Persian jewelery suggest that trade between the Middle East and Europe was not uncommon. Adems, antiguo turco diseos que se encuentran en persa joyas sugieren que el comercio entre Oriente Medio y Europa no era raro. Women wore elaborate gold and silver pieces that were used in ceremonies. [ 19 ] Las mujeres llevaban el oro y la elaboracin de piezas de plata que se usaban en las ceremonias. [19]

[ edit ] Europe and the Middle EastEuropa y el Oriente Medio

[ edit ] MesopotamiaMesopotamia By approximately 4,000 years ago, jewellery-making had become a significant craft in the cities of Sumer and Akkad . Por 4.000 aos aproximadamente, las joyas de decisiones se haba convertido en un arte importante en las ciudades de Sumer y Akkad . The most significant archaeological evidence comes from the Royal Cemetery of Ur , where hundreds of burials dating 29002300 BC were unearthed; tombs such as that of Puabi contained a multitude of artefacts in gold, silver, and semi-precious stones, such as lapis lazuli crowns embellished with gold figurines, close-fitting collar necklaces, and jewel-headed pins. La evidencia arqueolgica ms importante viene del Cementerio Real de Ur , donde cientos de entierros que datan 2900-2300 aC fueron desenterrados; tumbas como la de Puabi contena una multitud de objetos en oro, plata y piedras semi-preciosas, como lapislzuli lazuli coronas adornadas con figuras de oro, collares de ajustar el collar de cerca, y se dirigi alfileres joya. In Assyria , men and women both wore extensive amounts of jewellery, including amulets , ankle bracelets, heavy multi-strand necklaces, and cylinder seals . [ 20 ] En Asiria , los hombres y las mujeres llevaban dos cantidades extensas de la joyera, como amuletos , brazaletes de tobillo, de gran lnea de collares de mltiples, y sellos cilndricos . [20]

Jewellery in Mesopotamia tended to be manufactured from thin metal leaf and was set with large numbers of brightly-coloured stones (chiefly agate, lapis, carnelian, and jasper). Joyera en Mesopotamia tienden a fabricarse a partir de la hoja de metal fina y se cre con un gran nmero de piedras de colores brillantes (sobre todo de gata, lapislzuli, cornalina y jaspe). Favoured shapes included leaves, spirals, cones, and bunches of grapes. Favorecida formas hojas incluidas, espirales, conos, y racimos de uvas. Jewellers created works both for human use and for adorning statues and idols. Joyeros creado obras tanto de uso humano y para adornar las estatuas y los dolos. They employed a wide variety of sophisticated metalworking techniques, such as cloisonn , engraving , fine granulation, and filigree . [ 21 ] Se emple una amplia variedad de sofisticadas tcnicas de la metalurgia, como tabicado , grabado , de granulacin fina, y la filigrana . [21] Extensive and meticulously maintained records pertaining to the trade and manufacture of jewellery have also been unearthed throughout Mesopotamian archaeological sites. Amplia y registros meticulosamente mantenido relacin con el comercio y la fabricacin de la joyera tambin se han descubierto a travs de los sitios arqueolgicos de Mesopotamia. One record in the Mari royal archives, for example, gives the composition of various items of jewellery: Un registro en el Mari archivos reales, por ejemplo, da la composicin de diversos artculos de joyera: 1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 34 flat speckled chalcedony bead, [and] 35 gold fluted beads, in groups of five. Un collar de perlas de calcedonia moteada plana que incluye: 34 bolas plana calcedonia moteada, [y] 35 cuentas de oro estriado, en grupos de cinco. 1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 39 flat speckled chalcedony beads, [with] 41 fluted beads in a group that make up the hanging device. Un collar de perlas de calcedonia moteada plana que incluye: 39 cuentas de calcedonia plana moteada, [con] 41 bolas estriadas en un grupo que componen el dispositivo de colgado. 1 necklace with rounded lapis lazuli beads including: 28 rounded lapis lazuli beads, [and] 29 fluted beads for its clasp. [ 22 ] Un collar con cuentas de lapislzuli redondeadas que incluyen: redondeada lazuli cuentas de lapislzuli, [y] 29 acanaladas para los granos de su cierre. 28 [22]

[ edit ] Greece Grecia

Gold earring from Mycenae , 16th century BC. Pendiente de oro de Micenas , del siglo 16 antes de Cristo. The Greeks started using gold and gems in jewellery in 1600 BC, although beads shaped as shells and animals were produced widely in earlier times. Los griegos comenzaron a utilizar oro y piedras preciosas en joyera en el ao 1600 aC, aunque los granos en forma de conchas y animales se produce ampliamente en pocas anteriores. By 300 BC, the Greeks had mastered making coloured jewellery and using amethysts , pearl , and emeralds . En el ao 300 aC, los griegos haban dominado la fabricacin de joyera de color y el uso de amatistas , perlas y esmeraldas . Also, the first signs of cameos appeared, with the Greeks creating them from Indian Sardonyx , a striped brown pink and cream agate stone. Adems, los primeros signos de camafeos apareci, con los griegos que la creacin de India sardnice , un caf con rayas de color rosa y crema de gata de piedra. Greek jewellery was often simpler than in other cultures, with simple designs and workmanship. joyera griega era a menudo ms simple que en otras culturas, con diseos simples y mano de obra. However, as time progressed, the designs grew in complexity and different materials were soon used. Sin embargo, segn pasaba el tiempo, los diseos crecieron en complejidad y los diferentes materiales se usaron antes.

