4.

DIFFERENTITION

4.1 Concept of Differentiation

4.1.1 Differentiation at one point Introduction ( two topic in the same theme) a. Tangent Lines The secant line connecting P and Q has slope

mPQ

f ( x ) f (c ) = xc

f(x)

Q f(x)-f(c)

If x c , then the secant line through P and Q will approach the tangent line at P. Thus the slope of the tangent line is

f(c)

P x-c c x

f(x) f(c) m = lim x c xc

b. Instantaneous Velocity
Let a particle travel around an axis and positition of particle at time t is s = f(t). If the particle has a coordinate f(c) at time c and f(c+h) at time c + h . Elapsed time
c c+h

distance traveled
f(c) f(c+h)

Thus, the average velocity during the time interval [c,c+h] is

vaverage

f (c + h ) f (c ) = h

If h

0, we get instantaneous velocity at x = c :

v = lim v rata rata = lim
h 0 h 0

f (c + h ) f (c ) h

Let x = c + h, instantaneous velocity can be written as

f(x) f(c) v = lim x c xc

From two cases : The slope of the tangent line and instantaneous velocity has the same formula
Definition : The first derivative of f at x = c, denoted by f ' (c ) is defined by

if limit exist

f(x) f(c) f ' (c) = lim x c xc

Other notation :
df ( c ) , y' (c ) dx

Example Let f ( x ) =

1 x

evaluate f ' (3)

f'( 3 ) = lim

x 3

f(x) f( 3 ) = x3

lim

1 1 x 3 x 3

( x 3) 3 x = lim = lim x 3 3 x(x 3 ) x 3 3 x(x 3 )

1 1 = lim = x 3 3 x 9

4.1.2 Derivatives from the right and the left

Derivatives from the left at c, denoted by

f ' (c) f ( x ) f (c ) ' f ( c ) = lim xc xc

, is defined by

Derivatives from the right at c, denoted by

' +

f(x) f(c) f (c) = lim+ xc xc

' f( c ) = ' f+( c )

f +' (c)

, is defined by

A function f is said differentiable at c ( f ' ( c ) exist) if

and

f '(c) = f _' (c) = f +' (c)

Example : Let

x2 x + 3 , x < 1 f ( x) = 1 + 2 x , x 1

Determine whether f(x) is differentiable at x=1. If f is differentiable find f ' (1) Solution
a.
' f (1) =

x 2 x + 3 (1 + 2 1) f ( x ) f (1) lim = lim x 1 x 1 x 1 x1

b.

x2 x x( x 1) = lim =1 = lim x 1 x1 x 1 x 1 1 + 2 x (1 + 2 1) f ( x ) f (1) ' f + (1) = lim = lim + x 1 x 1+ x 1 x 1 x 1 2 x 2= 2 lim =1 = lim+ + x ( x 1 1 )( x +1) x1 x 1

' Thus, f is differentiable at x=1 and f (1) = 1.

Theorem If f is differentiable at point c Proof : We will proof

x c

f is continuous at c.

lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
f ( x ) = f (c ) + f ( x ) f (c ) .( x c ) , x c xc

Since
Thus

f ( x ) f (c ) lim f ( x ) = lim f ( c ) + ( x c) xc xc xc f ( x ) f (c ) . lim ( x c ) = lim f ( c ) + lim xc xc xc xc

= f ( c ) + f ' ( c ). 0 = f(c).

The converse, however, is false , a function may be continuous at a point but not differentiable

Example Show that, f ( x ) = | x | is continuous at x = 0 but f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 Solution We will show f(x)=|x| is continuous at x=0

x , x0 f ( x) =| x |= x , x < 0
f(0) = 0
x 0

lim f ( x ) = lim x = 0 + +
x 0

lim f ( x) = 0
x 0

x 0

lim f ( x ) = lim ( x) = 0
x 0

lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
x 0

Thus, f is continuous at x=0

Determine whether f is differentiable at x=0

' f( 0) =

f ( x ) f (0) lim x0 x0

x0 x = lim = lim = 1 x 0 x 0 x x
x 0 x = lim+ = lim+ = 1 . x 0 x 0 x x

' f+( 0 ) =

f ( x ) f (0) lim x0 x0+

Because

1 = f ' ( 0 ) f +' ( 0 ) = 1

then f is not differentiable at x = 0.

