Logic Analyzer Tutorial

PC-Based Logic Analyzer with USB Interface

Introduction: A logic analyzer (LA) is a very useful tool for testing digital or logic circuits. It displays the logic status (high or low) of a large number of digital signals, so that they can be monitored relative to each other. A logic analyzer may have anywhere between about 32 and 132 channels (much more than a conventional oscilloscope), with each channel monitoring one digital line/signal. The LogicPort Logic Analyzer provides 34 sampled channels. Connection of Logic Port: The LogicPort input connector is a standard 40 pin IDC compatible header. The user can utilize inexpensive IDC connectors and ribbon cable to connect directly to a header on a circuit board, or to create custom test leads. The 40 pin cables used with IDE hard drives make a good starting point for custom test leads.

GUI Screenshot of Logic Analyzer

Figure 1 The Graphical User Interface

Hardware features:
The Timing Model The timing mode sample rate range is 1 KHz to 500MHz The timing mode is based on the LA's internally generated sample clock. The rate of this clock is selectable in finite increments, and is not synchronized to the hardware under test. This mode is typically used when we want to see the timing relationships between signals such as WR, ADDRESS and DATA. Real-time sample rates up to 500MHz capture todays high-speed digital signals.

Figure 2 The Timing Mode Sample Rate

The Sample Mode The state mode sampling rate has an upper limit of 200MHz State mode uses an external clock supplied by the hardware under test to synchronously sample the data. This mode is useful when we are interested in the data values rather than their timing relationships. It is especially useful for DSP work when combined with the LogicPorts ability to represent a group of signals as an analog waveform.

Figure 3 The Drop Down Menu for the Sample Rate

Qualified state mode sampling Qualified state sampling allows capturing of data synchronized with external clock, and a 'qualifier signal'. It enables de-multiplexing of buses and capturing of qualified data which is useful when working with microprocessors which multiplex data and address onto the same bus. It can also be used to capture data directed toward a particular device by using that devices chip select signal as a qualifier.

Sample Compression (Transitional Sampling) The data is compressed in the sample buffer, which means much more data can be acquired. Compression is available both for timing and state mode.

Adjustable Threshold Range Logic threshold is adjustable over a range of +6 to -6 volts Combined with the LogicPorts high sensitivity and wide dynamic range, this allows compatibility with virtually all logic families including TTL, LVTTL, CMOS, ECL, PECL, RS232, and others.

Channel to channel skew <1ns The channel to channel skew gives an accurate representation of the timing relationships between different signals. High input impedance An input resistance of 200k , paralleled by <5pF, provides minimal hardware loading.

Multi-level trigger The two trigger levels can be used individually, or logically combined in one of several modes. Each level can consist of multiple terms including: Edges - Rising, Falling, Either (multiple channels, any combination) Pattern - True, False, Entered, Exited Value - Equal, Not Equal, Less Than, Greater Than, In Range, Not in Range Occurrence Count - Range of 1 to 1,048,576 Consecutive or Cumulative Duration - Equal, Less Than, Greater Than, In Range (samples or time) State mode Setup/Hold window adjustable The sample time can be adjusted +/-2.5ns relative to clock edge, allowing easy capture of signals with skewed clocks or narrow data valid windows. Hardware-based frequency counter The hardware-based frequency counter allows real-time measurement of signals up to 300MHz regardless of the current sample mode and rate. USB Powered The USB connection to the computer means there is no need for an external power supply.