Pendant with naked woman, made from electrum , Rhodes , around 630-620 BC. Colgante con una mujer desnuda, hecha de electro , Rodas , alrededor de 630-620 AC. Jewellery in Greece was hardly worn and was mostly used for public appearances or on special occasions. Joyera en Grecia se usaba apenas y se utiliza sobre todo para las apariciones pblicas o en ocasiones especiales. It was frequently given as a gift and was predominantly worn by women to show their wealth, social status, and beauty. Se le ha dado con frecuencia como un regalo y fue usado principalmente por las mujeres para mostrar su riqueza, posicin social, y la belleza. The jewellery was often supposed to give the wearer protection from the Evil Eye or endowed the owner with supernatural powers , while others had a religious symbolism. La joyera se supona a menudo para dar al usuario una proteccin de la " mal de ojo "o el propietario dotado con poderes sobrenaturales , mientras que otros tenan un simbolismo religioso. Older pieces of jewellery that have been found were dedicated to the Gods. Mayores piezas de joyera que se han encontrado se dedicaban a los dioses. The largest production of jewellery in these times came from Northern Greece and Macedon . La mayor produccin de joyas en estos tiempos lleg desde el norte de Grecia y Macedonia . However, although much of the jewellery in Greece was made of gold and silver with ivory and gemstones , bronze and clay copies were made also. Sin embargo, aunque gran parte de las joyas en Grecia se hizo de oro y plata con marfil y piedras preciosas , bronce y arcilla se hicieron copias tambin.

Ancient Greek jewellery from 300 BC. Griego antiguo joyas a partir de 300 antes de Cristo. They worked two styles of pieces: cast pieces and pieces hammered out of sheet metal. Ellos trabajaron dos tipos de piezas: piezas de fundicin y piezas de metal martillado de la hoja. Fewer pieces of cast jewellery have been recovered. Menos piezas de joyera de reparto se han recuperado. It was made by casting the metal onto two stone or clay moulds. Fue hecha por fundicin del metal en dos moldes de piedra o arcilla. The two halves were then joined together, and wax , followed by molten metal, was placed in the centre. Las dos mitades se unieron a continuacin, en conjunto, y la cera , seguido por el metal fundido, se coloc en el centro. This technique had been practised since the late Bronze Age . Esta tcnica ha sido practicada desde finales de la Edad del Bronce . The more common form of jewellery was the hammered sheet type. La forma ms comn de la joyera fue el tipo de hoja de martillado. Sheets of metal would be hammered to thickness and then soldered together. Hojas de metal se martill el espesor y luego soldadas entre s. The inside of the two sheets would be filled with wax or another liquid to preserve the metal work. El interior de las dos hojas se llena con cera u otro lquido para preservar el trabajo del metal. Different techniques, such as using a stamp

or engraving, were then used to create motifs on the jewellery. Diferentes tcnicas, como el uso de un sello o grabado, se utilizaron para crear los motivos de la joyera. Jewels may then be added to hollows or glass poured into special cavities on the surface. Joyas continuacin, pueden aadirse a los huecos o vidrio se vierte en las cavidades especiales en la superficie. The Greeks took much of their designs from outer origins, such as Asia, when Alexander the Great conquered part of it. Los griegos tomaron gran parte de sus diseos de orgenes externos, tales como Asia, cuando Alejandro Magno conquist parte de la misma. In earlier designs, other European influences can also be detected. En los diseos anteriores, otras influencias europeas tambin pueden ser detectados. When Roman rule came to Greece, no change in jewellery designs was detected. Cuando la dominacin romana lleg a Grecia, sin cambios en los diseos de joyera se ha detectado. However, by 27 BC, Greek designs were heavily influenced by the Roman culture. Sin embargo, por el ao 27 aC, los diseos griegos estaban muy influenciados por la cultura romana. That is not to say that indigenous design did not thrive. Esto no quiere decir que el diseo indgenas no prosperan. Numerous polychrome butterfly pendants on silver foxtail chains, dating from the 1st century, have been found near Olbia , with only one example ever found anywhere else. [ 23 ] Numerosos policromada colgantes mariposa en las cadenas de cola de zorra de plata, que data del siglo primero, se han encontrado cerca de Olbia , a slo un ejemplo que se ha encontrado en ninguna otra parte. [23]

[ edit ] RomeRoma

Roman Amethyst intaglio engraved gem , c. Romano amatista talla grabado joya , c. 212 AD; later regarded as of St. Peter. 212 dC, y ms tarde considerada como de San Pedro.

Although jewellery work was abundantly diverse in earlier times, especially among the barbarian tribes such as the Celts , when the Romans conquered most of Europe, jewellery was changed as smaller factions developed the Roman designs. Aunque el trabajo era abundante diversas joyas en pocas anteriores, especialmente entre las tribus brbaras, como la celta , cuando los romanos conquistaron la mayor parte de Europa, la joyera se ha modificado ms pequeas facciones desarroll el diseo romano. The most common artefact of early Rome was the brooch , which was used to secure clothing together. El artefacto ms comn de principios de Roma fue el broche , que se utiliz para garantizar la ropa juntos. The Romans used a diverse range of materials for their jewellery from their extensive resources across the continent. Los romanos utilizaron una amplia gama de materiales para sus joyas de sus amplios recursos en todo el continente. Although they used gold, they sometimes used bronze or bone, and in earlier times, glass beads & pearl. A pesar de que utilizaron el oro, que a veces se usa de bronce o hueso, y en pocas anteriores, cuentas de cristal y perlas. As early as 2,000 years ago, they imported Sri Lankan sapphires and Indian diamonds and used emeralds and amber in their jewellery. Tan temprano como 2000 aos atrs, que importaron de Sri Lanka, zafiros y diamantes y esmeraldas India utilizados y mbar en sus joyas. In Roman-ruled England , fossilised wood called jet from Northern England was often carved into pieces of jewellery. En Roma, gobernada por Inglaterra , fosilizados de madera llamado jet del norte de Inglaterra, fue tallado a menudo en piezas de joyera. The early Italians worked in crude gold and created clasps, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. Los italianos a principios trabajado en oro crudo y broches creados, collares, pendientes y pulseras. They also produced larger pendants that could be filled with perfume . Tambin produce grandes pendientes que podran ser llenado con el perfume . Like the Greeks, often the purpose of Roman jewellery was to ward off the Evil Eye given by other people. Al igual que los griegos, a menudo con el propsito de la joyera romana era para evitar el "mal de ojo" propuesta por otras personas. Although women wore a vast array of jewellery, men often only wore a finger ring . Aunque las mujeres llevaban una gran cantidad de joyas, los hombres a menudo slo se llevaba un dedo del anillo . Although they were expected to wear at least one ring, some Roman men wore a ring on every finger, while others wore none. Aunque se esperaba que llevan al menos un anillo, unos hombres romanos llevaban un anillo en cada dedo, mientras que otros llevaban ninguno. Roman men and women wore rings with an engraved gem on it that was used with wax to seal documents, a practice that continued into medieval times when kings and noblemen used the same method. los hombres y las mujeres romanas llevaban anillos con una piedra grabada en l que se utiliz con cera para sellar documentos, una prctica que continu hasta medievales momentos en que los reyes y los nobles utilizaron el mismo mtodo. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the jewellery designs were absorbed by neighbouring countries and tribes. [ 19 ] Despus de la cada del Imperio Romano, los diseos de la joyera fueron absorbidos por los pases vecinos y las tribus. [19]

[ edit ] Middle Ages

Edad Media

Merovingian fibulae, Bibliothque nationale de France . fbulas merovingia, Bibliothque nationale de France .

