Important Formulae & Basic concepts Unit 2: CURRENT ELECTRICITY XII Physics

S. No. 1.

Formula Current through a conductor Q (ne + np )e = I= t t

Description I = current (ampere)

Q = charge (coulomb) t = time (second) ne = number of electrons np = number of protons I = current (ampere) n = number density of electrons (m-3) A = area of cross section (meter2) vd = drift velocity of electron(meter / second) e = mobility(meter2/volt sec)
vd = drift velocity of electron(meter / second) V = voltage (volt) I = current (ampere) R = resistance (ohm) R = resistance(ohm)

2.

Current in terms of drift velocity I = neAvd

3.

4.

Mobility of electrons v e e = d = E m Ohms law V=IR

5.

Resistance of a conductor l R= A

= resistivity (ohm meter)

A = area of cross section (meter2) l = length (meter) = resistivity (ohm meter) m = mass of electron (kg) n = number of electrons e = charge on electron (coulomb)
= relaxation time (sec)

6.

Resistivity of a conductor m = 2 e n

7.

Current density I J= A

J = current density (ampere meter-2) I = current (ampere) A = area of cross section (meter2) G = conductance (ohm-1) R = resistance (ohm)
= conductivity (ohm-1 meter-1)

8.

9.

10.

Conductance of a conductor 1 G= R Conductivity of a conductor 1 = Temperature dependence of resistance R t = R 0 (1 + t)

= resistivity (ohm meter)

Rt=resistance at temperature t (ohm) R0= resistance at temperature 00C (ohm) t = temperature (0K)

11.

Resistors in series R s = R1 + R 2 + R 3 + .... Resistors in parallel 1 1 1 1 = + + .... R p R1 R 2 R 3

Emf of cell E = I (R + r)

= temperature coefficient of resistance (1/0 K) Rs = net resistance (ohm)

R1, R2, R3 = individual resistances (ohm) Rp = net resistance (ohm)
R1, R2, R3 = individual resistances (ohm) E = emf of a cell (volt) R = external resistance (ohm) I = current (ampere) r = internal resistance (ohm) = emf in circuit (volt) n = number of cells in series R = external resistance (ohm) I = current (ampere) r = internal resistance (ohm) = emf in circuit (ohm) m = number of cells in parallel R = external resistance (ohm)

12.

13.

14.

Cells in series n I= R + nr

15.

Cells in parallel m I= mR + r

I = current (ampere) r = internal resistance (ohm) = emf in circuit (volt) n = number of cells in series m = number of cells in parallel R = external resistance (ohm) I = current (ampere) r = internal resistance (ohm) i = current (ohm)
R = resistance (ohm)
= emf in circuit (volt) P, Q, R and S are resistances (ohm)

16.

Cells in mixed grouping mn I= mR + nr

17. 18.

Kirchhoffs first law i = 0 Kirchhoffs second law iR =

Condition for balancing of wheat stone bridge
P R = Q S Condition for slide wire bridge 100 l S=( )R l Comparison of emf of two cells using potentiometer E1 l1 = E2 l2

19.

20.

S and R = resistances (ohm) l = length (meter) E1 and E2 =emf of two sources (volt) l1 and l2 = length (meter) r = internal resistance (ohm) R = external resistance (ohm) l1 and l2 = length (meter) V = voltage (volt) I = current (ampere) R = resistance (ohm) P = power dissipated (watt) E = energy consumed (joule)

21.

22.

Internal resistance of a cell l l r = ( 1 2 )R l2 Electric power P = V I = I2 R = V2 / R

23.

24.

Electric energy

E=VIt=

V2 t = I2Rt R

V = voltage (volt) I = current (ampere) R = resistance (ohm) t = time (sec) = change in temperature (0C or 0K) m = mass (kg)

25.

Electric energy spent in heating a liquid

E = mc

c = specific heat (joule kg-1 K-1) E = joule 26. Cost of electricity consumption = unit of electricity consumed x cost per unit of electricity