ARUNAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUVANNAMALAI

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION

submitted by: S.GANESH BABU Dept of EEE(final year) ganeee_bab@yahoo.co.in P.ELANGOVAN Dept of EEE(final year)

ABSTRACT

The discoveries, which have been emerged from the tender minds of young scientists in 20th century, had led too much innovative ideas .one such idea applying the in the concept fields of of

nanotechnology

nanorobots. Therere two concepts of nanotechnology. They are position

assembly &self-replication. Nanorobots are used in various fields

Nanotechnology is smaller than micro technology. It is building with Intent and design, molecule by molecule.

Nanotechnology

can be created at

nanoscale to perform new and improved functions. Nanotechnology is an enabler of accomplishment in a truly diverse mix of science and engineering fields.

Scientist Looking for building blocks to form electronics and machines that are not much Bigger than molecules.

Researches have found a way to make carbon nanowires used In

Nanoelectronics, machine parts

as and in

microscopic materials

disease in human body. Nanomedicine has potential to Change medical science dramatically in twenty first century.

constructed Molecule-by-molecule. This paper is mainly and deals some of about Its

nanomedicine

applications namely nanorobots and remote sensing. Nanomedicine is the Application of nanotechnology i.e.

engineering of tiny machines which is used for the Prevention and treatment of Incredibly advanced extremely capable nanoscale machines & computers. Ordinary size objects, using other INTRODUCTION incredibly small machines called assemblers. nanotechnology can Nano is a greek prefix that defines the smallest (1000 times smaller It then is be created at nanoscale & to perform functions. new & improved

micrometer)natural

structures.

building with indent &design, molecule by molecule, these two things:

It is going to be responsible for massive changes in the way we live, the way interact with one another & our environment.

area, an enormous expense in the nanotechnology world .It uses a high precision inferometer. b. Pulsed inductive Micro wave

SPECIALIZED NANOTECHNOLOGY FACILITIES

Magnetometer (PIMM) Using PIMM, nanostuctured

& CAPABILITIES materials are used to record data in Nanotechnology means to an end-an is both enables the of extremely small bits (at sizes below 160 square nm per bit), now can assess quickly the composition and growth conditions that promote high speed response, permitting the development of future magnetic memories that read and write data at sustained speeds in excess of 1 billions bits per second. a. Molecular measuring machine c. Nist conceived two dimensional co- ordinate measuring machine can measure with nanometer level with accuracy, locations, distance and Scientists looking for building Carbon Wires (m^3)

accomplishments in truly diverse mix of science & engineering field. It is a revolution in industry that deliver wave after wave of innovative products and services.

expand Nano toolkit

features sizes over a 50mm by 50mm

blocks to form electronics & machines that are not much bigger than molecules have garned a new tool, Japan have found a way to make carbon nanowires that measure only a few carbon atoms across. CNW could eventually be used

film. Binary data is written by heating the polymer to make indentation that represent 1s; blank space represent 0s.nanotubes tips can be used to write more than 250 gigabytes. NANOTECHNOLOGY AT NASA

in ultra-stronger fibers, as friction-free bearings &in space shuttle nose cones. Carbon nanotubes are very strongly having useful electrical properties,

because they are solid, and they should be even stronger than nanotubes. They could be used in nanoelectronics as microscopic machine parts, and in materials molecule. Nanotubes boost storage: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes to make denser, more efficient data Storage devices. It was possible to use constructed molecules by Advanced miniaturization is a key thrust area to enable new science exploration missions Ultra sensors, small power sources, and

multiwalled carbonnanotubes tips rather then silicon to write data on to a polymer

communication, navigation, and propulsion systems with very low

mass,

volume

and

power

Networks of ultra small probes on planetary surfaces Micro-rovers that drive, hop, fly, and burrow Collection of micro spacecraft making a variety of

consumption are needed Revolutions in electronics

measurements

The Nanorover and computing will allow Technology Task is a technology development effort to create very small a of (10-100s of grams) but scientifically capable robotic vehicles for planetary exploration, which can easily fit within the mass and/or

reconfigurable,

autonomous,

"thinking" spacecraft Nanotechnology whole new presents spectrum

opportunities to build device components and systems for entirely new space architectures

volume constraints of future missions to asteroids, comets, and Mars. The task objective is twofold:

size reduction, mobility, or science return to enable complete rovers to be built with a mass well

to create a under 100 grams.