6th century bronze eagle-shaped Visigothic cloisonn fibula from Guadalajara , Spain , using glass-paste fillings in imitation of garnets . Sexto de bronce del siglo guila en forma de visigodos cloisonn peron de Guadalajara , Espaa , rellenos con pasta de vidrio en la imitacin de los granates . Post-Roman Europe continued to develop jewellery making skills. Post-romana Europa sigui desarrollando habilidades joyera. The Celts and Merovingians in particular are noted for their jewellery, which in terms of quality matched or exceeded that of Byzantium. Los celtas y merovingios , en particular, se destacan por su joyera, que en trminos de calidad igualado o superado la de Bizancio. Clothing fasteners, amulets, and, to a lesser extent, signet rings , are the most common artefacts known to us. sujetadores de ropa, amuletos, y, en menor medida, los anillos de sello , son los objetos ms comunes que conocemos. A particularly striking celtic example is the Tara Brooch . Un ejemplo notable celta en particular es el broche de Tara . The Torc was common throughout Europe as a symbol of status and power. El Torque era comn en toda Europa como un smbolo de estatus y poder. By the 8th century, jewelled

weaponry was common for men, while other jewellery (with the exception of signet rings) seemed to become the domain of women. En el siglo octavo, joyas armamento era comn que los hombres, mientras que otras joyas (con la excepcin de los anillos de sello) parece ser el dominio de las mujeres. Grave goods found in a 6th-7th century burial near Chalon-sur-Sane are illustrative. los bienes que se encuentran en una tumba del siglo 7 sepultura al 6 de cerca de Chalon-sur-Sane son ilustrativos. A young girl was buried with: 2 silver fibulae , a necklace (with coins), bracelet, gold earrings, a pair of hair-pins, comb, and buckle. [ 24 ] The Celts specialised in continuous patterns and designs, while Merovingian designs are best known for stylised animal figures. [ 25 ] They were not the only groups known for high quality work. Una nia fue enterrada con: 2 de plata fbulas un collar (con monedas), pulsera de oro, pendientes de un par de horquillas, peine, y la hebilla., [24] El celtas especializados en los patrones de continuo y diseos, mientras que los diseos merovingia son mejor conocidos por figuras de animales estilizados. [25] No eran los nicos grupos conocidos de trabajo de alta calidad. Note the Visigoth work shown here, and the numerous decorative objects found at the Anglo-Saxon Ship burial at Sutton Hoo Suffolk , England are a particularly well-known example. [ 19 ] On the continent, cloisonn and garnet were perhaps the quintessential method and gemstone of the period. Tenga en cuenta el trabajo visigoda se muestra aqu, y la multitud de objetos decorativos que se encuentran en el anglo-sajn barco funerario en Sutton Hoo Suffolk , Inglaterra son un conocido ejemplo particularmente. [19] En el continente, cloisonn y granate fueron tal vez el mtodo por excelencia y piedra preciosa de la poca.

Byzantine wedding ring . Bizantina anillo de bodas . The Eastern successor of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire , continued many of the methods of the Romans, though religious themes came to predominate. El sucesor del Este del Imperio Romano, el Imperio Bizantino , continu muchos de los mtodos de los romanos, aunque los temas religiosos llegaron a predominar. Unlike the Romans, the Franks, and the Celts, however, Byzantium used light-weight gold leaf rather than solid gold, and more emphasis was placed on stones and gems. A diferencia de los romanos, los francos, y los celtas, sin embargo, Bizancio utiliza la hoja de peso ligero de oro en lugar de oro slido, y ms se hizo hincapi en piedras y gemas. As in the West, Byzantine jewellery was worn by wealthier females, with male jewellery apparently restricted to signet rings. Al igual que en el Oeste, joyera bizantina fue usado por las mujeres ms ricas, con la joyera masculina parece estar restringido a los anillos de sello. Like other contemporary cultures, jewellery was commonly buried with its owner. [ 26 ] Al igual que otras culturas contemporneas, las joyas fue enterrado comnmente con su dueo. [26] [ edit ] Renaissance Renacimiento

