Expt. No1.(a)FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRUIT Date :. Page No..

AIM: To plot the frequency response of series resonance circuit and to calculate the bandwidth. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. THEORY:

COMPONENTS
Audio Signal Generator

RANGE (0 - 10)MHz (0 - 10)mA, mI 47 -

QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ammeter Resistor DRB DCB DIB

A circuit is said to be a series resonance circuit, if the resistance, inductance and capacitance are connected in series and it behaves in effect like purely resistivity circuit. The total current drawn by the circuit is in phase with the applied voltage and the power factor will then be unity. Thus, at resonance the equivalent complex impedance of the circuit has no imaginary part. The complex impedance is given as, Z = R + J(XL - XC), PRACTICAL CIRCUIT FOR SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

MODEL GRAPH:

Imax

Current (mA)

Im/f2

f1 XL =
C,

f2

f3

Frequency (Hz)

XC = 1/ , where XL, XC have directly opposing actions.

The current is maximum at the resonance frequency fr and is equal to fr = E/R At (fr) resonance frequency XL=XC and the impedance is purely resistive for frequencies less than the resonance frequency. XL< XC Therefore, it is capacitive f > fr XL > XC and the circuit behaves in effect on RL circuit. Taking logging current is increased the maximum current becomes less than frequency and it is not dependent on f. PROCEDURE: i.
ii.

Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Varying the frequency and note down the ammeter reading and frequency. Plot the graph and find out the frequency and bandwidth. Bandwidth =f2 f1

iii.

TABULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

S. No.

FREQUENCY(KHz)

CURRENT(mA)

Bandwidth = f2 f1 Im = Im/2 = RESULT:

Thus, the frequency response of series resonance circuit was completed and hence Bandwidth =

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

MODEL GRAPH:

Vmax

Voltage (V)

Vm/f2

f1

f2

f3

Frequency f(Hz)

Expt. No1.(b) FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRUIT Date :. Page No..

AIM: To plot the frequency response of parallel resonance circuit and to calculate the bandwidth. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

COMPONENTS
Audio Signal Generator

RANGE (0 - 10)MHz (0 - 10)mA, mI 47 -

QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ammeter Resistor DRB DCB DIB

THEORY: A circuit is said to be a series resonance circuit, if the resistance, inductance and capacitance are connected in series and it behaves in effect like purely resistivity circuit. The total current drawn by the circuit is in phase with the applied voltage. Thus, at resonance the overall power factor is unity. This is achieved when, XL= XC

TABULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

S. No.

FREQUENCY(KHz)

CURRENT(mA)

Bandwidth = f2 f1 Im = Im/2 = FORMULA: Bandwidth = f2 f1, Resonant frequency, fr = 1/(2**(L*C)) PROCEDURE: i. ii. iii.
iv.

Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Set the input voltage 5V, using signal operator. Varying the frequency and note down the ammeter reading and frequency. Plot the graph and find out the frequency and bandwidth.

RESULT: Thus, the frequency response of parallel resonance circuit was completed and hence Bandwidth = PRACTICAL CIRCUIT FOR KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW:
I R 1 V ( 0 3 0 ) ( 0 5 ) m V V A 1 V 2 V 3 0 1 0 k R 2 2 2 0 k R 1 k 3

( 0

) ( V 0

) ( V 0

THEORETICAL CIRCUIT FOR KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW:

R 1 k

R 1 k

R 1 k

Expt. No2.(a) VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW Date :. AIM: To verify the Kirchhoffs Voltage law. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Page No..

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

COMPONENTS RPS Ammeter Resistor Voltmeter

RANGE (0 - 30)V (0 - 15)mA

100, 1K , 220

QUANTITY 1 3 1 3

(0 - 15)V

FORMULA USED: V1 = I*R1, V2 = I*R2, V3 = I*R3,

V =V1 + V2 + V3, V = I*R1 + I*R2 + I*R3, Requivalent = R1 + R2 + R3, I = V/Requivalent THEORY: KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW: In any network, the algebraic sum of voltage drop across the circuit element of the closed path is equal to the algebraic sum of e.m.f in the path. In other words, the algebraic sum of all the branch voltage around any closed path or closed loop is always zero, i.e., E*V=0. TABULATION FOR KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW:

THEORETICAL VOLTAGE DROP (V)

THEORETICAL VOLTAGE DROP (V)

TOTAL VOLTAGE CURRENT No. (mA) (V)

S.

V1 (V)

V2 (V)

V3 (V)

V=( V1 V1+ (V) V2+ V3)V

V2 (V)

V=( V1+ (V) V2+ V3)V

V3

The law states that if one states at a certain point of the closed path and goes tracing nothing all the potential charge in any particular direction till the cutting

point is reached again it must be cut the same potential with which statics training a closed path. The law applies equally will to a circuit. By the constant source d.c. PROCEDURE:
i. ii.