Software features
User friendly The LogicPort logic analyzer is easy to use. The graphical user interface (GUI) has been designed to maximize the display area. There are drop down menus for the sample rate, frequency rate, and the logic threshold. The GUI graphically shows the captured signals as both waveforms and as values. The LogicPort also displays the captured data in a signal list. The LogicPort operates in Demo mode when no hardware is present The LogicPort allows acquired data to be viewed off-line when the LogicPort is not connected. Any data in the buffer can be saved to a file for future loading and viewing in both waveform and signal list format. Fast acquisition rate The LogicPort can typically perform 4 acquisitions per second on a 400MHz Pentium II desktop PC Includes interpreters for I2C, SPI and RS232 protocols

The software can interpret and display any combination of up to 17 IC bus interfaces, 8 synchronous serial (SPI) interfaces, and 34 asynchronous serial (RS232) data channels. Printing Print just the data you want to see

Simple file format

Each project file contains settings, notes, and sampled data for the project. Sampled data can be exported to a separate file in a variety of formats, e.g. Microsoft Excel.

Few General Steps to operate the Logic Analyzer:

1. To create a new Project, File -> New

Figure 4 Create a New FIle

A default set of signals is displayed. The wire status changes without the cable plugged in. 2. From the Setup Menu select Signal Names to edit the signal names. The signals can also be grouped for classifying data signals.

3. By right clicking on the signal cell, the user can edit or add signals to the list. 4. If using the CLK frequency f1, the Sample rate should be a minimum of 4 times f1 to meaningfully acquire the data. The sample rate can be found in the tool bar near the

top of the screen. The first drop-down menu has a Sample Rate option. Select this option and then select the frequency from the drop-down menu next to it.

Figure 5 The Sample Rate Menu

5.

The Logic Threshold is the threshold for the logic. For our logic circuit a voltage of 1.6V works fine.

6.

Now, to acquire the data immediately we use the Trigger Immediate command (F7) from the Acquisition menu.

Figure 6 The drop down menu for the Aquistion Menu

7. The buffer will be loaded with the captured data. The buffer position bar in the upper right of the screen shows where the displayed data is located within the buffer.

Figure 7 The Buffer SLider Bar

8. Cursors can be added to the waveform screen. There are 6 cursors (A,B,C,D,E,F) that can be placed on the waveforms. The cursors can be moved along the waveforms and the value of each signal is displayed in the Cursor column. To add a cursor: 1. Move the mouse to the waveform. Right click on the waveform. Select the first menu item Place cursor. Then select a letter for the cursor (There can only be one cursor for each letter). The cursor will appear on the waveform. Now you can move the cursor by clicking on it with the mouse, holding the mouse key down, the cursor will move with the mouse.

Figure 8 Inserting a Cursor

2. To see the values of the waveforms at the cursor add a column for the cursor.

3. To add a column: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Move the mouse to the column section. Right click on the column Select the insert column command. Select the cursor command The select the letter of the cursor you wish to see in a column. The new column will appear to the left of the column selected. As the cursor moves the values will change to reflect the waveform.

Figure 9 Adding a Cursor Column

9. The State List tab lists the values in a state list table.

Figure 10 The State List

10. The Notes Tab is used to record any notes or information pertaining to the data saved.

Figure 11 The Note List

LOGIC ANALYZER - Studying the 8051 Microcontroller

The Logic Analyzer software has several examples of sampled data that can be studied. This tutorial will examine the 8051 Microcontroller examples.

The 8051 Microcontroller

Block Schematic Refer to the block schematic. Note that the 8051 uses Port 0 for Address and Data, similar to the 8088 and the 8086. It also has an ALE, Read, and Write signals, like the 8088 and the 8086. Therefore we can study the Read and Write cycles of the 8051 and gain a clearer understanding of the 8088/86. Typical usage the latched data and address are not accessible outside the microcontroller. To look at them the UUT (unit under test) has an external register to capture the lower bits of the address when ALE is high. Note the XTAL, the clock, on the schematic. The examples are listed as 8051 With XTAL1 and 8051 No XTAL1. The first example demonstrates the waveforms sampled on the clock. The second demonstrates the waveforms sampled on the falling edge of WR.

INSERT THE BLOCK SCHEMATIC

The Timing Diagram The 8051 multiplexes its data and the lower 8 bits of its address on pins AD[7..0], on the waveform these are signals AD[7..0]. The externally latched address bits are the signals Latched A[7..0]. When PSEN is high --- DATA memory is being accessed. When PSEN is low --- PROGRAM memory is being accessed.