Sardonyx cameo . nice cameo . The Renaissance and exploration both had significant impacts on the development of jewellery in Europe. El Renacimiento y la exploracin tanto tenido un impacto significativo en el desarrollo de la joyera en Europa. By the 17th century, increasing exploration and trade led to increased availability of a wide variety of gemstones as well as exposure to the art of other cultures. En el siglo 17, la exploracin y el aumento del comercio dio lugar a una mayor disponibilidad de una amplia variedad de piedras preciosas, as como la exposicin al arte de otras culturas. Whereas prior to this the working of gold and precious metal had been at the forefront of jewellery, this period saw increasing dominance of gemstones and their settings. Considerando que antes de esto el trabajo del oro y metales preciosos haba estado a la vanguardia de la joyera, este periodo vio el creciente dominio de las piedras preciosas y sus configuraciones. A fascinating example of this is the Cheapside Hoard , the stock of a jeweller hidden in London during the Commonwealth period and not found again until 1912. Un ejemplo fascinante de esto es el Tesoro Cheapside , la poblacin de un joyero oculto en Londres durante la Commonwealth perodo y que no se encuentra de nuevo hasta 1912. It contained Colombian emerald , topaz , amazonite from Brazil, spinel , iolite , and chrysoberyl from Sri Lanka, ruby from India, Afghani lapis lazuli , Persian turquoise , Red Sea peridot , as well as Bohemian and Hungarian opal , garnet , and amethyst . Contena colombiana esmeralda , topacio , amazonita de Brasil, espinela , iolita y crisoberilo de Sri Lanka, rubes de la India, Afganistn lapislzuli , persa de color turquesa , Mar Rojo peridoto , as como de Bohemia y Hungra palo , granate y amatista . Large stones were frequently set in box-bezels on enamelled rings. [ 27 ] Notable among merchants of the period was Jean-Baptiste Tavernier , who brought the precursor stone of the Hope Diamond to France in the 1660s. Las piedras grandes se fijaron con frecuencia en la caja-biseles en los anillos de esmaltado. [27] Entre los comerciantes de la poca fue Jean-Baptiste Tavernier , quien trajo la piedra precursor del diamante de la esperanza a Francia en la dcada de 1660. When Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned as Emperor of the French in 1804, he revived the style and grandeur of jewellery and fashion in France. Cuando Napolen Bonaparte fue coronado como emperador de los franceses en 1804, revivi el estilo y la grandeza de la joyera y la moda en Francia. Under Napoleon's rule, jewellers introduced parures , suites of matching jewellery, such as a diamond tiara , diamond earrings , diamond rings, a diamond brooch, and a diamond necklace. Bajo la regla de Napolen, joyeros present parures , suites de joyas a juego, como un diamante tiara de diamantes, pendientes , anillos de diamantes, un broche de diamantes y un collar de diamantes. Both of Napoleon's wives had beautiful sets such as these and wore them regularly. Tanto de las esposas de Napolen haba establece hermosa como estas y llevaban con regularidad. Another fashion trend resurrected by Napoleon was the cameo . Otra tendencia de la moda resucitado por Napolen fue el cameo . Soon after his cameo decorated crown was seen, cameos were highly sought. corona Poco despus de su

cameo decoradas fue visto, camafeos fueron muy solicitados. The period also saw the early stages of costume jewellery , with fish scale covered glass beads in place of pearls or conch shell cameos instead of stone cameos. El perodo tambin vio las primeras etapas de bisutera , con escamas de pescado cubiertos cuentas de vidrio en lugar de perlas o de concha de camafeos de concha en lugar de cameos de piedra. New terms were coined to differentiate the arts: jewellers who worked in cheaper materials were called bijoutiers , while jewellers who worked with expensive materials were called joailliers , a practice which continues to this day. Los nuevos trminos fueron acuados para diferenciar las artes: los joyeros que trabajaban en materiales ms baratos fueron llamados bijoutiers, mientras que los joyeros que trabajan con materiales caros fueron llamados Joailliers, una prctica que contina hasta nuestros das. Romanticismo

Mourning jewellery in the form of a jet brooch , 19th century. Duelo de joyas en forma de un chorro de broche , siglo 19. Starting in the late 18th century, Romanticism had a profound impact on the development of western jewellery. A partir de finales del siglo 18, el romanticismo tuvo un profundo impacto en el desarrollo de la joyera occidental. Perhaps the most significant influences were the public's fascination with the treasures being discovered through the birth of modern archaeology and a fascination with Medieval and Renaissance art. Tal vez la ms significativa influencia fueron la fascinacin del pblico con los tesoros que se descubren a travs del nacimiento de la moderna arqueologa y una fascinacin por el arte medieval y renacentista. Changing social conditions and the onset of the Industrial Revolution also led to growth of a middle class that wanted and could afford jewellery. Las cambiantes condiciones sociales y el inicio de la Revolucin Industrial tambin llev al crecimiento de una clase media que quera y poda darse el lujo de joyas. As a result, the use of industrial processes, cheaper alloys, and stone substitutes led to the development of paste or costume jewellery . Como resultado, el uso de procesos industriales, ms barato aleaciones, y los sustitutos de piedra llev a la elaboracin de pasta o bisutera . Distinguished goldsmiths continued to flourish, however, as wealthier patrons sought to ensure that what they wore still stood apart from the jewellery of the masses, not only through use of precious metals and stones but also though superior artistic and technical work. orfebres Distinguidos continu floreciendo, sin embargo, como los clientes ms ricos tratado de garantizar que lo que llevaba todava se mantena apartado de las joyas de las masas, no slo a travs del uso de metales preciosos y piedras preciosas, sino tambin a travs del trabajo artstico y tcnico superior. One such artist was the French goldsmith Franoise Dsire Froment Meurice . Un artista como fue el orfebre francs Franoise Dsir Froment Meurice . A

