ICCBT2008

Effects of used Engine Oil as Chemical Admixtures on the Properties of High Strength Concrete
S. Beddu, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, MALAYSIA M. F. Nuruddin, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, MALAYSIA N. Shafiq, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT High strength concrete was produced using locally available materials. Nowadays, there are many research conducted based on the processed and unprocessed industrial by-products and domestic wastes as raw material in cement and concrete. This is a positive environmental impact due to the ever-increasing cost of waste disposal and sticker environmental regulation. The previous research shows that used engine oil have potential on increasing concrete strength and also acting as air-entraining chemical admixture to the concrete. The effect of using used engine oil in high strength concrete will be investigate and compare with concrete with superplasticizer. This paper presents the results of en experimental investigation on the effect of different amount of used engine oil and water to binder ratio on residual compressive strength of high-strength concrete at 28 days. 10% silica fume used was used as cement replacement material for six trial mixes. Based on the results obtained the compressive strength at 28 days can reach 60MPa which is the target strength for this study. This study can be concluded that used engine oil can produce high-strength concrete up to 76MPa. Keywords: Used engine oil, Admixture, High strength concrete

*Correspondence Authr: S. Beddu, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia

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Effects of used engine oil as chemical admixtures on the properties of high strength concrete

1.

INTRODUCTION

In high strength concrete, admixtures and additives are added into the mix. Frequently, there are three kinds of admixtures, including silica fume, fly ash, and blast furnace slag. Silica fume is a byproduct of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys. One of the most beneficial uses for silica fume is in concrete. Because of its chemical and physical properties, it is a very reactive pozzolan. Concrete containing silica fume can have very high strength and can be very durable [3]. High-strength concrete is a very economical material for carrying vertical loads in high-rise structures. Until a few years ago, 42 MPa concrete was considered to be high strength. Today, using silica fume, concrete with compressive strength in excess of 105 MPa can be readily produced. The structure shown at the above right used silica-fume concrete with a specified compressive strength of 84 MPa in columns reaching from the ground through the 57th story [3]. Silica fume is a recent arrival among cementitious materials. It was originally introduced as pozzolana. However, its action in concrete is not only that of a very reactive pozzolana but is also beneficial in other respects. Due to this, silica fume is an expensive material. Silica in the form of glass (amorphous) is highly reactive and the smallness of the particles speeds up the reaction with calcium hydroxide produced by the hydration of Portland cement [4]. Silica fume consists primarily of amorphous (non-crystalline) silicon dioxide (SiO2). The individual particles are extremely small, approximately 1/100th the size of an average cement particle. Because of its fine particles, large surface area, and the high SiO2 content, silica fume is a very reactive pozzolan when used in concrete. The quality of silica fume is specified by ASTM C 1240 and AASHTO M 307 [3]. [1] has been reported that the leakage of oil into the cement in older grinding units result in concrete with greater resistance to freezing and thawing. This implies that adding used engine oil to the fresh concrete mix could be similar to adding an air-entraining chemical admixture, thus enhancing some durability properties of concrete while serving as another technique of disposing the oil waste. The study of the effect of used engine oil on properties of concrete has been carried out by Bilal et. al.(2003) [2]. Mixes was contained with 0.075, 0.15 and 0.30% used engine oil by weight of cement. The result shows that used engine oil acted as a chemical plasticizer improving the fluidity and almost doubling the slump of the concrete mix. Furthermore, used engine oil also increased the air content of the fresh concrete mix (almost double), whereas the commercial chemical air-entraining admixture almost quadrupled the air content. They also found that used engine oil maintained the concrete compressive strength whereas the chemical air-entraining admixture caused a loss of approximately 50% compressive strength at all ages. The effect of used engine oil on structural behavior of reinforced concrete elements by using 0.15% used engine oil by weight of cement also been studied. The result shows that used engine oil could be used in concrete to improve fluidity and air content without adversely affecting strength properties and structural behavior [5].

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The successful of producing high strength concrete by using used engine oil is an advantage in order to produce an economical material for carrying vertical loads and also give the effort to utilize liquid chemical waste.

2.

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

2.1 Materials and Testing Program Six trial mixes were made with water/binder ratios (w/b) of 0.36 to 0.46 for silica fume. Water and admixture was measured in percentage by weight proportion of cement used. Six trial mixes includes a concrete 10% silica fume. Nine cubes of 150 mm were cast in order to study the mechanical behavior of each concrete. The trial mixing conducted until the mix is properly compacted. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Type 1 was used in this research, according to BS EN 197-1 2000 with the physical and chemical properties listed in Table 1. OPC Type 1 was preferred because the observation on concrete properties can be done in normal hydration process hence the advantages of silica fume usage in concrete can be optimized. Aggregate that used to prepare concrete are confirming to BS 882: 1992. In this experimental program, water reducer such as used engine oil. Chemical composition and physical properties of Portland cement, silica fume and used engine oil were given in Table 1. Table 1. Chemical compositions of OPC, silica fume and used engine oil Chemical Composition SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O Na2O CaO P2O5 ZnO ClOrdinary Portland Cement (%) 21.98 4.65 2.27 61.55 4.27 2.19 1.04 0.11 SF (%) 91.7 1 0.9 1.68 1.8 0.87 0.1 Used Engine Oil (%) 0.43 15.9 37.0 15.9 8.95 17.7 15.9