Kirchhoffs voltage law connection is made as per circuit diagram. For various values of supply voltage, note the current voltage drop V1, V2 &V3. Check the value with the theoretically applied voltage.

iii.

CALCULATION: V1 = I*R1, V2 = I*R2, V3 = I*R3, V =V1 + V2 + V3, RESULT: Thus, the Kirchhoffs voltage law was verified. PRACTICAL CIRCUIT FOR KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW:

I 1 ( 0 ( 0 3 0 ) V - 5 0 ) m I 2 ( 0 - 5 0 ) m A R 1 0 1 o h m A I 3 ( 0 R 1 k 2 - 5 0 ) m A

THEORETCAL CIRCUIT FOR KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW:

R V R 1 1 k 1

2 k

Expt. No2.(b) VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW Date :. AIM: To verify the Kirchhoffs Current law. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Page No..

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

COMPONENTS RPS Ammeter Resistor Voltmeter

RANGE (0 - 30)V (0 - 15)mA

100, 1K , 220

QUANTITY 1 3 1 3

(0 - 15)V

FORMULA USED: I1 = V/R1 I2 = V/R2,

I= I1 + I2. THEORY: KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW: The connection of two or more elements create a junction called a node. The junction between the two elements is called a simple node. Otherwise, division takes place. Kirchhoffs current law state that the algebraic sum of the current leaving that is equal to algebraic sum of current entering that node. In the node analysis, KCL is used to analyze the circuit.

TABULATION FOR KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW: THEORETICAL S. No. VOLTAGE (V) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I (mA) I1 (mA) VALUE (mA) PRACTICAL VALUE (mA) I2 (mA) I (mA)

By Kirchhoffs current law, I0 + I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5. PROCEDURE: i. ii. iii. Connection is made as per circuit diagram. For various values of supply voltage, note the ammeter reading. Then verify current law, I = I1 + I2.

Verify the value with the theoretically applied current. CALCULATION: I= I1 + I2. I1 = V/R1 I2 = V/R2, RESULT: Thus, the Kirchhoffs current law was verified. THEORETCAL CIRCUIT
R 1

( 0

( 0

V R L

Expt. No3.(a) Date :.

VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN THEOREM Page No..

AIM: To verify Thevenin theorem. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. FORMULA USED:

COMPONENTS RPS Ammeter Resistor Voltmeter

RANGE (0 - 30)V (0 - 15)mA 2.2, 5.6K (0 - 15)V

QUANTITY 1 1 2 1

IL = Vth/(Rth + RL), I = V/(R1 + R2), Rth = (R1*R2)/(R1 + R2), Vth = I*R2. where IL is Load Current Vth is Thevenin Voltage R2 is Load Resistance I2 is Load Current PRACTICAL CIRCUIT

( 2 . 2

V ( 0 3 0 ) V

( 5 . 6 K

V 1 5 ) V

( 0

CIRCUIT TO FIND IL
( 2 . 2 K ) I R ( ' 0t h - 1 0 ) m A

V ( 0 3 0 ) V ( 2 . 2 K ) R 3

( 2

. 2

RI 4 1 ( 0

- 1

V ( 0 3 0 ) V

( 5

. 6

( 2

. 2

TABULATION FOR THEVENIN THEOREM:

S. No.

VOLTAGE (V)

I = V/ (R1+R2) (Ma)

THEORETICAL VALUE Vth

PRACTICAL VALUE Vth

THEORETICAL VALUE (Ma)

THEORETICAL VALUE (Ma)

1. THEOREM: Any linear active to passive network consisting of voltage source and current source can be reduced to simple network. The simple network consisting f voltage source in series with resistance is said to be Thevenin theorem. THEORY: This theorem is applicable where it is desire to determine the current (or) voltage across any element. In a network any two terminal by lateral d.c current can be replaced by an equivalence circuit consisting of voltage across sources and series resistor. Any linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage across the open circuiter low terminal and resistance of source network looking through the open circuiter low terminal. To the Thevenin resistance voltage source is resourced by short circuit and current through low resistor can be found out. PROCEDURE: i.
ii. iii. iv. v.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Vary the supply voltage and note down the Thevenin voltage Vth. Connections are made as per the circuit R1 Note the current It across RL. For different power supply voltage note down RL and compare the value of Vth and IL, which the theoretical value are shown.

CALCULATIONS: I = V/(R1 + R2), Vth = I*R2

Rth = (R1*R2)/(R1 + R2),. IL = Vth/(Rth + RL), RESULT: Thus, the Thevenin theorem was verified. NORTONS THEORETICAL CIRCUIT
( 1 0 0 o h m ) R

V ( 0 3 0 ) V ( 1 K ) R 2 ( 2 . 2 K ) R 3

Rth
( 1 0 0 o h m ) R

( 1

Rth = (R1*R2)/(R1+R2) EQUATING CIRCUIT:

I 1 ( 1 0 A d c K ) R

R 2 2

2 2 0 k

( 1 0 0

o h m

V ( 1 ( 0 3 0 ) V K ) R 2

Expt. No3.(b) Date :.