category unique to this period and quite appropriate to the philosophy of romanticism was mourning jewellery . Una categora nica de este perodo y muy apropiado a la filosofa del romanticismo fue el duelo de joyera . It originated in England, where Queen Victoria was often seen wearing jet jewellery after the death of Prince Albert , and it allowed the wearer to continue wearing jewellery while expressing a state of mourning at the death of a loved one. [ 28 ] Se origin en Inglaterra, donde la reina Victoria fue visto a menudo usando chorro de joyera despus de la muerte del prncipe Alberto , y permiti al usuario seguir usando joyas al tiempo que expresa un estado de luto por la muerte de un ser querido. [28] In the United states, this period saw the founding in 1837 of Tiffany & Co. by Charles Lewis Tiffany . En los Estados Unidos, este perodo se produjo la fundacin en 1837 de Tiffany & Co. por Charles Lewis Tiffany . Tiffany's put the United States on the world map in terms of jewellery and gained fame creating dazzling commissions for people such as the wife of Abraham Lincoln . Tiffany's puso a los Estados Unidos en el mapa del mundo en trminos de joyera y salt a la fama la creacin de comisiones deslumbrante para las personas como la esposa de Abraham Lincoln . Later, it would gain popular notoriety as the setting of the film Breakfast at Tiffany's . Ms tarde, ganara notoriedad popular como el ajuste de la pelcula Desayuno con diamantes . In France, Pierre Cartier founded Cartier SA in 1847, while 1884 saw the founding of Bulgari in Italy. En Francia, Pierre Cartier fund Cartier SA en 1847, mientras que 1884 vio la fundacin de Bulgari en Italia. The modern production studio had been born and was a step away from the former dominance of individual craftsmen and patronage . El estudio de produccin moderna haba nacido y estaba a un paso de la dominacin ex de artesanos individuales y el clientelismo . This period also saw the first major collaboration between East and West. Este perodo tambin vio la primera colaboracin importante entre Oriente y Occidente. Collaboration in Pforzheim between German and Japanese artists led to Shakud plaques set into Filigree frames being created by the Stoeffler firm in 1885). [ 29 ] Perhaps the grand final and an appropriate transition to the following period were the masterful creations of the Russian artist Peter Carl Faberg , working for the Imperial Russian court, whose Faberg eggs and jewellery pieces are still considered as the epitome of the goldsmith's art. Colaboracin en Pforzheim entre artistas alemanes y japoneses llev a Shakud placas puesto en filigrana marcos creados por la empresa Stoeffler en 1885). [29] Tal vez la gran final - y una adecuada transicin al perodo siguiente - fueron las creaciones magistrales de la Federacin de Rusia artista Peter Carl Faberg , trabajando para la corte imperial de Rusia, cuyos huevos de Faberg y joyas piezas se siguen considerando como el eptome de la orfebrera de arte. [ edit ] Art NouveauArt Nouveau In the 1890s, jewellers began to explore the potential of the growing Art Nouveau style and the closely related German Jugendstil , British (and to some extent American) Arts and Crafts Movement , Catalan Modernisme , Austro-Hungarian Sezession , Italian "Liberty", etc. En la dcada de 1890, los joyeros comenz a explorar el potencial de la cada vez mayor de estilo Art Nouveau y el estilo estrechamente relacionado con el alemn Jugendstil , Gran Bretaa (y en cierta medida, de Amrica) movimiento Arts and Crafts , el cataln del Modernismo , austro-hngaro Sezession , italiano "La libertad", etc . Art Nouveau jewellery encompassed many distinct features including a focus on the female form and an emphasis on colour, most commonly rendered through the use of enamelling techniques including basse-taille, champleve, cloisonn, and plique--jour . Joyera Art Nouveau, que abarca muchas caractersticas diferentes incluyendo un

enfoque en la forma femenina y un nfasis en el color, por lo general prestados a travs del uso de las tcnicas de esmaltado incluyendo basse-taille, champlev, cloisonn y plique--jour . Motifs included orchids, irises, pansies, vines, swans, peacocks, snakes, dragonflies, mythological creatures, and the female silhouette. Los motivos incluyen orqudeas, lirios, pensamientos, vides, cisnes, pavos reales, serpientes, liblulas, criaturas mitolgicas, y la silueta femenina. Ren Lalique , working for the Paris shop of Samuel Bing , was recognised by contemporaries as a leading figure in this trend. Ren Lalique , que trabajaba para la tienda de Pars de Samuel Bing , fue reconocido por sus contemporneos como una figura destacada en esta tendencia. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony and Wiener Werksttte provided perhaps the most significant German input to the trend, while in Denmark Georg Jensen , though best known for his Silverware , also contributed significant pieces. La "Colonia de Artistas de Darmstadt y el Wiener Werksttte siempre quizs la aportacin ms significativa alemn a la tendencia, mientras que en Dinamarca Georg Jensen , aunque ms conocido por su Platera , tambin contribuy piezas significativas. In England, Liberty & Co. and the British arts & crafts movement of Charles Robert Ashbee contributed slightly more linear but still characteristic designs. The new style moved the focus of the jeweller's art from the setting of stones to the artistic design of the piece itself. Lalique's dragonfly design is one of the best examples of this. Enamels played a large role in technique, while sinuous organic lines are the most recognisable design feature. The end of World War I once again changed public attitudes, and a more sober style developed. [ 30 ] Art Deco Growing political tensions, the after-effects of the war, and a reaction against the perceived decadence of the turn of the 20th century led to simpler forms, combined with more effective manufacturing for mass production of high-quality jewellery. Covering the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the style has become popularly known as Art Deco . Walter Gropius and the German Bauhaus movement, with their philosophy of "no barriers between artists and craftsmen" led to some interesting and stylistically simplified forms. Modern materials were also introduced: plastics and aluminium were first used in jewellery, and of note are the chromed pendants of Russian-born Bauhaus master Naum Slutzky . Technical mastery became as valued as the material itself. In the West, this period saw the reinvention of granulation by the German Elizabeth Treskow , although development of the re-invention has continued into the 1990s. Jewish jewellery Jewellery has been a part of Jewish culture since Biblical times. Joyera ha sido una parte de la cultura juda desde los tiempos bblicos. There are references in the Bible to the wearing of jewellery, both as a decoration and as a symbol. Now, Jewish jewellery, as well as talismans and amulets, is worn to show affiliation with Judaism , . One of the most common symbols in Jewish jewellery is the Star of David . Another popular symbol is the Hamsa , also known as the "Hamesh hand." The Hamsa appears often in a stylised form, as a hand with three fingers raised, and sometimes with two thumbs arranged symmetrically. Its five fingers are said to symbolise the five books of the Torah. The symbol is used for protection and as a talisman in amulets and charms to ward off the Evil Eye and can also be found in various places such as home entrances and cars. It is also common to place other symbols in the middle of the Hamsa that are believed to help against the evil eye such as fish, eyes and the Star of David. The colour

blue, or more specifically light blue, is also considered protective against the Evil Eye, and many Hamsas are in that colour or with embedded gemstones in different shades of blue. The Chai is also a popular Jewish motif for necklaces. Other motifs found in Jewish jewellery are symbols from the Kabbalah , such as the Merkaba, a three-dimensional Star of David, and the Tree of life. Pieces of jewellery are decorated with parts or initials of known Jewish prayers and with three-letters combinations, believed to represent different names of the Jewish God.

[ edit ] Asia Asia

Royal earrings, India , 1st Century BC. In Asia, the Indian subcontinent has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere, with a history of over 5,000 years. [ 31 ] One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization in what is now predominately modern-day Pakistan. Early jewellery making in China started around the same period, but it became widespread with the spread of Buddhism around 2,000 years ago. Principios de joyera en China comenz en la misma poca, pero se generaliz con la difusin del budismo hace 2.000 aos aproximadamente. [ edit ] China [ editar ] China One of the earliest cultures to begin making jewellery in Asia were the Chinese around 5,000 years ago. Chinese jewellery designs were very religion-oriented and contained Buddhist symbols, a tradition which continues to this day.