INSERT THE TIMING DIAGRAM

Load the Example

Figure 12 Loading the NoXtal Example

Load the NoXTAL example. File Open Examples 8051 No XTAL1.LPF The logic analyzer will load the waveforms sampled when the trigger was the negative edge of WR. Note the time span of the sample: _________________ (This time will be different when we examine the waveforms with the XTAL trigger) The far left column lists the names for all the waveforms. The Wire ID corresponds to the wire that is physically delivering the data and the Cursor A and Cursor B columns list the values for the waveforms at the cursor location.

Figure 13 The Columns listing the Values of the Signals

The Buffer The Buffer is continuously loaded, discarding the oldest data to save the newest data. The size of the buffer is set, but the amount of time saved in the sample can vary depending on how the trigger is configured. For the NoXTAL example, the trigger is set for the negative edge of the write signal. With the XTAL example the trigger is based on the XTAL1. The result is that with each clock edge the data for each waveform is loaded into the buffer. The buffer is a constant size, so a much greater amount of time can be stored in the buffer of the NoXTAL sample. (Compare the time for the examples.)

Figure 14 The Entire Buffer Displayed

The Memory Write Cycle - A cursor

Look at the waveforms at the A cursor: RD = 1, WR = 0, PSEN = 1, ALE = 0 - The configuration for writing a value to data memory address. The lower 8 bits of the address to be written is already latched in the external latches: A[15..0] = 2h LatchedA[7:0] = D1h The memory address to be written is .2D1h. The AD[7..0] (which is shared by the A[7..0] and D[7..0]) contains the data to be written: 0h.

Figure 15 Close up of the A curosr

The Memory Read Cycle at the B cursor. RD = 1, WR =1, PSEN = 0, ALE = 0 The configuration for reading a value from program memory address. The data in Latched A[7..0] now contains the lower 7 bits of the address to be read. The address to be read is : A[15..8]Latched A[7..0] = 2CDh. The value at this address is Latched A[7..0] = D2h. Use the zoom feature to examine the values in the Latched A. You will note with each positive level of ALE the Latched A[7..0] changes. Explain this behavior. Draw the relevant waveforms.

Figure 16 Close up of the B cursor

The State List Click on the State List tab at the top of the window. A full listing of the states for the waveforms is shown. Cursor A (the red cursor) is shown in red; Cursor B (the blue cursor) is shown in blue on the state table.

Figure 17 The State List

Return to the wave forms page. Add a third cursor C in yellow. Then click back to the State List. The state line corresponding to cursor C will be yellow.

The 8051 With XTAL1.LPF Load the 8051 with the clock example. File Open Examples 8051 with XTAL1.LPF The XTAL example is sampled on every positive clock edge. Note that the amount of time covered by the sampling is much less than that for the NoXTAL example. The buffer is a fixed size; the time span saved in the buffer is dependent upon the number and size of the samples. The waveforms zoom in, zoom out. Click on the States page scroll down find the trigger.

Finally, read the information posted in the notes page.

Figure 18 The Buffer of the XTAL Example

Figure 19 The Buffer of the No-Xtal Buffer

Sample Exercise:
Objective: In this exercise we will create and setup a complete project from start to finish. The project will be based on an imaginary microprocessor circuit with the following characteristics: 8 Data lines, 16 Address lines RST, CLK, RD, WR and IRQ signals 25MHz CPU clock CMOS Logic with a +5V power supply. We will setup to monitor all signals in timing mode, and to trigger on the rising edge of the IRQ signal only if the RST signal is low. For the purpose of this exercise we are most interested in the events which led up to the trigger event. The LogicPort software should be running in Demo mode as you go through this exercise. Demo mode is only available when the LogicPort hardware is not connected. If you have the LogicPort connected, you can enter Demo mode by closing the LogicPort software, disconnecting the LogicPort, then restarting the software. As you open different dialogs during this exercise, you may need to rearrange the help and dialog windows for more convenient access. You can use the left mouse button to drag any of the windows by their title bar. 1. Create New Project: From the File menu select New... to create a new project file. A window will open asking for the name and location of your new project file. Specify the name CPU and click. 2. Save. You do not need to add an extension, the software will append the correct extension before saving the file.