VERIFICATION OF NORTONs THEOREM Page No..

AIM: To verify Nortons theorem. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. 1. 2. 3.

COMPONENTS RPS Ammeter Resistor

RANGE (0 - 30)V (0 - 100)mA 2.2K, 100

QUANTITY 1 1 1

FORMULA USED: Thevenin Resistance Rth = (R1*R2)/(R1 + R2) , Current I = V/R1, Short circuit current Isc = V/R1, Load current IL = Isc*Rth/(Rth + RL). STATEMENT: Any linear active network with output terminals A, B can be replaced by a single current source Isc in parallel with simple single impedance Zth.

THEORY:

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT: IL
( 1 0 0 K ) R 1

I 1 V ( 0 3 0 ) V ( 0 R 2 2 . 2 k 1 0 0 ) m A

ISC
( 1 0 0 K ) R 1

I 1 V ( 0 3 0 ) V 1 R 2 k ( 0 1 0 0 ) m A

Nortons theorem is a dual of Thevenins theorem. The current to the resistance connected to the terminals of the Nortons equivalent circuit must have the same resistance connected to the original active network. PROCEDURE:

i. ii. iii. iv.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Supply voltage is varied in steps and the value of short circuit current is noted for its step. For various value of short circuit current, note down the load current. The theoretical value of the short circuit current and the load current are calculated and verify with practical value.

TABULATION FOR NORTONs THEOREM

VOLTAGE S. No. (V)

PRACTICA L VALUE FOR SHORT CIRCUIT Isc(mA)

THEORETICAL VALUE FOR SHORT CIRCUIT Isc(mA)

VOLTAGE V=Isc*Rth

PRACTICA L LOAD CURRENT IL (mA)

THEORETICAL LOAD CURRENT IL (mA)

1.

CALCULATIONS: Short circuit current Isc = V/R1, Load current IL = Isc*Rth/(Rth + RL), RESULT: Thus, the Nortons theorem was verified.

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT:

( 2

. 2

1( 1

V ( 0 3 0 ) V

( 5

. 6

V ( 0 3 0 ) V

THEORETICAL CIRCUIT:

( 2 . 2

( 1

V ( 0 3 0 ) V ( 5 . 6 K

I 1 ( 0 ) R 3 1 0 ) m A

Expt. No4. Date :.

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM Page No..

AIM: To verify the superposition theorem. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. 1. 2. 3.

COMPONENTS RPS Ammeter Resistor

RANGE (0 - 30)V (0 - 50)mA

2.2K, 1K , 5.6K

QUANTITY 2 1 1

FORMULA: CIRCUIT I With Vs short circuited Rth1 = R1 + (R2*R3)/(R2 + R3), IT1 = V1/RTH1, I1 = IT1*R2*(R2+R3). CIRCUIT II RTH2 = R2+(R1*R3)/(R1+R3), IT2 = V2/RTH2, I= = IT2*R1/(R2+R3). WHEN V1 IS SHORT CIRCUITED:

( 2 . 2

( 1

I 1 ( 0 ( 5 . 6 K ) R 3 1 0 ) m A ( 0 V 3 0 ) 2 V

WITH V1 AND V2:

( 2 . 2

( 1

I 1 V ( 0 1 V ( 5 . 6 K ( 0 ) R 3 1 0 ) m A ( 0 V 2 V

3 0 )

3 0 )

CIRCUIT III With V1 and V2

IT = I1+I2. THEORY: With the help of this resistance theorem, we can find the current through or the voltage across the given element in a linear circuit consisting of two or more sources. In a linear circuit containing more than one source, the current that flows at any point or voltage that exists between any two points is the algebraic sum of current or voltage. That would have been reduced by each source taken separately with one other replaced or removed. Total resistance is equal to R1+R2+RL. IL = (E1-E2)/( R1+R2+RL), IL = IL+(-IL), Where IL is the current to RL because of E1, IL is current to RL because of E2, IL is current to RL because of E1 and E2. PROCEDURE: i.
ii.

Connections are made as per circuit diagram. For various values of total current I1 and I2, IL is measured from the ammeter reading. Then verify the theoretical value for different voltage.

iii.

