Derivation of the Expression for Zin for the gyrator circuit of Figure 1 Date: November 18, 2006 Author:

hgmjr With contributions by: JoeJester

Figure 1: Gyrator Circuit from Wikipedia.org The general expression for Zin is written:

Z in =

Vin I in

Eq. 1

This search for the expression for Zin of the circuit in figure 1 begins with the derivation of the gain of the op-amp. It should be obvious from inspection that since the output of the op-amp is connected directly to the negative input of the op-amp the following expression is true.

e ( ) = Vo
Where e(-) represents the voltage at the op-amps negative terminal

Eq. 2

Using Millmans Theorem, the expressions for the voltage at the positive terminal can be written as shown below.

e(+ ) =

Vin Xc 1 1 + R Xc
Eq. 3

Where e(+) represents the voltage at the op-amps positive terminal

Xc is used to represent the capacitive reactance of the capacitor C in the circuit of figure 1. 1 XC = Eq. 4 sC

Where s represents the complex variable j The basic assumption for op-amps indicates that:

e ( ) = e (+ )
With this assumption in place, it is possible to write:

Eq. 5

Vo =

1 1 + R Xc

Vin Xc

Eq. 6

Multiply the numerator and denominator on the right-hand side of the equation above by RXc to arrive at:

Vo =

RVin R + XC

Eq. 7

Next, write the expression for Iin from inspection:

I in =

Vin VO Vin + RL R + XC

Eq. 8

Expand the first term on the right-hand side of the above expression to arrive at the expression:

I in =

Vin VO Vin + RL RL R + X C

Eq. 9

Replace Vo in the above expression with the expression previously obtained for the gain of the op-amp (Eq. 7).

I in =

Vin Vin R Vin + RL RL (R + X C ) R + X C

Eq. 10

Rearrange the terms on the right-hand side of the above expression to obtain the expression below.

I in =

Vin Vin Vin R + RL R + X C RL (R + X C )

Eq. 11

Factor Vin out of the terms on the right-hand side of the above expression to arrive at:

1 1 R + I in = Vin R L R + X C RL (R + X C )

Eq. 12

Dividing both the left-hand and the right-hand side of the expression above by Vin, the expression below is obtained. Note that the expression below equates to the input admittance of the gyrator.

1 I in 1 R = R + R + X R (R + X ) Vin C L C L

Eq. 13

By combining the first and second term of the above expression, the expression below is obtained.

R + R + XC I in R = L R (R + X ) Vin RL (R + X C ) C L

Eq. 14

By redistributing the first term on the right-hand side of the above expression, the expression below is arrived at.

RL + X C I in R R = + R ( R + X ) R (R + X ) Vin R L (R + X C ) C L C L

Eq. 15

The second and third term on the right-hand side of the expression cancel each other to yield.

RL + X C I in = R (R + X ) Vin C L

Eq. 16

Inverting both the left-hand and right-hand side of the above expression gives:

R (R + X C ) Vin = L R +X I in L C
Substitute the value for Xc to arrive at the following expression:

Eq. 17

Vin I in

1 RL R + sC = 1 RL + sC

Eq. 18

Multiply the numerator and denominator in the above expression by sC to arrive at the expression:

R (sCR + 1) Vin = L sCR + 1 I in L

The result of all of this manipulation is the following expression:

Eq 19

sCRRL + RL Vin = sCR + 1 I in L

Eq. 20

Next, the expression in Wikipedia will be equated to the result in equation 20 above in effort to establish that they are equivalent. In Wikipedia, the expression for Zin is written as follows:

1 Z IN = (RL + sRL RC ) || R + sC
Equation 20 in this analysis yielded the final expression for Zin as:

Eq. 21

Z IN =

sCRRL + RL RL + sR L RC = sCRL + 1 sCRL + 1

Eq. 22

The following exercise is undertaken to prove that the two expressions Eq. 21 and Eq. 22 are equivalent. To begin the proof, the two expressions are tentatively set equal to each other.

(RL + sRL RC ) || R +

R + sRL RC 1 ? L sC sCRL + 1

Eq. 23

Expanding the left-hand side of the equation yields the following equality.

(RL + sRL RC ) R +

1 RL + sRL RC sC ? 1 sCRL + 1 RL + sRL RC + R + sC

Eq. 24

The next step involves multiplying the right-hand side of the equation above by the unity factor (R+(1/sC))/(R+(1/sC)) as shown in the expression below. This is done as a means of introducing the term needed to make the numerators on both sides of the equal sign take on the same value.

(RL + sRL RC ) R +

1 sC 1 RL + sRL RC + R + sC

R + sRL RC ? L sCR + 1 L

R + R +

1 sC 1 sC

Eq. 25

Next, the right-hand side of the expression above is collected into a single fractional expression.

(RL + sRL RC ) R +

1 sC ? 1 RL + sRL RC + R + sC

(RL + sRL RC ) R +

1 sC (sCRL + 1) R + 1 sC

Eq. 26

By expanding the expression in the right-hand side denominator, the overall expression takes on the form below.

(RL + sRL RC ) R +

1 sC ? 1 RL + sRL RC + R + sC

(RL + sRL RC ) R +

1 sC 1 sCRL R + R + RL + sC

Eq. 27

Some rearranging of the terms in the right-hand side denominator yields the final answer which appears to indicate that the two expressions are indeed equal.

(RL + sRL RC ) R +

1 sC = 1 RL + sRL RC + R + sC

(RL + sRL RC ) R +

1 sC 1 RL + sRL RC + R + sC

Eq. 28

With the final expression in Eq. 28, it is fairly safe to conclude that the simplified expression for Zin contained in Eq. 20 describes the impedance of the gyrator from the Wikipedia presentation and pictured in Figure 1 at the beginning of this document.