Electricity Lesson 1: Electron Theory Electricity - Stream of electrons flowing along a conductor.

Voltage or electromotive force (emf) - pressure that causes the flow of electrons. Parts of an atom: 1. Proton- positive charge part of an atom. 2. Electron- negative charge part of an atom. 3. Neutron- central part that has no charge (neutral) The electron theory: 1. When an electric pressure is applied in an electric circuit, the electrons of an atom move to another body, thus creating a flow of electrons. 2. In electric circuit, electrons flow from the negative to the positive terminal. Lesson 2: Sources of Electricity Sources of electricity: 1. Friction- Static electricity is produced by friction. Static electricity- electricity at rest 2. Heat- Heat energy is converted into electrical energy through the use of a device called thermocouple. Thermocouple- device consist of two dissimilar metals wires twisted together at one end and when heated produces a low DC voltage at one end. 3. Light (Photoelectric)-Some materials are photoelectric which means that they can emit electrons when light strikes the surface. 4. Pressure (Piezoelectric)- Certain crystals such as quartz can produce electricity when compressed. 5. Magnetism- Electric generator produces electricity by means of a conductor rotating in a magnetic field. Generator-machine which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. When large quantities of electric power are needed, electric generators in big power plants get their mechanical energy from the following: a. water or hydroelectric power b. steam/turbine power c. geothermal power d. engine power-which makes use of diesel or gasoline e. wind power from windmills 6. Chemical action (Battery)- Wet or dry cells and batteries are examples of application of chemical energy. a. wet cells- When two different conducting metals are immersed in an electrolytes, the chemical reaction forming a solution results in a separation of charges. This arrangements for converting chemical energy into electrical energy is a voltaic cell. b. dry cells- The carbon-sized cell is made up of a carbon rod contained in a zinc shell with an electrolyte material surrounding the rod. The electrolyte is in the form of a paste produced by saturating granulated carbon and powdered manganese dioxide in the ammonium chloride solution. The carbon rod in the center is the positive electrode and the zinc container or shell is the negative electrode. c. battery- A battery is made up of several individual cells wired together to produce a bigger amount of energy. Battery are combination of wet or dry cells.

Lesson 3: Electrical Power System Elements of an Electric Circuit: 1. Electromotive force (Emf) or voltage (E)- is the electric pressure causing the electrons to move. This cause the flow of electrons between two charged bodies. Voltage is the potential difference between these two points. The points in an electrical system are the sources of energy and the work producing device or the load. 2. Current (I)- is the flow of energy. The flow is from the source through the lines, to the load, and then back to the source. a. Direct current (DC)- The flow is from the source through the lines, to the load and then back to the source . The flow of current is always in the one direction. This kind of current is produced by batteries and generators. b. Alternating Current (AC)- This current flow change its direction periodically. The AC flow s in repeated cycles where the current starts, rising to a maximum and then drops to zero, reverses direction and repeats the cycles as long as the circuit is on. This is usually produced in big power plants. Frequency- number of complete cycles performed in one second such that one cycle per second equals one hertz. 3. Resistance (R)- force which opposes and reduces the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms. Although the resistance is used to control the amount of electric current which flows in a circuit, it can also be overcome by a more electrical source. Power-amount of work done by electrical energy at a given time to make a load work. It is the product of voltage and current and is measured in watts. The role of Electricity in the Community: The value of electricity to human life is best appreciated, if we recall how man learned to rub stones or sticks together to produce fire which he needed when weather was cold. Later, early man learned to cook food and light up his cave using fire. In those times early men depended only to himself to survive. Today, we can have whenever and wherever it is needed . Electricity has made it easier for people to have heat and power to operate ovens, flat iron, air-conditioner, washing machines, lighting fixtures, and other appliances. In factories and other workplaces, electricity operates equipment and heavy machinery. Computers, radars, audio-video recorders/players and automated machines are all powered by electricity. Electricity has made life today more comfortable. It has made homes brighter and industries more productive. It has facilitated communications and transportation.

Lesson 4: Electrical Circuits Circuit- the course or path by an electric current passing from its source through a conductor and back to its source.
path or lines

control

load source

protective device

Parts of a circuit: 1. Source- This consists of batteries, generators or a main electrical power supply which supplies the electricity. 2. Paths or lines- These are wires that connect the load to the source and through which the current flow. 3.. Load ( current consuming device)- This is a unit which converts electrical energy into another form of energy 4. Control- These are switches, push buttons, relays, and the other which regulates or control the flow of electric current. 5. Protective device- Maybe a fuse or a circuit breaker that protects the circuit in case of overloading or short circuit.

Types of circuits: 1. Series- The current flows only in one direction or there is only one path through which the electric current flow. 2. Parallel- The current flows in two or more paths. Two or more components maybe connected across a single voltage source

Series Circuit

Parallel circuit

Circuit Terms: 1. Open circuit- When there is a break in the circuit and the current could not pass through, the circuit is open. When the switch is off the circuit is open or cut off. 2. Close circuit-When there is a continuous flow of current from the source without interruption, the circuit is closed. When the switch is on the circuit is close. 3. Short circuit- There is a short circuit when the electric current takes a short cut from its usual path. 4. Ground circuit- The circuit is aid to be a ground when metals are used as path for electric current to travel, like the circuit used in the electrical installation for automobiles.

