Lab 1: Impact of Jet

Rob Eakins1, Jon Nastav2, and Matt Harrison3 Georgia Institute of Technology, Savannah, GA, 31407 The goal of this lab experiment was to observe and verify the principle of conservation of linear momentum. This is done by showing that the time rate of change in linear momentum is equal to the net flow rate of fluid through the control surface summed with the time rate of change in linear momentum of the control volume contents. Different masses placed on the apparatus are raised to the same, measured, level of height by the water jet with the flow rate being controlled by opening and closing the flow rate valve. Four target plates, each of different geometry, were used to demonstrate and compare the effect of varying deflection angles. The experimental results showed a higher value of force was needed to lift the target plates back to their equilibrium resting point.

Nomenclature
v1 A m g h Ry Fa v1 VV Q t K = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Fluid velocity Cross sectional area of the jet Mass flow rate of fluid Density of the fluid Acceleration due to gravity Height of the deflector Theoretical force of jet stream Experimental force of jet stream Corrected jet stream velocity Volumetric flow rate of the fluid Volume of fluid collected Time trailing-edge (TE) nondimensional angular deflection rate

I. Introduction

HE objective of this experiment is to verify the conservation of linear momentum by calculating the amount of force applied to four different target plates by a water jet. Each of the target plates used will have a different geometry and will be tested for three different masses on the weight pan. By controlling the flow rate valve the force from the jet will elevate the target plate back into its original position. This flow rate is then measured and used to calculate the forces of the water jet acting on the target plates. Using the acquired values for the forces, a free body diagram and balance of forces will verify the principle of conservation of linear momentum. The experimental results showed small variation from the theoretical results; causes of these discrepancies can be attributed to multiple sources of error.

II.Apparatus and Procedure

A. Apparatus: An Armfield F1-10 Hydraulic Bench was used as the base for the jet impact apparatus. The hydraulic bench provided a volumetric storage tank for the experiment and supplied water for the jet stream. An Armfield F1-16 Impact of Jet apparatus was used to impinge the jet impact on various target plates. As can be seen in Figure A, the jet apparatus was enclosed in an acrylic enclosure to contain the deflected fluid and prevent splashing. With these apparatuses, a set of weights was used on the weight pan of the jet impact apparatus. To take measurements of height a 0.01 resolution digital caliper was used and to take measurements of time a digital stopwatch was used. A digital scale was also used to measure the actual mass of the weights used in the experiment. 1 Undergraduate Student, 210 Technology Circle, Savannah, GA 31407 1 Georgia Institute of Technology

Figure A. Images of Armfield F1-16 Impact of Jet apparatus B. Procedure. The first task of the lab was to wash the target plates for use in the jet impact apparatus. Once the target plates were washed the jet impact apparatus was placed on the top channel of the Armfield F1-10 Hydraulic Bench and the flexible tube from the base was connected to the quick release valve at the bottom of the apparatus. The top plate of the jet impact tank was removed by unscrewing the three knurled nuts. Once the top was removed one of the four target plates was screwed onto the vertical shaft in the transparent tank and the top was replaced. The apparatus was then leveled by adjusting the feet of the apparatus. The height of the level gauge was adjusted and aligned with the datum line found on the weight pan. The weight pan was gently oscillated to ensure accuracy. Each individual weight was weighed using a digital scale and then the weights were placed on the weight pan. The flow valve was then closed and the service pump was started. The flow valve was opened gradually until the force of the jet stream had lifted the weight pan high enough for the datum line and level gauge to be realigned. Once equilibrium was attained the weight pan was oscillated gently to ensure accuracy. A stopwatch was used to time the length of the time that the flow valve was open. This value was used to divide the volume of water collected in the volumetric storage tank during the experiment to derive the flow rate used to raise the weight pan. This list of procedures was then repeated for three various amounts of weights on the weight pan and for each of the four different geometries of target plates.