TABULATION FOR SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

THEORETIC AL S. No . VOLTA GE (V) EXPERIMENT AL VALUE VALUE EXPERIMENT AL VALUE THEORETIC AL VALUE VOLTA GE (V) EXPERIMENT AL VALUE THEORETIC AL VALUE

I1 (mA)

I1 (mA)

I2 (mA)

I2 (mA)

IT (mA)

IT (mA)

1 . CALCULATIONS: CIRCUIT - 1 Rth1 = R1 + (R2*R3)/(R2 + R3), IT1 = V1/RTH1, I1 = IT1*R2*(R2+R3), CIRCUIT 2 RTH2 = R2+(R1*R3)/(R1+R3), IT2 = V2/RTH2, I= = IT2*R1/(R2+R3), CIRCUIT 3 IT = I1+I2 RESULT: Thus, the superposition theorem was verified.

THEORETICAL CIRCUIT:

L 1 k

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT:

( 2 . 2

D V ( 0 3 0 ) V

I L

I 3 ( 0 - 1 0 ) m A

Expt. No5.(a). Date :.

VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER Page No..

AIM: To verify the value of load resistance corresponding to power transfer. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. FORMULA:

COMPONENTS RPS Ammeter Resistor DRD

RANGE (0 - 30)V (0 - 10)mA 2.2K (0-100)K

QUANTITY 1 1 1 1

Power = [I*I]RL RL is the value of resistance for which maximum power is delivered. THEORY: Maximum power will be delivered from the voltage source to the load resistance. This source to terminal resistance of network. Consider a voltage will be delivered from a voltage source from a internal resistance RG, connected to a load resistance. When the power transfer to the load is maximum RL = RG. At this solution the total resistance RL+RG=2 RL and load current IL = RG/2RL. Power distributed to RL = (IL*I2)RL MODEL GRAPH:

Power (mW) Pmax

Rmax Resistance

TABULATION FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER S. No. 1. RESISTANCE () CURRENT (mA) POWER P = (I*I)RL (mW)

(VG*VG)KRL. Under the condition, the efficiency is 50%, since only half of the total power generated is less in dissipation within the source. PROCEDURE: i.
ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Supply voltage is fixed at 10V. Load resistance, RL is varied. Current through RL is noted. Step 2 is repeaed for various of RL. Power dissipated in PLP = (I*I)RL, is calculated. The Power of resistance RL from which maximum power delivered is found from the graph plotted resistance on X-axis and power on Y-axis.

vii.

RESULT: Thus, the maximum power transfer theorem was verified.

a). RECIPROCITY THEOREM:

V R 2 R 4

To find Output Current when Source is connected at AA input R1

R 1 R 3 R 5

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT: CIRCUIT I

( 1

( 1

(3 2

I 2 V ( 0 3 0 ) V ( 1 K ) R 2 ( 1 0 0 K ) R 4 ( 0 - 3 0 ) m A

Expt. No5.(b).

VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM

Date AIM: To verify the value of load resistance corresponding to reciprocity theorem. :. Page No.. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. 1. 2. 3. FORMULA:

COMPONENTS RPS Ammeter Resistor

RANGE (0 - 30)V (0 - 15)mA

100, 220K, 1K

QUANTITY 1 1 1

Applying measurement analysis to the values given Ia = Ib = I3 = 3/ - determinant of resistance matrix 3 determinant of resistance matrix whose third column is replaced by voltage matrix RECIPROCITY THEOREM STATEMENTS: In linear, bilateral network the voltage source, b volts in a branch gives a current in another branch. If Vis applied in second branch, the current in the first branch in the B2. This V/I is called transfer resistance or Impedance. CIRCUIT II:

( 1

1 ( 1

R 2 32 (

V I 3 ( 0 5 0 ) m A ( 1 K ) R 2 ( 1 0 0 K ( 0 ) R 3 4 0 ) V

TABULATION FOR RECIPROCITY THEOREM: THEORETICAL VALUE S. VOLTAGE No. (V) PRACTICAL VALUE

IA (mA)

IB (mA)

IA (mA)

IB (mA)

THEORY: The reciprocity theorem states that a linear bilateral network the voltage source V volts in a branch gives rise to a current I, in another branch. The ratio V/I, is a constant then the position of V and I are interchange. It is found that on changing the voltage source from branch 1 to 2. The current I in branch 2 appears in branch one as shown in the figure. The circuit AA denote the input terminals and BB denotes the output terminals. The application of voltage B cross AA produces current I at BB. The position of source and responses are in interchange then by continuity voltage across BB. The resultant current I will be at the terminals AA. According to Reciprocity theorem, the ratio of input to responses in both cases. This theorem is also valid theorem for network connect the single current source. PROCEDURE: i. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

ii.
iii.

The source voltage is connected as input side at AA. Source B is varied and the corresponding values of current Ia, is noted. Connect the circuit as per circuit- II. The source voltage B is connected at output side BB. The source voltage B is varied in same steps and is 3 corresponding is noted. According to this theorem, Ia and Ib should be same. Theoretical values in Ia and Ib are calculated and varying with practical values.

iv. v. vi.
vii. viii.

CALCULATION: RESULT: Thus, the reciprocity theorem was verified.