Example: Find the values of a and b so that f(x) will be differentiable at x = 1.

x2 + b , x < 1 f ( x) = ax , x 1
Solution : Function f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 if a. f is continuous at x = 1 (necessary condition) b. Derivatives from the left = derivatives from the right at c (sufficient condition)

f is continuous at x = 1 if f is continuous from the left at x = 1 and f is continuous

from the right or

f (1) = lim f ( x) = lim f ( x). +

x 1 x 1

a = lim x 2 + b = lim ax a = 1 + b = a b = a 1 +
x 1 x 1

x2 + b a f (x) f (1) = lim f' (1) = lim x 1 x1 x1 x 1

x2 + ( a 1) a = lim x 1 x1
= lim

x2 1 = lim x 1 x 1

( x 1 )( x + 1 ) = lim x + 1 = 2 x 1 x 1 x 1
= a lim x 1 = a x1 x 1

f (x) f (1) f (1) = lim x + 1 x1

' +

= lim

ax a x1 x 1

f ' (1) = f +' (1) a = 2

So that : a = 2 and b = 1.

Problems Find the values of a and b so that f(x) will be differentiable at given points.

1.

a x + 3 ;0 x < 1 f (x ) = 2 x bx ; x 1
ax b ; x < 2 f (x) = 2 2 x 1 ; x 2

,x=1

2.

x=2

3.

x2 1 ; x < 3 f (x ) = 2 ax + b ; x 3

x=3

4.2 The Derivative

Definition The derivative with respect to x of the function f (x), denoted by f ' ( x ), defined by the formula

Or, if h = t-x

f (t ) f ( x ) , x f '( x ) = lim t x tx

f ( x + h) f ( x) f '( x ) = lim , x h0 h
dy df ( x ) dy is called , , D x y , D x f ( x ) . Notation dx dx dx

for which the limit exist. Other Notation y ' ,

as Leibniz Notation.

By use definition above, we have formula 1. If f (x) = k, then f ' ( x ) = 0

dx d ( f(x) + g(x) ) = f ' (x) + g ' (x) 3. dx d ( f ( x) g ( x) ) 4. = f ' ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ' ( x) dx

2.

d (xr )

= r x r 1

rR

d ( f ( x) g ( x) ) f ' ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ' ( x) = 5. , g ( x) 0 2 dx g ( x)

Proof formula number 4 Let h(x) = f(x)g(x)

h( x + h) h( x ) h' ( x) = lim h 0 h
= lim
h 0

= lim
h0

f ( x + h) g ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x ) h

f ( x + h) g ( x + h) f ( x + h) g ( x ) + f ( x + h) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x ) h

f ( x + h) f ( x ) g ( x + h) g ( x ) = lim f ( x + h) + g ( x) h 0 h h

= lim f ( x + h) lim
h 0 h0

g ( x + h) g ( x ) f ( x + h) f ( x ) + lim g ( x) lim h 0 h0 h h

= f ( x) g ' ( x) + g ( x) f ' ( x)

= f ' ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ' ( x)

Example 1. Find f '( x ) of solution :

f ( x) = x 3 + 3 x 2 + 4

f ' ( x) = 3 x 2 + 3.2 x + 0 = 3 x 2 + 6 x
2. Find f '( x) of f ( x) = ( x 3 + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 3) Solution:

f ' ( x) = 3x 2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 3) + ( x 3 + 1)(2 x + 2)

= 3x 4 + 6 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 2 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 2 x + 2

= 5x 4 + 8x3 + 9 x 2 + 2 x + 2
3. Find f '( x) of Solution :
f'( x ) =
f ( x) = x+3 x2 + 1

1 .( x 2 + 1 ) 2 x( x + 3 ) ( x +1)
2 2

x2 +1 6x 2x2 ( x +1)
2 2

x 2 6x +1 ( x +1)
2 2

Problems Find f '( x ) of 1. 2. 3.

f ( x) = x1 / 2 + 3 x 2 + 1
f ( x) = ( x + 1) ( x 3 + 2 x + 1)
f ( x) = x +1 x 1

4.

f ( x) =

x x2 1

5.

x2 1 f ( x) = 2 x +1

4.3 Derivative of Trigonometric Function

a . f ( x ) = sin x f ' ( x ) = cos x b. f ( x ) = cos x f ' ( x ) = sin x

Proof:
a. Let f(x) = sin x then

f ' ( x ) = lim

t x

sin t sin x t x
t+x ). lim tx 2 0
2

t x t + x 2 cos sin 2 2 = lim t x tx

= lim cos(
t x

sin(

tx ) 2 tx ( ) 2

= cos x.1 = cos x.