The Chinese used silver in their jewellery more often than gold and decorated it with their favourite colour , blue. Blue kingfisher feathers were tied onto early Chinese jewellery and later, blue gems and glass were incorporated into designs. However, jade was preferred over any other stone and was fashioned using diamonds . The Chinese revered jade because of the human-like qualities they assigned to it, such as its hardness, durability, and beauty. [ 5 ] The first jade pieces were very simple, but as time progressed, more complex designs evolved. Jade rings from between the 4th and 7th centuries BC show evidence of having been worked with a compound milling machine , hundreds of years before the first mention of such equipment in the west. [ 32 ]

Jade coiled serpent, Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD)

`Xin' Shape Jewellery from Ming Dynasty Tombs , (13681644) In China, jewellery was worn frequently by both sexes to show their nobility and wealth. However, in later years, it was used to accentuate beauty. Women wore highly detailed gold and silver head dresses and other items, while men wore decorative hat buttons , which showed rank, and gold or silver rings. Women also wore strips of gold on their foreheads, much like women in the Indus Valley. The band was an early form of tiara and was often decorated with precious gems. The most common piece of jewellery worn by in China was the earring, which was worn by both men and women. Amulets were also common, often with a Chinese symbol or dragon . Dragons, Chinese symbols, and phoenixes were frequently depicted on jewellery designs. The Chinese often placed their jewellery in their graves. Most Chinese graves found by archaeologists contain decorative jewellery. [ 33 ] [ edit ] IndiaLa India India has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere since Ramayana and Mahabharata times. While Western traditions were heavily influenced by waxing and waning empires, India enjoyed a continuous development of art forms for some 5,000 years. [ 31 ] One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the Indus Valley Civilization (encompassing present-day Pakistan and northwest India). By 1500

BC, the peoples of the Indus Valley were creating gold earrings and necklaces, bead necklaces, and metallic bangles . Before 2100 BC, prior to the period when metals were widely used, the largest jewellery trade in the Indus Valley region was the bead trade. Beads in the Indus Valley were made using simple techniques. First, a bead maker would need a rough stone, which would be bought from an eastern stone trader. The stone would then be placed into a hot oven where it would be heated until it turned deep red, a colour highly prized by people of the Indus Valley. The red stone would then be chipped to the right size and a hole bored through it with primitive drills. The beads were then polished. Some beads were also painted with designs. This art form was often passed down through family. Children of bead makers often learned how to work beads from a young age. Jewellery in the Indus Valley was worn predominantly by females, who wore numerous clay or shell bracelets on their wrists. They were often shaped like doughnuts and painted black. Over time, clay bangles were discarded for more durable ones. In present-day India , bangles are made out of metal or glass. Other pieces that women frequently wore were thin bands of gold that would be worn on the forehead, earrings, primitive brooches, chokers , and gold rings. Although women wore jewellery the most, some men in the Indus Valley wore beads. Small beads were often crafted to be placed in men and women's hair. The beads were about one millimetre long. A female skeleton (presently on display at the National Museum, New Delhi, India) wears a carlinean bangle (bracelet) on her left hand. India was the first country to mine diamonds , with some mines dating back to 296 BC. India traded the diamonds, realising their valuable qualities. This trade almost vanished 1,000 years after Christianity grew as a religion, as Christians rejected the diamonds which were used in Indian religious amulets. Along with Arabians from the Middle East restricting the trade, India's diamond jewellery trade lulled. Today, many of the jewellery designs and traditions are still used, and jewellery is commonplace in Indian ceremonies and weddings. [ 33 ]

[ edit ] AmericanAmrica
Jewellery played a major role in the fate of the Americas when the Spanish established an empire to seize South American gold. Jewellery making developed in the Americas 5,000 years ago in Central and South America . Large amounts of gold was easily accessible, and the Aztecs , the Mixtecs , the Mayans , and numerous Andean cultures, such as the Mochica of Peru, created beautiful pieces of jewellery. With the Mochica culture, goldwork flourished. The pieces are no longer simple metalwork, but are now masterful examples of jewellery making. Pieces are sophisticated in their design, and feature inlays of turquoise, mother of pearl, spondylus shell, and amethyst. The nose and ear ornaments, chest plates, small containers and whistles are considered masterpieces of ancient Peruvian culture. [ 34 ]

Moche Ear Ornaments. 1-800 AD. Larco Museum Collection, Lima-Peru Among the Aztecs , only nobility wore gold jewellery, as it showed their rank, power, and wealth. Gold jewellery was most common in the Aztec Empire and was often decorated with feathers from Quetzal birds and others. In general, the more jewellery an Aztec noble wore, the higher his status or prestige. The Emperor and his High Priests, for example, would be nearly completely covered in jewellery when making public appearances. Although gold was the most common and a popular material used in Aztec jewellery, Jade , Turquoise , and certain feathers were considered more valuable. [ 35 ] In addition to adornment and status, the Aztecs also used jewellery in sacrifices to appease the gods. Priests also used gem-encrusted daggers to perform animal and human sacrifices. [ 19 ] [ 28 ] Another ancient American civilization with expertise in jewellery making were the Maya . At the peak of their civilization, the Maya were making jewellery from jade , gold, silver, bronze , and copper . Maya designs were similar to those of the Aztecs, with lavish headdresses and jewellery. The Maya also traded in precious gems. However, in earlier times, the Maya had little access to metal, so they made the majority of their jewellery out of bone or stone. Merchants and nobility were the only few that wore expensive jewellery in the Maya Empire, much the same as with the Aztecs. [ 33 ] In North America , Native Americans used shells , wood, turquoise , and soapstone , almost unavailable in South and Central America. The turquoise was used in necklaces and to be placed in earrings. Native Americans with access to oyster shells, often located in only one location in America, traded the shells with other tribes, showing the great importance of the body adornment trade in Northern America. [ 36 ]