III.Theory
The volumetric flow rate, V, can be found by dividing the volume of water collected, Q, by the amount of time the water was allowed to run, t. Each run was limited to a 60 second run time to enforce uniformity and help minimize error or difference in calculations. Once the volumetric flow rate is calculated it can then be divided by the cross-sectional area of the nozzle, A, to compute the jet velocity, v1. Equation (1) and (2) show the procedure for finding the volumetric flow rate and the jet velocity. V=QtV= (1) v1=VA1v1= (2) Qt VA1

After the jet velocity is calculated Bernoullis Equation, shown in Equation (3) is used to calculate the corrected jet velocity, v1. 12v12g=12v1'1g+h12v12g= (3) 2 Georgia Institute of Technology 12v1'2g+ h

In Equation (3) g represents the acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the deflector. By rearranging Bernoullis Equation we can derive Equation (4), which is the simplified equation for corrected jet velocity. v'1=v12-2ghv1'= (4) v122gh

In order to calculate the theoretical reaction force, Ry, the mass flow rate, m, must be calculated. Equation (5) shows how the mass flow rate can be calculated, where is the density of the fluid. m=Av'1m= (5) A1v1'

Having the mass flow rate calculated then allows for the theoretical reaction force, Ry, can now be calculated by using Equation (6). Ry=mv'1(1+cos)Ry= (6) mv1'(1+ cos)

In Equation (6), is the deflector angle that is defined to be parallel to the jet. In comparison to the theoretical reaction force, the experimental force applied to the target plate can be calculated using Newtons Second Law, which is given in Equation (7). Fa=mgFa=mg (7) In this case, m, is equal to the mass applied to the system and, g, again, is the acceleration due to gravity. Having calculated both the theoretical and experimental values they can then be compared.

IV.Results
Figure A displays a plot of the theoretical and actual applied forces of the impinging jet stream on the target plate plotted against the average jet velocity for the 180180 deflector. As can be seen from these plots the theoretical and actual applied forces take on similar slopes and relative accuracy with exception of the 180 deflector. Reasons for error during the experimentation are discussed in the error analysis and discussion sections.

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Figure A. Plots for theoretical and applied forces versus average velocity for all four deflectors. The discrepancy of the theoretical force minus the actual applied force was then plotted and can be seen in Figure B. Each of the deflectors discrepancies are placed on the same plot to illustrate the differences in each of the measurements. These discrepancies will also be discussed in the error analysis portion of the report. Figure C shows a surface plot for the discrepancies shown in Figure B. The absolute value of the Figure B. Theoretical force minus actual force plotted versus the theoretical force minus the actual average jet velocity. applied force was divided by the theoretical force value and plotted against both v and .

V.Discussion
The force of linear momentum has been shown to be true in the experiment performed. The force required to hold the four different deflector plates up with equivalent down force was different depending on the angle of the deflector. The lower the degree angle on the deflector plate the greater a force, the flow rate of the jet stream, is required to balance the force of the weight applied. As seen in Figure D, the brass weights on top are used to provide a force down in which the jet stream applies an equivalent force to return the weight pan back to the level gauge mark. The force of gravity calculated from the mass of the weights and knowing the geometry of the deflector and the flow rate of the jet stream, the ability to find the balanced force is possible. 4 Georgia Institute of Technology Figure C. Surface plot of the absolute value of the theoretical force minus the applied force divided by the theoretical force versus both the jet velocity and deflection angle.