b. Let f(x) = cos x then

cos( x + h ) cos x f ' ( x ) = lim h 0 h

= lim cos x(cosh 1) sin x sinh h 0 h

= lim
h 0

cos x cosh sin x sinh cos x h

h cos x( sin 2 ) 2 sin x sinh = lim h 0 h h

h cos x ( sin 2 )h 2 sin x sinh ) = lim( h 0 h ( h / 2) 2 4

sinh sin(h / 2) h = cos x lim sin x lim ( h / 2 ) 0 h 0 h h/2 4

= cos x .0 sin x = sin x

The derivatives of remaining trigonometric functions can be obtained using formula derivative of u/v

d (tan x ) d (sin x cos x ) = cos 2 x + sin 2 x c. = cos 2 x dx dx

d (cot x ) d (cos x sin x ) sin 2 x cos 2 x d. = = dx dx sin 2 x

1 cos 2 x

= sec 2 x

1 sin 2 x

= csc 2 x

d (sec x ) d ( 1cos x ) = sin x e. = cos 2 x dx dx

sin x 1 cos x cos x

= tan x sec x

d (csc x ) d ( 1sin x ) = cos x = cos x 1 f. = sin 2 x sin x sin x dx dx

= csc x cot x

4.4 The Chain Rule

Let y = f(u) and u = g(x). If
dy dy du = dx du dx

dy du and exist, then du dx

dy 2 Example : Find if y = sin( x + 1) dx Solution : 2 Let u = x + 1 so that y = sin u

because of

dy = cos u and du
then

du = 2x dx

dy = cos( x 2 + 1) 2 x = 2 x cos( x 2 + 1) dx

Let y = f(u), u = g(v), v = h(x), if

dy du dv , , du dv dx

Exist, then

dy dy du dv = dx du dv dx
Example : Find

Solution Let

dy dx

if

y = Sin 4 ( x 3 + 5)
3

v = x +5
u = Sin v

dv = 3 x2 dx
du = cos v = cos( x 3 + 5) dv dy = 4 u 3 = 4 Sin 3 ( x 3 + 5) du

y = u4
So that

dy dy du dv = . . = 12 x 2 Sin 3 ( x 3 + 5) Cos ( x 3 + 5) dx du dv dx

Example : Find Solution :

d f '( x ) if ( f ( x 2 )) = x 2 + 1 dx
2

d ( f ( x 2 )) = x 2 + 1 dx

f ' ( x 2 ).2 x = x 2 + 1
f '(x2 ) = x +1 2x

Problems Find dy/dx

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

y= 2 x + 2x 3

x2 2 x + 5

y = ( 2 x 3)10 y = sin 3 x
y = cos 4 4 x 2 x
x +1 y= x 1
2

y = sin x tan [ x2 + 1 ]

4.5 The Higher Derivative

The nth derivative of f(x) is the derivative of (n-1)th of f(x).

(n)

The first derivative The second derivative

d ( x) = f dx

( n 1)

df ( x ) f ' (x ) = dx 2
f " ( x) =

( x)

d 3 f (x ) The third derivative f " ' ( x) = dx 3

d f (x ) dx 2

d n f (x ) The nth derivative f (n )( x) = dx n 3 Example: Find y ' ' if y = 4 x + sin x

Solution :

y ' = 12 x 2 + cos x y '' = 24 x sin x

Problems A. Find the second derivative of

1. 2. 3. 4.

y = sin ( 2x 1)

y = ( 2 x 3) 4

x y= x +1
y = cos2 ( x)

3 2 B. Find the value of c so that f "( c) = 0 if f ( x ) = x + 3 x 45 x 6

2 C. Find the values of a, b and c if g ( x ) = ax + b x + c , g (1) = 5,

g ' (1) = 3 and g ' ' (1) = 4

4.6 Implicit Differentiation

Function defined explicitly

y = x2 + x + 2 y = cos x
Function defined implicitly

x 3 y 2 + x 2 + y = 10

sin( xy ) + x 2 = y 2 + 1
Differentiate both sides with respect to x

By implicit differentiation find dy/dx if

1. x 3 y 2 + x 2 + y = 10
Solution
1. Dx ( x 3 y 2 + x 2 + y ) = Dx (10)
D x ( x 3 y 2 ) + D x ( x 2 ) + D x ( y ) = D x (10)

