Review for Sensation and Perception Exam 1 What is Sensation? Perception? Ability is to detect a stimulus.

. Perception is the interpretation of the stimulus. What is meant by a threshold? Highest or lowest change that can be detected 50% of the time. Walking by 50% and other 50% might not notice. Who is Gustav Fechner, and what is his main contribution to the field of Psychology? Fechner-first to establish psychophysics by applying a mathematical law to observations of Webers. Increase stimulus-increase of perception of stimulus . Additive is additive. What is the major difference between Fechner and Webers Laws and Stevens Power Law? Stevens allows for exponential increase in sensation. Exponent is usually less than 1. Perception will increase by 33%. .3. In regards to pain the exponent increase 4 times. Perception is more than stimulus intensity. Stevens power law relates to scaling. Why are thresholds described using 50% of the time? Because of internal noise, creates interference. Varies perception. In Signal Detection Theory, what is ROC? Receiver operating characteristic-change criterion for the knowledge. Change behavior not threshold. Changing response time. Sensitivity does not really change. How does an Action Potential (depolarization) occur? Neuron NT bind to dendrite. Changes comformation of the membrane. Inside becomes less negative. Becomes depolarized. Reaches -50. -35. -90 is hyperpolarization. What is meant by refraction? Alerting a course of a wave that passes into something from another medium. Ex hair curly shower hair straight. What 4 parts of the eye refract light? Cornea, lens, aqueous humor, vitrious humor. What is the structure and function of the fovea?

Structure-Cones. Functions best daytime in well lit conditions. Center of visual field. Describe emmetropia, myopia, hyperopia, and presbyopia. Emmetropia-Normal vision. Light from visual field enters correctly and converge at correct point of retina. Myopia- Light enters and converges in front of retina. Nearsightedness. Hyperopia-Converges behind the retina. Farsightedness. Presbyopia- lens does not shrink or expand well enough to accommodate. Old sight. Describe the numbers of cones vs rods, and how this translates to visual acuity and sensitivity. Fewer Cones than rods. More cones towards the center aka fovea. More rods in periphery . Size of cones became larger when in periphery than rods. Visual acuity is for cones. Sensitivity is for rods. Diffused bipolar cells in periphery for cones or rods. What are visual pigment molecules made of, in rods and cones? Rods-Rhodopsin Cones-1 of the three types of color visual pigments. Chromoforce capture light photons. Opsin protein chromofour. Describe the neuronal path that visual information takes immediately from the eye. Photoreceptor-Bipolar Cells-Horizontal/Amacrine-Ganglion Cells Center-surround receptive fields On center-Center of field will fire. Periphery will not. Off center-center of field no firee. Periphery will fire. Explain the path visual information takes as it exits the eye Exits the eye. Ganglion Cells-Optic Nerve-Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)Peripheral Info goes to the Superior Chiasmic Nucleus(SCN)-Optic RadiationV1 occipital lobe-What(Ventral-names and functions) and Where(Dorsallocations and shapes) pathway-Infero Temporal Cortex-Parietal Lobe. How do spots of light become bars in the striate cortex? LGN does it. Spots of light activate retinal ganglion. LGN makes a bar out of the spots of light. Sends info as a bar of light rather than spots. Sends it to the striate cortex.

How does a 0 degree simple cell in the striate cortex respond to a light bar oriented to 0 degrees? A dark bar? How is this different from a complex cell? How would either respond to a light bar oriented to 45 degrees? Lots of firing. A dark bar gets minimal firing. Complex cell with dark bar will have lots of firing. Simple and Complex will have minimal response if oriented to a 45 degrees. Orientation governs response.

A .5 mm column in the striate cortex has cells that are sensitive to (the same) (different) orientations. Different

What is a hypercolumn? Has every possible orientation with input from both eyes.

Be able to explain the points of Gestalt theory, and how it relates to vision. Also be able to explain Gestalt grouping rules and figure-ground assignment principles. The whole is greater than the sum of the part-Gestalt Theory. Gestalt effectsensory ability to generate whole parts. Set of rules that describe when an image will group together. Figure-ground assignment principles-Rules for making contours/borders. Good continuation. Two elements will group together if they lie on the same contour. Then there will be no sharp turns. Texture/Segmentation carving an image into regions of common texture properties. Similarity-Similar looking items tend to group. Proximityitems tend to group if near each other. Parallelism-parallel contours belong to the same figure. Symmetry-symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen. Common Region-two features will group if they appear to be part of the same larger region. Connectedness-two items will tend to group if they are connected. Common fate-move in the same direction if grouped together. Synchrony-elements that change at the same time group together. Camouflage-animals group to their surrounding.

Process of determining some regions of an image belong to the foreground=figure and other regions are part of the background=ground. Surroundedness-surround is likely to be the ground. Size-smaller regions is the figure. Symmetry-symmetrical region is in the figure. Parallelismregions with parallel contours are in the figure. Extremal edges-if the edges are shaded they are seen in the figure. Relative motion-if one region moves in front of another the closer region is the figure.

Know what the term grandmother cell means Neurons for specific people.

Differences between receptive fields of different stops along the pathway (e.g. how do receptive fields of IT neurons differ from those of LGN neurons.) IT have large receptive field. Dont respond to spots or lines but respond well to hand and faces. LGN have small receptive field. Respond to spots or lines. Primary visual cortex has a small receptive field.

Understand Selfridges Pandemonium model.

Selfridge-letter recognition. Perceptual committee is made up of demons represent neurons. Each level is a different brain area. Object A is most excited because three lines; cognitive demon ex-is little excited because the number two shapes same. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/pandemonium.html

Know and be able to explain these 5 principles of middle vision: (helpful examples)

a. b.

Bring together that which should be brought together (grouping) Split asunder that which should be split asunder (grouping, relatability, straight lines)-Snowmen next to a house.. is not part of house even though its attached. Use what you know (T-junctions, Y-junctions, arrow junctions) Top of T is front. Stem of T is in the back. Y is corner facing the observer. Arrowindicate corners facing away from the observer. Avoid accidents (accidental viewpoints less likely)-Ambiguous figure-Hlaf an E. Perceptual committee obeys the law of physics. Tries to make sense out of the info. White house in the middle of pacmen but its white. Not really a house. Seek consensus and avoid ambiguity (rule out unlikely hypotheses: Bayesian approach)-

c.

d.

e.

Be able to explain prosopagnosia

Inability to recognize faces.

Be able to explain detection, discrimination, and appearance in terms of color perception. Detection is wavelengths of light must be detected in the first place. They respond to a variety of wavelengths. Discrimination-tell the difference between the wavelengths if its additive or subtractive. Invariance says it doesnt. Lots of wavelengths so its hard to discriminate. Rods at night cant see them. Appearance-assign color to lights and surfaces regardless of light shining conditions.

Know the difference between additive and subtractive color processes

When you add red and green it turns yellow. Its produced equally from L and M cones. Same response as the M cone. Effects of the two light add togethers. Blue and yellow add together to give white. Subtractive color if A and B mix some of the light shining of the surface will subtract from A and from B. Remainder is color. How can red and green look identical to yellow? (hint: metamers) Metramers are different mixtures of wavelengths that are identical. Generally any pair of stimuli that are perceived are identical despite of physical differences. Red and green look like yellow. Know photopic and scotopic conditions Photopic is the sun/day light and scotopic/night light is the moon.