3. Step-by-step: Edit Signal Names:

New project files start with a default set of signals. Usually you will want to edit the signal names to match your hardware. From the Setup menu select Signal Names... to open a dialog which enables you to edit the signal name for each wire. Wires D0 through D7 already have signal names Data0 through Data7 which are appropriate for our project, so we will leave the defaults for these wires. Click on Data8 to edit the signal name for wire D8. Type Address0 in the box at the top of the dialog. Continue editing the signal names for wires D9 through D23 in the same fashion using the signal names Address1 through Address15. Note that you can use the Up and Down Arrow keys on the keyboard to scroll the signal list. Edit the signal names for wires D24 through D27 and CLK1 as follows (CLK1 is at the bottom of the list): D24 : RST,D25 : RD,D26 : WR,D27 : IRQ,CLK1 : CLK Click OK to dismiss the signal edit dialog

4. Edit Groups:

New project files start with a default set of groups which can be edited or deleted as desired. Its not necessary to delete unused groups. From the Setup menu select Groups... to open a dialog which enables you to edit the groups contained in the project. The group named Data[7..0] is already setup appropriately for our project. Click to highlight the group named Data[15..0]. Now rightclick to bring up the context sensitive menu, and click Edit Selected... to edit the group. A dialog will open showing the group name Data[15..0] near the top. Change this name to Address[15..0]. The default wires for this group are D0 through D15. We need to edit this group to include only wires D8 through D23 (signals Address0 through Address15). Start by selecting signals Data0 through Data7 in the Signals In Group list. You can use standard Windows editing shortcuts to select signals. For example click Data0 then hold down the Shift key on the keyboard and click Data7 to select the range of signals. Now click the < button to remove these signals from the group. Next select signals Address8 through Address15 in the Signals Available list, and click the > button to add these signals to the group. The group should now include only signals Address0 through Address15. Click OK to dismiss the group edit dialog. Select the Data[31..0] group, then right-click to bring up the context-sensitive menu. Click Delete. Selected to delete this unused group. Notice that the group disappears from the waveform display as well.

Click OK to dismiss the dialog. 5. Setup Waveform Display:

New projects start with a default set of signals and groups in the waveform display. For this exercise we will edit the waveform display to better suit our needs. Right-click the Clock2 cell in the waveform table to bring up a context-sensitive menu. Click Remove Signal to remove this signal from the display. Right-click the Signal cell in the waveform table to bring up a context-sensitive menu. Click Add Signal... to open a dialog which enables you to select signals to be displayed in the waveform window. You can select multiple signals by holding down the Control key on the keyboard while selecting the signals. Scroll down the list and select all of the following signals: RST RD WR IRQ Once all of these signals have been highlighted, release the Control key and click OK to dismiss the dialog and add them to the display. Right-click the Signal cell in the waveform table to bring up a context-sensitive menu. Click Add Group... to open a dialog which enables you to select groups to be displayed in the waveform window. Hold down the Control key on the keyboard and select both groups Address [15..0] and Data[7..0]. Release the Control key and click OK to dismiss the dialog and add these two groups to the display. With the left mouse button, click and drag the RST cell up one row to rearrange the waveform table. From the Options menu, select Reference Position, then click Right/Bottom to set the reference to the right-hand side of the display.

