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• Science of human behaviour what people do, how they do it, and why they
do it
• Systematic study of behaviour and mental processes
○ Behaviour: observable actions and responses in both animals and
humans
○ Mental Processes: wide range of mental activity such as thinking,
imagining, studying, and dreaming—not directly observable
c) ARISTOTLE:
• Aristotle: primary exponent
• It started with the philosophical concept that learning is the formation
of bonds in the nervous system.
• Associationism: it is a school of thought, which is concerned with the
factors of learning, such as remembering and thinking.
e) JOHN B. WATSON
• He was an American psychologist at the John Hopkins University
• For him, psychology is a purely objective experimental branch of
natural science, which theoretical goal is to predict and control
behaviour.
• For them, only observable behaviour can be subjected to verification
by other scientists.
• Together with Ivan Pavlov, they gave credence to observable behaviour
and not mental experiences as the appropriate subject matter for
physiological research.
• He also viewed behaviour to be a contingent to its environment, and
could be strengthened or weakened.
• Behaviourism: expressed scepticism on any aspect of behaviour that
could not be observedobjectively. He proposed that psychologists
study the behaviour of an organism.
f) SIGMUND FREUD
I.Descriptive Methods:
The descriptive methods include:
Naturalistic and Controlled observation:
The survey methods (3 types)
• Surveys are widely used, and typically require selection of a sample
of participants (subjects) from a larger population of potential
subjects. It is important to know how a sample can be selected so
that it is representative (i.e. random selection) how questionnaire s
are use, and why structured interviews often have an advantage
because of elaboration of details that is made possible when good
“rapport” is established between the subject and the interviewer.
Clinical/Case study method (the “hybrid” method)
II.Experimental method:
The experimental method is the research method that meets the demand and
conditions required to establish whether a cause and effect relationship exists
between two (or more) variables.
III.Correlational method:
References:
➢ Prof. T.R Tharney: PSY 101 Chapter1 Review by Joseph Eulo
➢ A Student’s Guide to Psychology by Daniel Robinson
➢ Wikipedia
➢ Personal Psychology notes