Solution 1. In general immunology deals with the study of the immune system.

Its main function is to provide protection to us either neutralizing or killing the antigens or so called foreign particles. Elder children and adults will have well developed immune system when compared with the new born babies. During Adolescence the hormones like steroid hormones such as testosterone and Estrogen in females will be the responsible one for the developmental process of making either as a man or women. These steroid hormones will also plays and important role in the development of the immune regulation in adults. During this adolescence stage the Childrens and the adults will have developed immune system. They have both innate and the acquired immune responses. They also will have Cell mediate immunity and the Humoral or the antibody mediated immune response. Apart from this they will have the phagocytic activity, neutrophil activity, complement pathway, interleukins and interferons will also aid in the response of the elimination of the foreign particles. New borns can be simply stated as they are in the state of physical immunodeficiency. Both adaptive and the innate immune response were greatly being found in the form of suppressed. The immune system of a newborn is an acquired immune system. They are easily affected by the low virulence pathogens such as staphylococcus and pseudomonas. They have 65% of complement cascade as what the adults have. They have impaired phagocytic activity. They have impaired cell mediated and Humoral immunity. They only have IgG while they are in the womb of the mother; they are giving the greatest protection to them. The new borns will get IgA from the breast milk of the mother. IgA will give protection up to 12 months, they are short lived and having low affinity sometimes they will also provides the negative immune response. By six to nine months the babys immune system will starts reacting with glycoproteins, until 12 to 24 months there is no marked immune response improvement against polysaccharides.

2. Biliary atresia is the serious and one of the rare diseases that frequently affects the new borns. One in one thousand children is being affected by this disease. Generally girls are more infected than guys.Treatement against this is partially successful. The cause for this is left as unknown. It may be caused by the infection by the bacteria, probably by the

immune system; there may be error in the development of liver and the bile duct. This impaired new born should have the transplanted liver within one to two years for their survival. If a person is have the history of alcoholism that will even lead to the disease like chorosis and hepatitis. This chorosis will generally represented by the replacement of the liver tissue by fibrosis. They generally have poor quality and quantity of life, they also have poor long term outcome. They also have low coagulation factors production that may in turn stop the blood is getting clotted. Hence the transplanted new born will have immune system dysfunction which in turn lead to the tissue infection in the transplanted newborns. The transplanted new born can easily be affected by the bacteria that are commonly present in the intestine. Thus the transplanted new born will get insufficient blood supply and hence there will be the lack of function of kidney.

3. The women who is being treated with chemotherapy for uterine cancer will face a serious of side effects that also includes immune system slow down. The main objective is to destroy the cancer cells. That will create side effects such as the inability to being pregnant; they will have early menopause. Some drugs that are commonly used will also create even hearing loss. They will also lead to the creation of damages in the kidney. During this treatment the WBC in their body will get its count reduced and hence the neutrophil that is present in WBC that frequently fights against infection may be stopped or reduced. RBC will also gets reduced this can thus leads to anemia. Hence the patients who undergo this treatment will easily gets infected by a serious of infection because of their lack or their slow down in their immune system.

4. The diabetes patients will generally have low levels of immune response so that they can easily affected by all type of foreign particle. They will have auto antibodies against the islets of langerhans and also against insulin. They will also have the incomplete adaptive immune response. They have lower amount of neutrophil in them ,this will even reduce the non specific immune response that will be happen by the process so called phagocytosis. Poor blood glucose control that leads to neutrophil chemotaxis. They will in turn have the reduced NK cells activity and also have the reduced activity of T and the B lymphocytes.

Reference:

http://ezinearticles.com/?Understanding-the-Newborn-Immune-System&id=3857479 http://www.babyzone.com/baby/feeding_nutrition/breastfeeding/article/newbornimmune-system/ http://www.gentlebirth.org/vre/newimmun.html http://www.womenshealthcaretopics.com/newborn_baby.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/atresia/ http://www.imaginis.com/breast-health/chemotherapy-1