Several factors could have caused error during the experiment to make the theoretical and experimental values dissimilar. To begin, the volume of the water that was being displaced was measured in liters. A liter is a large measurement for the experiment performed and was a critical value in measuring the flow rate. During data collection, each mass for the specific deflector was repeated only once. The lab manual instructed to repeat each mass twice for a total of three readings. The more data collected would lead to a more accurate value. Each reading was done over a sixty second interval using a manually operated stopwatch without recording the exact time taken from beginning to end, although each time the stopwatch was within +/- 1.5 seconds of sixty seconds. The cross-sectional area, A1, will increase as the updated jet velocity, v, decreases as it leaves the outlet of the jet. The theoretical model accurately Figure D. Armfield apparatus with brass predicts the shape of the measured force on the impact surface except in one weights on the weight pan particular case, the 180 degree deflector, as seen in Figure A. Comparing Figure E with the theoretical slope in Table 2, the experimental slope is similar to the theoretical slope except for in the case of the 180 degree deflector. Figure E. Force applied versus velocity squared with experimental slope The 90 deflector is seen as a flat plate that the water deflects off of. A schematic is shown in Figure F that shows the velocity and areas of the water jet stream as it leaves the jet nozzle and strikes the deflector.

Figure F. Schematic of cross sectional area A1 and A2 for the 90 degree deflector The velocity profile of a real jet would be non-uniform. For a non-uniform velocity profile the jet will not strike the whole plate uniformly because it is not fully developed flow. This would cause slight error in the theoretical calculations. Also, for the different deflectors it will strike at different points not reacting the same way. For instance, the lower the deflector angle the less likely the full force of the jet will strike the deflector. Figure G is a sketch of what a real jet profile coming from the nozzle may look like. The center of the profile would strike the deflector prior to the edges of the stream. From the above conclusion, the theoretical value should be assumed to be higher because it assumes that the velocities of the flow are all uniform Figure G. Sketch of non-uniform jet and contacting the deflector at the same moment in time. profile assuming zero velocity at edge Overall, the experiments theoretical values and experimental data seem to be well aligned in the previous mentioned ways. The 180 deflector has much error due to some unknown reason. The results confirm the principle of conservation of linear momentum.

VI.Error Analysis
The jet velocities overall error can be calculated using equation?, With the given uncertainties of Q= +/- 0.5 L, for the flow rate, t= +/- 0.5 s, for time and A= +/- 0.01 m2, for the cross sectional area. v1= v1Q1A1t+ v1A1Qt+ v1tQA1 5 Georgia Institute of Technology

The real jet velocities overall error can be calculated using equation? with the given uncertainties of g=0.01 for gravity and h= +/- 0.01 for the height. v1'= v1'v1gh+ v1'gv1h+ v1'hv1g Using equation ? the overall theoretical reaction force can be found with the uncertainties

Appendix
Table 1. Raw data and calculated values from the experiment and table provided in lab manual Deflector Angle, , () 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 120 120 120 120 120 90 90 90 90 90 90 30 30 30 30 30 30 Water Collected, Q, (m^3) 0.01 0.014 0.017 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.011 0.0155 0.018 0.01 0.015 0.018 0.015 0.017 0.019 0.012 0.016 0.019 0.018 0.023 0.026 0.017 0.025 0.026 Collection Time, t, (s) 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Height of Deflector, h, (m) 0.02828 0.02166 0.01595 0.02828 0.02166 0.01595 0.02799 0.02166 0.0322 0.02799 0.02166 0.0322 0.02844 0.02508 0.02177 0.02844 0.02508 0.02177 0.02844 0.02508 0.02177 0.02844 0.02508 0.02177 Mass Applied, M, (kg) 0.09952 0.19914 0.29876 0.09952 0.19914 0.29876 0.09952 0.19914 0.29876 0.09952 0.19914 0.29876 0.09952 0.14916 0.19914 0.09952 0.14916 0.19914 0.09952 0.14916 0.19914 0.09952 0.14916 0.19914 Jet Velocity, v1, (m/s) 3.315727981 4.642019174 5.636737568 3.647300779 4.642019174 5.968310366 3.647300779 5.139378371 5.968310366 3.315727981 4.973591972 5.968310366 4.973591972 5.636737568 6.299883164 3.978873577 5.30516477 6.299883164 5.968310366 7.626174356 8.620892751 5.636737568 8.289319953 8.620892751 Corrected Jet Velocity, v1', (m/s) 3.311460712 4.63968555 5.635322565 3.643421877 4.63968555 5.966973992 3.643461675 5.13727068 5.965612175 3.311504499 4.971413994 5.965612175 4.970732049 5.634512438 6.298155117 3.975298095 5.302800509 6.298155117 5.965927306 7.624529842 8.619630028 5.634214267 8.287807025 8.619630028