Ohms Law States the relationship between voltage, current and resistance in an electric circuit. E= I x R Where; E- electromotive force- V- volts I- current- amperes-amp. R- resistance- R-ohms Lesson 5: Electrical Symbols Electrical symbols play an important part in an electrical circuit. It gives a cleared view and understanding to enable engineers and technicians to indicate electrical installation. They are classified according to their use and purposes such as schematic, architectural and pictorial symbols. Schematic Symbols: ___________ Conductor Switch Fuse Ground Connected Wires Inductor ( Air Core) Inductor (Iron Core) Terminal

Cell

Transistor ( P-N-P )

Battery

Transistor ( N-P-N )

Resistor

Lamp

Plug Potentiometer Capacitor Variable Capacitor

Ballast Transformer Rectifier

Architectural Symbols: DC Source AC Source Convenience Outlet Single Pole Switch Key Operated Switch Three way switch Kilowatt hour Voltmeter Ammeter Lamp Wattmeter

Pictorial Symbols: Speaker Bell Buzzer Headphone Push button Microphone Annunciator Antenna

Lesson 6:Conductors and Insulators Conductors - are materials through which electrons can move easily from atom to atom. - are materials that permits the passage of electrical current. Conductors vary in their resistance. Good conductors are usually made from substances of very low resistance. The following materials are commonly used as electrical wires or conductors. They are arranged according to the order of their conductivity. 1. Silver- It is used for plating contact points to minimize sparkling. It is the best conductor among the materials. 2. Copper- It is the second best conductor. It is commonly used in electrical jobs because it is cheaper than silver. 3. Aluminum- It is cheaper than copper and is used in transmission lines and service conductors. 4. Zinc- It is used in manufacturing cells fuses.

5. Brass- It is an alloy of zinc and copper. It is used as conductor where oscillating action is needed. 6. Platinum- It is used for making contact points. 7. Tin- When combined with lead, it is used for soldering. 8. .Nickel- It is used in electroplating and making nickel-cadmium cells. 9. Lead- It is used making fuses and solder. Types of Wire Conductors: 1. solid 2. stranded 3. braid 4. coaxial 5. twin lead cable Insulators cannot conduct any current when voltage is applied. It maintains its charge because electrons cannot flow to neutralize the charge. Insulators are known as dielectric materials which means that they can store a charge. Among the best insulator are dielectrics are air, mica, vacuum, rubber, wax, shellac, glass, mica, porcelain, oil, paper and plastics. Rubber is the cheapest insulating material. Wire Insulators: 1. VC Type (Varnished Cambric) Wires covered with asbestos which can endure temperature up to 167 % F and suitable for high voltage circuits. 2. Type C conductor Insulation of woven asbestos for parts where other kinds fail such as in internal switchboards which moisture and humidity are likely to affect. 3. Type SB insulation consists of cotton strands over another material resistant to heat. 4. Type SBRC or DBRC (BX) Used for servicing cables from the meter to the main switch. 5. Type POST- A totally rubber-covered wire used in microphones. Common Splices and Joints: 1. Western Union Splice- Used to protect service wires from too much pulling or tension.

2. Rat-tail Joint- Used in wires which are seldom pulled.

3. Underwriters Knot- for wires in lamp receptacle to prevent being pulled from the screw terminals.

4. T-joint For extending a branched circuit from the main line.

Lesson 7: Electrical Devices Electrical devices are unit of an electrical system which is intended to carry but not utilize electrical energy. 1. Circuit breaker- is an over-current protective device also designed to function as a switch. 2. Fuse-an over-current protective device with a circuit opening fusible element, which opens when there is an over-current in the circuit. 3. Plug- a device placed at the end of a cord connected to appliances. 4. Outlet- is a device usually placed on walls where the plug is usually inserted. 5. Switches- a device used for opening and breaking the flow of electricity in a circuit. 6. Boxes- made of metal or plastic that are used as base for outlets, switches or socket. 7. Socket- lamp receptacle.

Electrical appliances are utilization equipment, generally other than industrial, normally built-in standardized sizes or types, which is installed or connected as a unit to perform , one or more functions such as washing clothes, air-conditioning, radio, cooking foods and television. The Phil. Electrical Code (PEC) requires that all metallic equipment and appliance parts associated with an electrical system be grounded. This type of grounding is called equipment or appliance grounding. The principal reason for grounding equipment or appliance is to prevent any metallic object that a person might touch from becoming alive. If the equipment is not grounded a very serious shock hazard exists.

Lesson 8: Basic Electrical Tools, Equipments and their Uses Electrical Tools: 1. Pliers- used for cutting, holding and gripping of wires. a. side cutting b. chain nose c. slip joint d. linemans pliers e. long nose f. oblique cutting 2. Screwdriver- used for loosening and tightening of screws. a. conventional straight shank b. Phillips 3. Drilling equipment- needed to make holes in building structures passage of conduit and wires. a. power drill b. ratchet brace 4. Sawing and cutting tools a. crosscut saw b. keyhole saw c. hacksaw 5. Soldering equipment a. soldering paste b. solder (lead) c. soldering gun d. electric soldering iron e. soldering copper f. propane torch 6. Hammers a. claw hammer b. linemans hammer c. ball peen hammer 7. Measuring tools a. zigzag rule b. push-pull rule c. steel tape 8. Miscellaneous tools a. pipe cutter b. test light c. pipe reamer d. conduit bender e. wood chisel

Lesson 9: Safety Precautions in Electricity Safety Precautions and Practices in Performing electrical operations: 1. Do not work when your hands are wet. 2. Work safely with tools. When installing wires, always consider an electric wire is live; never touch it with your bare hands. 3. Never take electrical work lightly. 4. be sure the power source is shut off before starting electrical work. 5. Wear proper insulating materials when working with electricity (rubber shoes, gloves, eyeshield) 6. Use only properly insulated tools.

7. Make sure all power lines, cords, plugs, and devices are properly secured before using. 8. Do not use improvised materials for fuses nor use of different amperage. 9. Wear proper working clothes during shop work. 10. Avoid direct contact with any source of electricity.