The mixture proportions and the properties of fresh concrete and the compressive strength results are given in Table 2. The used engine oil (UEO) content and water to binder ratio were advised to obtain concrete that could be compacted easily. The specimens were compacted by external vibration, varying the vibration time according to its consistency. After casting the
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Effects of used engine oil as chemical admixtures on the properties of high strength concrete

specimens in the moulds, they were covered with polythene sheet to prevent evaporation and left for 24 hours. Eventually, all specimens were removed from the moulds and were transferred into the water bath at room temperature for curing until the desired age of testing at 3, 7 and 28 days Table 2. Details of mix proportion Fine Coarse Compressive strength Cement Agg. Agg. Slump (Mpa) SF UEO 3 28 Mix w/b (%) (%) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (mm) days 7 days days SF500a 0.36 3 0 29.15 50.4 51.64 500 690 1150 SF500b 0.46 4 15 35.26 53.67 76.39 SF550a 0.46 3 50 28.83 33.74 35.4 SF550b 0.40 4 550 670 1120 15 56.42 59.15 61.58 SF600a 0.45 3 12 45.27 55.27 61.78 SF600b 0.45 4 600 650 1090 30 34.74 41.13 48.51 2.2 Test Methods Concrete cubes of 150x150x150 mm were cast, cured and tested for each mixes at ages 3,7, and 28 days. Compressive strength test were carried out according to BS 1881: Part 116, 1983 whereby the concrete cubes was then compressed between two parallel faces. The compressive strength of each mixture was obtained by calculating the average of three specimens strengths. The stress at failure is taken to be the compressive strength of the concrete. The specimens were tested by using Universal Hydraulic Testing machine with a maximum capacity 2000 kN. 10

3.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Strength Development Compressive strength of each mix measured at the age 3, 7 and 28 days, the result are shown in Figure 1. As shown in the figure the maximum compressive strength in this experimental program was achieved as 76 MPa at the age of 28 days. In reference to the Table 3.1, the strength development with respect to age of concrete can be analyzed, a maximum increment in compressive strength from 3 to 7days was observed as 73% while the maximum increment from 7 to 28 days was obtained as 42%. It may be due to the fact that the finer particle size enabled silica fume to act as filler that managed to fill the tiny spaces between cement particles and as well as spaces between cement particles and aggregate. A greater surface area providing space for nucleation of C-S-H and calcium hydroxide CaOH)2. That accelerated the reactions and form smaller calcium hydroxide crystals.

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S. Beddu et. al.

90 Compressive Strength, f cu (MPa) 80 70 SF500a 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 Age (days) 20 25 30 SF500b SF550a SF550b SF600a SF600b

Figure 1. Compressive strength development of HCS containing used engine oil The improvement of compressive strength was due to the pozzolanic reaction between Portland cement and silica fume. According to Gambhir [6], about 40% of Portland cement is composed of the primary mineral tricalcium silicate, which on hydration forms calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 . In these mixes, silica fume act as pozzolana because of a very high non crystalline silica (SiO2) glass content which is the principal reactive constituent of pozzolana. This silica combines with the calcium hydroxide released on the hydration of Portland cement. Calcium hydroxide in hydrated Portland cement as such does not contribute to development of strength, but by adding pozzolana such as silica fume will utilized with reactive silica. Slowly, and gradually it forms additional C-S-H which is a binder and fills up the space, and give impermeability and ever-increasing strength.
Table 3. Percentage increment in strength and correlation between SF concrete containing used engine oil.

Mix SF500a SF500b SF550a SF550b SF600a SF600b

w/b 0.36 0.46 0.46 0.40 0.45 0.45

% increment in strength 3 to 7 days 73 52 17 5 22 18 7 to 28 days 2 42 5 4 12 18

Correlation (R2) 0.9299 0.9502 0.9910 0.9570 0.9793 0.9936

On the other hand, used engine oil did not acted as a water reducer because high water was added to concrete mix in order to achieve relevant workability and could be compacted well.

4.

CONCLUSION

From this experimental study following conclusions were made: 1. Used engine oil did not adversely affect the strength development process of concrete, 28 days strength was achieved as 76MPa with 4% engine oil.

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2. High strength concrete can be produced with high w/c such as 0.46 with the addition of a chemical admixture such as used engine oil. Acknowledgement The authors would like to extend their acknowledgement to the university technology PETRONAS for providing the facilities for accomplishing the present research. It is further extend to Mr. Meor and Mr. Johan the lab. Technologist at civil engineering department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for their great contribution and assistance to complete this work. REFERENCES
[1]. Mindess S, Young J. Concrete. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1981. [2]. Bilal S. Hamad, Ahmad A. Rteil, Muttassem El-Fadel, (2003). Effect of used engine oil on properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Elsevier Sceince Ltd, Construction and building materials. pp 311-318. [3]. Neville A.M., Properties of concrete, Fourth and final edition, England, Addison Wesley Longman Limited, 1995. [4]. Bilal S. Hamad, Ahmad A. Rteil, (2002). Effect of used engine oil on structural behavior of reinforcement concrete elements. Elsevier Sceince Ltd, Construction and building materials. pp 203-211. [5]. M.L. Gambhir, Concrete technology, third edition, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004.

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