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Theoretical Slope 0.020183598 0.020183598 0.020183598 0.020183598 0.020183598 0.020183598 0.091190682 0.091190682 0.091190682 0.091190682 0.091190682 0.091190682 0.027742846 0.027742846 0.027742846 0.027742846 0.027742846 0.027742846 0.058019006 0.058019006 0.058019006 0.058019006 0.058019006 0.058019006

Table 2. Raw data and calculated values from the experiment and table provided in lab manual Theoretical Applied Force, Error Error Overall Error Overall Error Rv-Fa Force, Ry, N Fa, N in v2 in v1' in Ry in Fa 1.102399645 0.9762912 0.126108445 0.434485904 0.640967715 0.26792764 0.434485904 0.718632551 1.210539245 2.40666344 3.245342188 1.000002674 2.253773787 3.245342188 0.685475151 0.880772395 1.100468754 0.438420055 0.780120318 1.100468754 2.065029207 3.372845293 4.310697374 1.841776817 3.985194706 4.310697374 1.9535634 2.9308356 0.9762912 1.9535634 2.9308356 0.9762912 1.9535634 2.9308356 0.9762912 1.9535634 2.9308356 0.9762912 1.4632596 1.9535634 0.9762912 1.4632596 1.9535634 0.9762912 1.4632596 1.9535634 0.9762912 1.4632596 1.9535634 -1.519077496 -2.289867885 -0.70836356 -1.519077496 -2.212203049 0.234248045 0.45310004 0.314506588 0.023711474 0.300210387 0.314506588 -0.290816049 -0.582487205 -0.853094646 -0.537871145 -0.683139282 -0.853094646 1.088738007 1.909585693 2.357133974 0.865485617 2.521935106 2.357133974

An appendix, if needed, should appear before the acknowledgements.

Acknowledgments
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References
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2 Dornheim, M. A., Planetary Flight Surge Faces Budget Realities, Aviation Week and Space Technology, Vol. 145, No. 24, 9 Dec. 1996, pp. 44-46. 3 Terster, W., NASA Considers Switch to Delta 2, Space News, Vol. 8, No. 2, 13-19 Jan. 1997, pp., 1, 18. All of the preceding information is required. The journal issue number (No. 11 in Ref. 1) is preferred, but the month (Nov.) can be substituted if the issue number is not available. Use the complete date for daily and weekly publications. Transactions follow the same style as other journals; if punctuation is necessary, use a colon to separate the transactions title from the journal title.