2. sin( xy ) + x 2 = y 2 + 1

(3x 2 y 2 + 2 x 3 y y ' ) + 2 x + y ' = 0

(2 x 3 y + 1) y ' = 2 x 3 x 2 y 2

2 x 3x 2 y 2 y' = 2x3 y + 1
2 . D x ( sin( xy ) + x 2 ) = D x ( y 2 + 1)

cos( xy ) ( y + xy ' ) + 2 x = 2 yy '+0

( x cos( xy ) 2 y ) y ' = 2 x y cos( xy )

y' = 2 x y cos( xy ) x cos( xy ) 2 y

Problems Find
1. 2.

y'

by implicit differentiation

x 3 3x 2 y + y 2 = 0

y + sin ( xy) = 1

3. tan ( x y ) - 2 y = 0 4.

x 2 sin( xy ) + y = x

4.7 Tangent Line and Normal Line

Tangent line at point (x0,y0) y y0 = m( x x0 ), m = y ' at point (x0,y0) Normal Line and tangent line perpendicular each other. Normal line at point (x0,y0)

1 y y 0 = ( x x0 ), m = y ' at point (x0,y0) m

Find the tangent line and normal line at point (2,6) of

y = x3 2 x 2 + 6
Solution

y ' = 3 x 2 4 x y ' ( 2,6 ) = 3 .2 2 4 .2 = 4

The tangent line at point (2,6) :

y 6 = 4( x 2) y = 4x 2
The normal line at point (2,6) :

y6 =

1 13 y = x+ . 4 2

1 1 1 ( x 2) y 6 = x + 4 4 2

Find the tangent line and normal line at point which x = 1

x 2 y 2 xy 6 = 0
Solution If x = 1 is substituted in equation we found

y2 y 6 = 0

( y 3)( y + 2) = 0

y = 3 and y = -2

Thus, we get points (1,3) and (1,-2) By implicit differentiation

D x ( x y xy 6 ) = D x ( 0 )
2 2

2 xy 2 + 2 x 2 yy '( y + xy ' ) 0 = 0

2 xy 2 + 2 x 2 yy ' y xy ' = 0
(2 x y x) y ' = y 2 xy
2 2

At point (1,3) 3 2.1.9 15 y ' |(1,3) = = = 3 2.1.3 1 5 The tangent line

y 3 = 3( x 1) = 3 x + 3

y 2 xy 2 y' = 2 2x y x

3x + y = 6
The normal line
1 1 1 y 3 = ( x 1) = x 3 3 3

x 3 y = 8

At point (1,-2)
y ' |(1, 2 ) = 2 2.1.4 10 = =2 2.1.( 2) 1 5

The tangent line

y + 2 = 2( x 1) = 2 x 2

2x y = 4
The normal line
1 1 1 y + 2 = ( x 1) = x + 2 2 2

x + 2 y = 3

4.8 Differential and Approximation

4.8.1 Differential
If f ' ( x) exist, then

f ' ( x ) = lim
Q

x 0

f ( x + x) f ( x) y = lim x 0 x x
T

P x

x If x 0 , then mPQ = mPT

x + x y f '( x ) y f '( x ) x or x

Definition If y = f (x) is differentiable at x , then Differential of x , denoted by dx, is dx = x Differential of y , denoted by dy, is dy = f ' ( x)dx

4.8.2 Approximation
Let y = f (x) is differentiable on interval I , x and x + x I If there is an increment in variable x with x, then there is increment in variable y with y which is approximated by dy . Thus,

f ( x + x ) f ( x ) + dy = f ( x ) + f ' ( x ) x
Example : Approximate 3 Solution :
1 3

28
1 3

f ( x) = x f (27) = 27 = 3 27 = 3
2 2 2

thus

1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 f ' ( x ) = x f ' ( 27 ) = ( 27 ) = (3 ) = 3 3 3 27

f ( 28 ) f ( 27 ) + f ' ( 27 )( 28 27 ) = 3

1 . 27

Problems 1. Let

y + sin ( xy) = 1
( ,1)

Find tangent line and normal line at point

2. Use differential to approximate

a.

8,2

b. 36,1

3. If f ' (0) = 2 , g (0) = 0 , g ' (0) = 3 find ( f g )' (0).