useful rover system using current-generation technology including mobility, computation, power, and communications within a mass of a few hundred grams, and

Key Technology Elements

Miniaturiz

ation of all rover systems including science payload

Computer/

electronics design for operation without thermal enclosure and control to survive ambient temperature

to advance

selected technologies which offer breakthroughs in

ranges of -125C to +125C

components are mechanical elements and transducers. Mechanical

Miniature

elements can be used to sense static or time-varying forces. NEMS

actuator usage and control in thermal/vacuum environments

dissipate very little energy. NEMS extremely sensitive to external

damping Mechanisms, for building much type of sensors. It is used for wide range of sensing applications. Small size of NEMS also implies that have a highly localized spatial response. Driving a NEMS at Pico watt scale could cause SNR up to 10^6.

Mobility

and navigation in low-gravity (1/100,000 of Earth) environments

Sensing

and autonomous control of rover operations

NANOELECTROMECHANICALSYS TEM: NEMS converts mechanical energy in to electrical or optical signals and vice versa. The principle

The output of an electromechanical device is the movement of the

tunnelling, as well as electrostatics and optics. Benefits of nanomachines

mechanical element. There are two main types of response: the element can simply deflect under the Nanomechanical devices promise to revolutionize extremely small measurements displacements of and

applied force or its

extremely weak forces, particularly at the molecular scale. Indeed with surface and bulk nanomachining techniques, NEMS can now be built with masses Figure 3 amplitude of oscillation can change (figure 3). Detecting either type of The small mass and size of NEMS gives response requires an output or readout them a number of unique attributes that transducer, which is often distinct from offer the input one. In Coulomb's case, the applications readout transducer was "optical" - he measurements. simply used his eyes to record a deflection. Today mechanical devices contain transducers that are based on a host of physical mechanisms involving piezoelectric effects, and magneto and motive electron Advantage of MEMS and NEMS is that they can be fabricated from silicon, gallium arsenide and indium arsenide - the cornerstones of the electronics industry or other and fundamental immense potential for new approaching a few attograms (10-18 g) and with cross-sections of about 10 nm

nanomagnets

compatible materials. As a result, any auxiliary electronic components, such as transducers and transistors, can be fabricated on the same chip as the mechanical elements. Patterning NEMS so that all the main internal components are on the same chip means that the circuits can be immensely complex. It also completely circumvents the

where they are needed. In addition to much fewer deaths (and disorders) from side effects, the drug would also be more potent. The drug could also reach nearly inaccessible places that current techniques dont allow .

insurmountable problem of aligning different components at the nanometer scale. NANOMEDICINE: Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology (the engineering of tiny machines) to the prevention and treatment of disease in the human body. It has the potential to change medical science dramatically in the 21st century. The most elementary nanomedical devices will be used to diagnose illness. Chemical tests exist for this purpose; nanomachines could be employed to monitor the internal chemistry of the body. Mobile According to Jaroff, nanorobots, equipped with wireless transmitters, might circulate in the blood and lymph systems, and send

Nanotech is capable of delivering medication to the exact location

out

warnings

when

chemical

The nanomedicine

most involves the

advanced use of

imbalances occur or worsen. Similar fixed nanomachines could be planted in the nervous system to monitor pulse, brain-wave activity, and other functions

nanorobots as miniature Surgeons. Such machines might repair damaged cells, or get inside cells and replace or assist damaged intracellular structures. At the extreme, nanomachines might replicate

METHODS OF MEDICATION: A more advanced use of

themselves,

or

correct

genetic

deficiencies by altering or replacing DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules. nanotechnology might involve implanted devices to dispense drugs or hormones as needed in people with chronic NANOMACHINES: imbalance or deficiency states. Heart The defibrillators and pacemakers have been nanomedical devices will be used to around for some time; nanomedicine diagnose illness. Chemical tests exist carries this to the next level down in for this purpose; nanomachines could terms of physical dimension, with the be employed to monitor the internal potential to affect the behavior of chemistry of the body. Mobile individual cells. Ultimately, artificial nanorobots, equipped with wireless antibodies, artificial white and red blood transmitters, might circulate in the cells, and antiviral nanorobots might be blood and lymph systems, and send devised. out warnings when chemical most elementary

imbalances occur or worsen. Similar fixed nanomachines could be planted in the nervous system to monitor pulse, brain-wave activity, and other

sensors

enable

complex

device

behaviors remotely reprogrammable by the physician via externally applied acoustic signals. Primary applications will include transfusable