[ edit ] PacificPacfico
Main article: Jewellery in the Pacific Jewellery making in the Pacific started later than in other areas because of recent human settlement. Early Pacific jewellery was made of bone, wood, and other natural materials, and thus has not survived. Most Pacific jewellery is worn above the waist, with headdresses, necklaces, hair pins, and arm and waist belts being the most common pieces. Jewellery in the Pacific, with the exception of Australia, is worn to be a symbol of either fertility or power. Elaborate headdresses are worn by many Pacific cultures and some, such as the inhabitants of Papua New Guinea , wear certain headdresses once they have killed an enemy. Tribesman may wear boar bones through their noses. Island jewellery is still very much primal because of the lack of communication with outside cultures. Some areas of Borneo and Papua New Guinea are yet to be explored by Western nations. However, the island nations that were flooded with Western

missionaries have had drastic changes made to their jewellery designs. Missionaries saw any type of tribal jewellery as a sign of the wearer's devotion to paganism. Thus many tribal designs were lost forever in the mass conversion to Christianity. [ 37 ]

A modern opal bracelet Australia is now the number one supplier of opals in the world. Opals had already been mined in Europe and South America for many years prior, but in the late 19th century, the Australian opal market became predominant. Australian opals are only mined in a few select places around the country, making it one the most profitable stones in the Pacific. [ 38 ] One of the few cultures to still create their jewellery today as they did many centuries prior is the New Zealand Mori , who create Hei-tiki . The reason the hei-tiki is worn is not apparent. It may either relate to ancestral connections, as Tiki was the first Mori, or fertility, as there is a strong connection between this and Tiki. Another suggestion from historians is that the Tiki is a product of the ancient belief of a god named Tiki, perhaps dating back to before the Moris settled in New Zealand. Hei-tikis are traditionally carved by hand from bone (commonly whale), nephrite , or bowenite . It is a lengthy and spiritual process. The Hei-tiki is now popular amongst tourists, who can buy it from souvenir or jeweller shops. Other than jewellery created through Mori influence, jewellery in New Zealand remains similar to other western civilisations: multicultural and varied. This is more noticeable in New Zealand because of its high levels of non-European citizens. [ 37 ]

[ edit ] ModernModerno
The modern jewellery movement began in the late 1940s at the end of World War II with a renewed interest in artistic and leisurely pursuits. The movement is most noted with works by Georg Jensen and other jewellery designers who advanced the concept of wearable art. The advent of new materials, such as plastics, Precious Metal Clay (PMC), and colouring techniques, has led to increased variety in styles. Other advances, such as the development of improved pearl harvesting by people such as Mikimoto Kkichi and the development of improved quality artificial gemstones such as moissanite (a diamond simulant ), has placed jewellery within the economic grasp of a much larger segment of the population. The "jewellery as art" movement was spearheaded by artisans such as Robert Lee Morris and continued by designers such as Gill Forsbrook in the UK. Influence from other cultural forms is also evident. One example of this is bling-bling style jewellery, popularised by hip-hop and rap artists in the early 21st century. The late 20th century saw the blending of European design with oriental techniques such as Mokume-gane . The following are innovations in the decades straddling the year 2000: "Mokume-gane, hydraulic die forming, anti-clastic raising , fold-forming ,

reactive metal anodising , shell forms, PMC , photoetching , and [use of] CAD/CAM ." [
39 ]

Artisan jewellery continues to grow as both a hobby and a profession. With more than 17 United States periodicals about beading alone, resources, accessibility, and a low initial cost of entry continues to expand production of hand-made adornments. Some fine examples of artisan jewellery can be seen at The Metropolitan Museum. [ 40 ]

A Kayan girl in Northern Thailand. Jewellery used in body modification is usually plain. The use of simple silver studs, rings, and earrings predominates. Common jewellery pieces such as earrings are a form of body modification, as they are accommodated by creating a small hole in the ear. Padaung women in Myanmar place large golden rings around their necks. Padaung mujeres en Myanmar a cabo grandes anillos de oro alrededor de sus cuellos. From as early as five years old, girls are introduced to their first neck ring. Over the years, more rings are added. In addition to the twenty-plus pounds of rings on her neck, a woman will also wear just as many rings on her calves too. At their extent, some necks modified like this can reach 10-15 inches long. The practice has obvious health impacts, however, and has in recent years declined from cultural norm to tourist curiosity. [ 41 ] Tribes related to the Paduang, as well as other cultures throughout the world, use jewellery to stretch their earlobes or enlarge ear piercings. In the Americas, labrets have been worn since before first contact by Innu and First Nations peoples of the northwest coast. [ 42 ] Lip plates are worn by the African Mursi and Sara people , as well as some South American peoples. In the late 20th century, the influence of modern primitivism led to many of these practices being incorporated into western subcultures. Many of these practices rely on a combination of body modification and decorative objects, thus keeping the distinction between these two types of decoration blurred. In many cultures, jewellery is used as a temporary body modifier, with, in some cases, hooks or even objects as large as bike bars being placed into the recipient's skin. Although this procedure is often carried out by tribal or semi-tribal groups, often acting under a trance during religious ceremonies, this practise has seeped into western culture.

Many extreme-jewellery shops now cater to people wanting large hooks or spikes set into their skin. Most often, these hooks are used in conjunction with pulleys to hoist the recipient into the air. This practice is said to give an erotic feeling to the person and some couples have even performed their marriage ceremony whilst being suspended by hooks. [ 41 ]

Jewellery market
According to a recent KPMG study [ 43 ] the largest jewellery market is the United States with a market share of 30.8%, Japan, India, China, and the Middle East each with 8 9%, and Italy with 5%. The authors of the study predict a dramatic change in market shares by 2015, where the market share of the United States will have dropped to around 25%, and China and India will increase theirs to over 13%. The Middle East will remain more or less constant at 9%, whereas Europe's and Japan's marketshare will be halved and become less than 4% for Japan, and less than 3% for the biggest individual European countries, Italy and the UK.