6. Setup Sample Conditions:

From the Setup menu, select Sample Mode... to open the sample mode setup dialog. Notice that timing mode is selected by default for new projects. Compression is also enabled with typical Pre/Post-Fill Time Limits selected. These settings are correct for this exercise, so dismiss the dialog by clicking the OK button. The controls along the top of the Waveforms tab enable you to set other sample related parameters. Since the CPU clock is 25MHz, we need a minimum sample rate of about 100MHz to acquire meaningful data. In this exercise, we are interested in seeing the timing relationships between signals so we will use a higher sample rate of 200MHz to get better resolution. Use the Sample Rate slider or drop-down list to select the 200MHz sample rate.

Figure 20 The GUI Toolbar

The threshold for the CMOS logic in our imaginary circuit is 50% of the +5v power supply voltage. Use the Logic Threshold slider to set the threshold to 2.50v.

For the purpose of this exercise, we are most interested in the events which led up to the trigger event, so use the Pre-Trigger Buffer control to reserve 99% of the sample buffer for pre-trigger data (move the slider all the way to the right).

7. Setup Trigger Conditions:

From the Setup menu, select Trigger... to open the trigger setup dialog. For this exercise we only need one level of trigger conditions, so at the top of the dialog select Trigger When level B is satisfied from the drop-down list. We will use edge B to detect the rising edge of the IRQ signal, and we will use pattern B to prevent trigger from occurring unless RST is low. We dont need the pattern B term to be prequalified for this exercise, so make sure the Prequalify Pattern/Value Terms checkbox is not selected (this is the default for new projects). Confirm that the check-box next to Edge B occurs is checked to enable the edge term for trigger level B (this is the default for new projects). Since we are only interested in the first occurrence of edge B, it doesnt matter whether we select Cumulative or Consecutive for this exercise. Click the check-box next to Pattern B is to enable the pattern term for trigger level B. Confirm that the drop down box is set to indicate Pattern B is True (this is the default for new projects).

Click OK to dismiss the trigger setup dialog. We will set up trigger Pattern B and Edge B in the waveform table. The Pattern A and Edge Columns are included by default for new projects. Since these columns are not required for this exercise, we will set them to show Pattern B and Edge B instead. You can do this by right-clicking the Pattern A cell at the top of the table to bring up a context sensitive menu, then selecting Set Column>Pattern>B. Use the same method to set the Edge A column to show Edge B. Click once in the Pattern B cell for the RST signal to setup pattern B. Click once in the Edge B cell for the IRQ signal to setup edge B. We have now set the trigger conditions such that trigger will occur on the rising edge of IRQ, but only when RST is low. From the File menu, select Save to save all settings for the project file. 8. Connect to the Circuit: First, expand the signal groups in the waveform table by right-clicking the Signal cell and then clicking Expand All. We do this to make the color codes for all wires visible in the Wire ID column. The wires are organized as four groups of eight wires, plus two clock wires and four ground wires. Each group of eight wires shares a common color for the contact insulator. This color matches the background colors in the wire ID column. Each of the eight wires within these groups has a wire insulation color which matches the foreground (text) color in the wire ID column. You can use these color codes to determine which wires connect to specific signals in your hardware. 8. Acquire Data: From the Acquisition menu, select Single to make a single data acquisition. New data appears in the waveform window. Since the LogicPort software is running in Demo mode, this will be simulated data. Note that the content of the simulated data generated in Demo mode is not affected by any settings. It is there only to give an idea of how the LogicPort represents signals. Now select Recurring from the Acquisition menu. New (simulated) data is now acquired and displayed in the waveform window on a recurring basis. Select Halt from the Acquisition menu to stop the recurring acquisition. Note that with real hardware, acquisitions will not occur unless the trigger conditions are met. The last method of initiating acquisition is the Trigger Immediate command. This command tells the LogicPort hardware to ignore the trigger settings and acquire new data right now. You may want to use this command if your trigger settings are preventing acquisition from occurring. With the Trigger Immediate command you can get a look at

the hardware's activity without having to meet any trigger conditions. This is essentially the same as selecting Trigger immediately when acquisition starts in the trigger setup dialog.

Reference:
This tutorial is based on Intronix LogicPort Logic Analyzer. For more information, see http://www.pctestinstruments.com