Molecular

manufacturing

blood substitution; partial treatment for anemia, perinatal/neonatal and lung disorders; enhancement of

promises precise control of matter at the atomic and molecular level, allowing the construction of micronscale machines comprised of

cardiovascular/neurovascular procedures, tumor therapies and diagnostics; prevention of asphyxia; artificial breathing; and a variety of sports, veterinary, battlefield and other uses. Ogenous serum glucose, able to deliver 236 times more oxygen to the tissues per unit NANOPROBES:

nanometer-scale Medical

components. will be

nanomachines

among the earliest applications. The artificial red blood cell or

"respirocyte" proposed here is a blood borne spherical 1000-atm 1-micron pressure

diamondoid

vessel with active pumping powered by end t volume than natural red cells and to manage carbonic acidity.

An onboard nanocomputer and numerous chemical and pressure

One application is improved imaging of the human (or any) body. Before you can treat a disease, you must diagnose it. Nanoprobes

(miniature machines) can do just that. Nanoprobes have been found to kill cancer in mice recently (Scheinberg, 2001) but the uses far exceed that. They can attach themselves to particles in the body (antibodies for one) and emit a magnetic field. This allows easy tracking, and probes that arent attached to anything dont create a detectable magnetic signal (because they tumble about randomly so they dont make a net signal) so you dont have to figure out which probes you should disregard. This technique has already Radiation can be hazardous from outside the body, as large amounts are required. If a nanoprobe could create a miniscule amount of radiation, then that could kill bacterial and viral organisms. method of fluorescent tags, for that technique is more useful when more than one object must be tracked (as you can use different colors.) Yet nano-tracking may be able to detect tumors but a few cells in size.

proved more sensible than standard techniques, and improvements may

enhance its sensibility several hundred times. In spite of this, it is unlikely that it will completely replace the current

It is fairly efficient, and effective. Nucleic acids are particularly susceptible to radiation, and viruses are basically just a nucleic acid and a protein coat, therefore it would be extremely effective

actinium

will

eventually

become

harmless. The idea is to inject patients with millions of these little cancer crusaders. A nanoprobe can distinguish

against them. (Freitas, 1998) viruses by using a sensor that adheres to A similar technique has been tested on mice and has been found to kill cancer. It consists of a single caged actinium-225 atom that would detect (using antibodies) and enter a cancerous cell. The alpha particles it emits are capable of destroying the internal the coating of a non-enveloped virus or by measuring the curvature of the membrane in enveloped viruses (they are much smaller than cells.) They than can pull them into internal cavities and then destroy them (or just leave them there, sort of a virus dump which will deactivate itself once full.) Acids that would reduce it to amino acids and then be expelled would destroy the viroid. This approach should work for all viruses.

structure of the cancerous cell and possibly nearby cancerous cells as well. The one concern is whether or not the actinium isotope will damage the body cells that it passes by. The studies on mice show that the untreated mice died in an average of 43 days. The treated mice lived up to 300 days (when they were killed by the researchers), and had no traces of tumors within them. The

ORGONIC DENDRIMERS:

Organic dendrimers -a type of artificial molecule roughly the size of a protein- would be ideal for the job of delivering medicine. They are more

couple of centimeters of tissue. When it absorbs light, it heats up and deforms, releasing its payload. It is possible that gold

durable than proteins, as they have nanoshells could be used to fight cancer. stronger bonds. There is possibility of If you bind them to antibodies that move designing dendrimers that swell and them close to a tumor and then radiate release their cargo only when them [the nanoshells] with infrared light, appropriate trigger molecules are around you may be able to heat them up enough -allowing stuff intended for tissue A to to destroy the tumor. No collateral get to tissue A and not somewhere else. damage would be dealt. NANOSHELLS: Certain Eukaryotic cells in the Other methods of drug/medicinedelivery capsules include and hollow nanoshells. polymer Hollow body (whether

foreign or domestic) are responsible for many Eukaryotes deaths. can perform Apoptosis

polymer capsules can respond to signals to release drugs by swelling are or

compressing.