Books 4 Peyret, R., and Taylor, T. D., Computational Methods in Fluid Flow, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983, Chaps. 7, 14. 5 Oates, G. C. (ed.), Aerothermodynamics of Gas Turbine and Rocket Propulsion, AIAA Education Series, AIAA, New York, 1984, pp. 19, 136. 6 Volpe, R., Techniques for Collision Prevention, Impact Stability, and Force Control by Space Manipulators, Teleoperation and Robotics in Space, edited by S. B. Skaar and C. F. Ruoff, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, Washington, DC, 1994, pp. 175-212. Publisher, place, and date of publication are required for all books. No state or country is required for major cities: New York, London, Moscow, etc. A differentiation must always be made between Cambridge, MA, and Cambridge, England, UK. Note that series titles are in roman type. Proceedings 7 Thompson, C. M., Spacecraft Thermal Control, Design, and Operation, AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, CP849, Vol. 1, AIAA, Washington, DC, 1989, pp. 103-115 8 Chi, Y., (ed.), Fluid Mechanics Proceedings, SP-255, NASA, 1993. 9 Morris, J. D. Convective Heat Transfer in Radially Rotating Ducts, Proceedings of the Annual Heat Transfer Conference, edited by B. Corbell, Vol. 1, Inst. Of Mechanical Engineering, New York, 1992, pp. 227-234. At a minimum, proceedings must have the same information as other book references: paper (chapter) and volume title, name and location of publisher, editor (if applicable), and pages or chapters cited. Do not include paper numbers in proceedings references, and delete the conference location so that it is not confused with the publishers location (which is mandatory, except for government agencies). Frequently, CP or SP numbers (Conference Proceedings or Symposium Proceedings numbers) are also given. These elements are not necessary, but when provided, their places should be as shown in the preceding examples. Reports, Theses, and Individual Papers 10 Chapman, G. T., and Tobak, M., Nonlinear Problems in Flight Dynamics, NASA TM-85940, 1984. 11 Steger, J. L., Jr., Nietubicz, C. J., and Heavey, J. E., A General Curvilinear Grid Generation Program for Projectile Configurations, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Lab., Rept. ARBRL-MR03142, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Oct. 1981. 12 Tseng, K., Nonlinear Greens Function Method for Transonic Potential Flow, Ph.D. Dissertation, Aeronautics and Astronautics Dept., Boston Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1983. Government agency reports do not require locations. For reports such as NASA TM-85940, neither insert nor delete dashes; leave them as provided by the author. Place of publication should be given, although it is not mandatory, for military and company reports. Always include a city and state for universities. Papers need only the name of the sponsor; neither the sponsors location nor the conference name and location are required. Do not confuse proceedings references with conference papers. Electronic Publications CD-ROM publications and regularly issued, dated electronic journals are permitted as references. Archived data sets also may be referenced as long as the material is openly accessible and the repository is committed to archiving the data indefinitely. References to electronic data available only from personal Web sites or commercial, academic, or government ones where there is no commitment to archiving the data are not permitted (see Private Communications and Web sites).
13 Richard, J. C., and Fralick, G. C., Use of Drag Probe in Supersonic Flow, AIAA Meeting Papers on Disc [CD-ROM], Vol. 1, No. 2, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1996. 14 Atkins, C. P., and Scantelbury, J. D., The Activity Coefficient of Sodium Chloride in a Simulated Pore Solution Environment, Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering [online journal], Vol. 1, No. 1, Paper 2, URL: http://www.cp/umist.ac.uk/JCSE/vol1/vol1.html [cited 13 April 1998]. 15 Vickers, A., 10-110 mm/hr Hypodermic Gravity Design A, Rainfall Simulation Database [online database], URL: http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/bgrg/lab.htm [cited 15 March 1998].

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TAPP, Thermochemical and Physical Properties, Software Package, Ver. 1.0, E. S. Microware, Hamilton, OH, 1992.

Include a version number and the company name and location of software packages. Patents Patents appear infrequently. Be sure to include the patent number and date. 17 Scherrer, R., Overholster, D., and Watson, K., Lockheed Corp., Burbank, CA, U.S. Patent Application for a Vehicle, Docket No. P-01-1532, filed 11 Feb. 1979. Private Communications and Web Sites References to private communications and personal Web site addresses are generally not permitted. Private communications can be defined as privately held unpublished letters or notes or conversations between an author and one or more individuals. They may be cited as references in some case studies, but only with permission of the AIAA staff. Depending on the circumstances, private communications and Web site addresses may be incorporated into the main text of a manuscript or may appear in footnotes. Unpublished Papers and Books Unpublished works can be used as references as long as they are being considered for publication or can be located by the reader (such as papers that are part of an archival collection). If a journal paper or a book is being considered for publication choose the format that reflects the status of the work (depending upon whether it has been accepted for publication):
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