[ edit ] See alsoVase tambin

Gemology and Jewelry portal Gemologa y Joyera portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jewellery

Art jewellery List of jewellery types Gemology Gemologa History of jewellery in Ukraine Jewellery cleaning Murano glass De cristal de Murano Murano beads Wire sculpture Titanium ring Anillo de titanio

[ edit ] References [ editar ] Referencias

1. ^ see American and British spelling differences 2. ^ jewel. (nd). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved on August 7, 2007, from the
Dictionary.com website.

3. ^ Study reveals 'oldest jewellery' , BBC News , June 22, 2006. 4. ^ Kunz, PhD, DSc, George Frederick (1917). Magic of Jewels and Charms . John Lippincott
Co.. URL: Magic Of jewels: Chapter VII Amulets George Frederick Kunz was gemmologist for Tiffany's built the collections of banker JP Morgan and the American Natural History Museum in NY City. This chapter deals entirely with using jewels and gemstones in jewellery for talismanic purposes in Western Cultures. The next chapter deals with other, indigenous cultures.

5. ^ a b c Holland, J. 1999. The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia. Kingfisher books . 6. ^ Morris, Desmond. Body Guards: Protective Amulets and Charms . Element, 1999, ISBN 186204-572-0 .

7. ^ McCreight, Tim. Jewelry: Fundamentals of Metalsmithing . ^ McCreight, Tim:. joyera

Fundamentos de la Orfebrera. Design Books International, 1997 ISBN 1-880140-29-2

8. ^ http://lgdl.gia.edu/pdfs/janse-table1.pdf 9. ^ Pliny. Natural History XXXVI, 15 10. ^ Microsoft Word - WMP 2001-2005 title.doc 11. ^ Natural Diamond: World Production, By Country And Type 12. ^ Silver Stars Collection Gemstone Glossary 13. ^ Nassau, K. (1980). Gems made by man . ISBN 0801967732 14. ^ Jewelry-Encyclopedia.com 15. ^ Pliny the Elder. The Natural History. ed. ed. John Bostock, HT Riley, Book XXXIII The
Natural History of Metals Online at the Perseus Project Chapter 4. Accessed July 2006

16. ^ Howard, Vicky. "A real Man's Ring: Gender and the Invention of Tradition." Journal of Social
History , Summer 2003, pp 837-856.

17. ^ Yusuf al-Qaradawi . The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam (online) 18. ^ Greenbaum, Toni. "SILVER SPEAKS: TRADITIONAL JEWELRY FROM THE MIDDLE
EAST". Metalsmith , Winter2004, Vol. 24, Issue 1, p.56. Greenbaum provides the explanation for the lack of historical examples; the majority of Islamic jewellery was in the form of bridal dowries , and traditionally was not handed down from generation to generation; instead, on a woman's death it was sold at the souk and recycled or sold to passers-by. Islamic jewellery from before the 19th century is thus exceedingly rare.

19. ^ a b c d e Reader's Digest Association. 1986. 1986. The last 2 million years. Reader's Digest .
ISBN 0-86438-007-0

20. ^ Nemet-Nejat, Daily Life , 155157. 21. ^ Nemet-Nejat, Daily Life , 295297. 22. ^ Nemet-Nejat, Daily Life , 297. 23. ^ Treister, Mikhail YU. "Polychrome Necklaces from the Late Hellenistic Period." Ancient
Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 2004, Vol. 10 Issue 3/4, p199-257, 59p.

24. ^ Duby Georges and Philippe Aris, eds. A History of Private Life Vol 1 - From Pagan Rome to
Byzantium. Harvard, 1987. p 506 p 506

25. ^ Duby, throughout. 26. ^ Sherrard, P. 1972. Great Ages of Man: Byzantium. Time-Life International . 27. ^ Scarisbrick, Diana. Rings: Symbols of Wealth, Power, and Affection . New York: Abrams,
1993. ISBN 0-8109-3775-1 p77.

28. ^ a b Farndon, J. 2001. 1,000 Facts on Modern History. Miles Kelly Publishing . 29. ^ Ilse-Neuman, Ursula. Book review Schmuck/Jewellery 1840-1940: Highlights from the
Schmuckmuseum Pforzheim.'' ''Metalsmith''. Fall2006, Vol. 26 Issue 3, p12-13, 2p

30. ^ Constantino, Maria. Art Nouveau . Knickerbocker Press; 1999 ISBN 1-57715-074-0 as well as
Ilse-Neuman 2006.

31. ^ a b Untracht, Oppi. Traditional Jewellery of India . New York: Abrams, 1997 ISBN 0-81093886-3 . Nueva York: Abrams, 1997 ISBN 0-8109-3886-3 . p15. P15.

32. ^ Lu, Peter J., "Early Precision Compound Machine from Ancient China." Science, 6/11/2004,
Vol. 304, Issue 5677

33. ^ a b c Reader's Digest Association. 1983. 1983. Vanished Civilisations. Reader's Digest . 34. ^ Larco Hoyle, Rafael (2008). Museo Larco. Experience Ancient Peru . Lima: Museo Larco.
ISBN 978-9972-9341-2-4 .

35. ^ The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. Miller,Mary 1993

36. ^ Josephy Jr, AM 1994. 500 Nations: The Illustrated History of North American Indians. Alfred
A. Knopf. Inc .

37. ^ a b Neich, R., Pereira, F. 2004. Pacific Jewellery and Adornment. David Bateman & Auckland
Museum . ISBN 1-86953-535-9 .

38. ^ Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 1989. Facts and Fallacies: Stories of the Strange and Unusual.
Reader's Digest. Reader's Digest. 11-13. 11-13.

39. ^ McCrieght, Tim. "What's New?" Metalsmith Spring 2006, Vol. 26 Issue 1, p42-45, 4p 40. ^ Nineteenth-Century American Jewelry | Thematic Essay | Timeline of Art History | The
Metropolitan Museum of Art

41. ^ a b Packard, M. 2002. Ripley's Believe it or not: Special Edition. Scholastic Inc . 22. 42. ^ Moss, Madonna L. "George Catlin among the Nayas: Understanding the practice of labret
wearing on the Northwest Coast." Ethnohistory Winter99, Vol. 46 Issue 1, p31, 35p.

43. ^ KPMG India (2007). "Global Jewelry Consumption". Gems and Gemology (GIA) XLIII
(Summer 2007): 180.

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