Nanoshells

really

(essentially cell suicide.) Apoptosis is triggered by four different things in eukaryotes: 1. The cell suffers

small, gold-coated glass beads. They can be fabricated to absorb most light; including wavelengths of light that are near infrared-which can get through a

irreparable damage or loses its normal contact with its surroundings 2. The cell

receives conflicting signals concerning the division cycle 3. The cell may be instructed by the immune system to commit suicide (Instructive apoptosis) and 4. The cell responds to external triggers during gestation and

contain corrosive compounds within them), else the cell wouldnt be able to perform apoptosis. Getting rid of cells using apoptosis (as opposed to necrosis, which is tissue death by disease or injury) is advantageous since no damage to other cells in the vicinity occurs. The contents of the cell are neatly packed and discarded as the cell dies. Cancer, molds and other eukaryotes can

development. Instructive apoptosis is triggered by certain ligands (attached atoms or molecules) coming in contact with certain receptors on the cells surface. A nanoprobe has the capability

effectively be killed using this method. Nanoprobes (which can go about

through the body in a random or of carrying these ligands. Another programmed fashion) can be designed to relatively simple way of triggering target those organisms and effectively apoptosis is to breach the cell membrane destroy them. of a target cell with a tube and drain the cytoplasm. A more difficult way of mandating a cell to get into apoptosis would be to destroy its cytoskeleton (using mechanical manipulation). If using that method, it is necessary to avoid destroying the other organelles as they

(especially

lysosomes,

Nanotechnology

also

theoretically allows the mimicking of natural biological processes. That is, they can repair damaged tissues and such. One plausible procedure is using nanotech to build scaffoldings to grow Heart attack is the clogging of key arteries that support the heart. A nanorobot can prevent these clots by acting as a type of Shepard. They can clear clots that start to form and move the material along. Heart attacks, strokes and blood clots can be effectively Another process that can easily prevented by this method. (Bhargava, be mimicked is the transport of oxygen 1999) These nanoprobes may be given to within the body. This may be necessary everybody who wants them or people in conditions of poor blood circulation. with a history of such problems. One can create an artificial red blood Millions of deaths can be averted. Soon cell to deliver oxygen to areas of the enough, we will be able to eat whatever body in need of it. They can be designed (and how much) we want and exercise as to absorb oxygen when the surrounding little as we desire (or not at all) without area is above a certain level (like the concern of clogging our arteries. lungs) and release it when the vicinity is below a certain level (like a tissue that bones on. Mr. Stupp of Northwestern University came up with the idea of using fibers of artificial molecules that bone cells often adhere to for this. Broken bones would heal much faster. (Alivisatos, 2001)

requires oxygen). They can also get of carbon dioxide faster in this matter (absorb carbon dioxide in tissues, release carbon dioxide in lungs). Such a device can be somewhere around 1000 times more efficient than an ordinary red blood cell. Nanoprobes can reproduce just about any bodily function as well. Soon we may have artificial mitochondrion. The list continues. The only problem (other than the prodigious amounts of probes required) is how the bodys immune system would react. To get past that, the probes must be made out of some material that the body wont target. CANCER DEDUCTION AND

tests and can be run on a single small device. The cantilevel is a tool and when the cancer molecules bid to the

cantilevers the cantilevers bends .fro this ,the detected from which the cancer ells are detected .nanotubes helps to identify DNA changes associated with cancer .quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by UV light .latex bend filled with these crystals can be designed to bind to specific DNA sequences and the cancer cells detected.

TREATMENT: Nanotechnology can be used in detection of cancer at an early stage . nanotechnology sensitive tools are extremely

and can be used with out

physically altering the cells or tissue

Nanotechnology can also be used in cancer treatment with out harming healthy, neighbouring cells. several

nanotechnology are being developed to treat cancer. dendrimer is a nanoparticles which carriers a therapeutic agent to kill the cancer cells. Nanoshells, another

recent invention ,are miniscule bends coated with gold. they can absorb

specific wave lengths light .this creates heat to the cancer and destroys it. Reasearches aim eventually to create single agents that are able to both detect cancer and deliver treatment.

specific wave lengths light .this creates heat to the cancer and destroys it. Reasearches aim eventually to create

NANOROBOTS: MEDICINE OF THE FUTURE "Living organisms are naturally-

single agents that are able to both detect existing, fabulously complex systems of cancer and deliver treatment. molecular nanotechnology." Nanotechnology is the next big break in medicine. Nanoprobes will eventually be able to perform a plethora of functions for keeping the body alive. The dream (nightmare?) of immortality may be on us at last, but firstly we must construct a nano-assembler -A machine capable of building nanoprobes on a grand scale. Some say that this will be reached in about 10-20 years (Merkle, 1994). After that, the next step would be self-replication of nanoprobes- a mitosis of sorts (though many would argue that self-replication will surely lead to an apocalypse.) NANOROBOTS: The above statement raises the interesting possibility that machines constructed at the molecular level - Dr. Gregory Fahy

(nanomachines) may be used to cure the human body of its various ills. This application of nanotechnology to the field of medicine is commonly called as nanomedicine.

Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens. They will have a diameter of about 0.5 to 3 microns and will be constructed out of parts with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. The main element used will be carbon in the form of diamond / fullerene nanocomposites because of the strength and chemical inertness of these forms. Many other light elements such as oxygen and nitrogen can be used for special purposes. To avoid being Metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy can do the powering of the nanorobots. In a clinical

environment, another option would be externally supplied acoustic energy. Other sources of energy within the body can also be used to supply the necessary energy for the devices. They will have simple onboard computers capable of performing computations around per 1000 second. or fewer is

attacked by the hosts immune system, the best choice for the exterior coating is a passive diamond coating. The

This

because their computing needs are simple. Communication with the device can be achieved by broadcast-type acoustic signalling.

smoother and more flawless the coating, the less the reaction from the bodys immune system. Such devices have been designed in recent years but no working model has been built so far.

A navigational network may be installed in the body, with station

keeping navigational elements providing high positional accuracy to all passing nanorobots that interrogate them, Some

FIELDS OF APPLICATION:

possible

applications

using

wanting to know their location. This will enable the physician to keep track of the various devices in the body. These nanorobots will be able to distinguish between different cell types by checking their surface antigens (they are different for each type of cell). This is

nanorobots are as follows:

To cure skin diseases, a cream containing nanorobots may be used. It could remove the right amount of dead skin, remove excess oils, add

accomplished by the use of chemotactic sensors keyed to the specific antigens on the target cells.

missing oils, apply the right amounts of natural

moisturizing compounds, and even achieve the elusive goal

When the task of the nanorobots is completed, allowing them to exfuse themselves via the usual human

of 'deep pore cleaning' by actually reaching down into pores and cleaning them out. The cream could be a smart material with smooth-on,

excretory channels can retrieve them. They can also be removed by active scavenger systems. This feature is design-dependent.

peel-off convenience.

 A mouthwash full of smart nanomachines could identify and destroy pathogenic Medical nanodevices could augment the immune system by finding and disabling and

bacteria while allowing the harmless flora of the mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem. devices Further, would the

unwanted

bacteria

viruses. When an invader is identified, it can be

identify

punctured, letting its contents spill out and ending its effectiveness. If the contents were known to be hazardous by themselves, then the

particles of food, plaque, or tartar, and lift them from teeth to be rinsed away. Being suspended in liquid and able to swim about, devices would be able to reach surfaces beyond reach of toothbrush bristles or the fibres of floss. As shortlifetime medical nanodevices, they could be built to last only a few minutes in the body before falling apart into materials of the sort found in foods (such as fibre).

immune machine could hold on to it long enough to dismantle it more completely.

Devices bloodstream

working nibble

in away

the at

could

arteriosclerotic deposits, widening the affected blood vessels. Cell herding devices could restore artery walls and artery linings to health, by ensuring that the right cells and supporting structures

geometrically uncorrected. This type of data is useful for stereo products.

NANOROBOT

WORKING

IN

BLOOD VESSELS

CONCLUSION: Nanotechnology has become a

Government funding in the field of nanotechnology is around 520 million dollars a year (according to the editors of

reality and some companies are already Scientific American). Institutions like implementing it.Nanotechnology is an Foresight (foresight.org) and companies expected future upcoming technology like Zyvex (zyvex.com) are further that will make most products lighter, advancing nanotechnology. Although the stronger, cleaner, less expensive & more future of medicine lies unclear, it is precise. Nanotechnology is an enabler of certain that nanotechnology will have a accomplishment in a truly diverse mix of significant impact. The Philosophers science and engineering is going to field. Stone cant be seen by the naked eye. Nanotechnology be responsible for massive changes in the way we live, the way we interact with one another and our environment.

NEMS are used for wide range of sensing application.Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology and it has the potential to change medical science in twenty first century. needs This a

path_breaking

initiative

significant revolution in the existing medical technology to make this

through in mind into a thing in hand.