THE TEL-X-OMETER, TEL.

580

PART 1 : INSTRUCTION MANUAL.

PARA 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 INTRODUCTION The free electron The bonded electron High voltage acceleration THE TEL.X.OMETER . COMMISSIONING THE INSTRUMENT SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE FAULT FINDING REPLACEMENT OF X-RAY TUBE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES MONITORING INSTRUMENTS OPERATIONAL ALIGNMENT EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION TILT ADJUSTMENT OF X-RAY TUBE

FIGURE IDENTIFICATION 2 3 4 MOUNTING OF CUBIC C!tYSTALS MOUNTING OF GLASS FIBRES CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

hinged cover plate

'tilt' adjust gru?

drive cord termination

cable port

cable port

dome locking screw

crystal post

basic port

r w
carriage arm knurled clutch plate
E S spring clip

manual control thumb wheel

ball ended spigot

aluminium/lead back stop

FIG. 1 - IDENTIFICATION 0

All the

accessories,
exception of

kits
the

and items are packed separately

Fi Impaks, kits there the is space large allocated Accessory within

but,
for Box,

with

1.0 INTRODUCTION The physics formu Iate that the avai lable century, traditional investigations. 2.0 The Free Electron basis that the historical was disregarded sequence of the and SERIES A, "THE evolution, the and time teachers and research metals thermionic scientists who helped to been of the

every marked 6.0 Li ft

item in all the TEL 582/3/4.

COMMISSIONING the s, lead; instrument incl uding p lace

THE INSTRUMENT out the the of the box and bag fuses into remove all packing the power jack-plug

the "TE LTRONAPPROACH ATOM PHYS TO IC ICS" reasoned and good high vacuum equipment of the "golden emission as the vehicle era" at the turn physics would have replaced of atomic to the genuises then gas discharge
material supply contained plastic spare bag which and the the houses

had refractory

miniature

in the

plastic

Accessory

Box TEL582/3/4.

6.1 MainsPowerSupply
Attach wi ring a plug to the power supp Iy cab Ie In accordance instruction sheet. plastics Scatter Shield closed, ti It the with the

It was on this evolution although presentation simpl ified is reduced series ai r;

of this it differs

subject

With the transparent

PRODUCTION PROPERTIES THE FREEELECTRON",was prepared; AND OF

from the chronological in terms and understanding and expenditure to a minimum. with a simple diode Thermionic Effect followed of crucial experiment experimental in zone of the argument is very much

Instrument onto its hinge and ensure that the Power Sel ector on the unders ide of the instrument i nd icates the correct mai ns voltage; and replace, corresponds Check that screwed in. to re-adjust the selector pull out the black the plug

of both finance

with the arrow pointing

towards

legend which laboratory. y

to the power supp Iy ava i Iabl e in the

A starts this

both the Power Fuse and the EHT Fuse are securel

dictates

the need for an evacuated is introduced, series

and the thermionic free electrons

by the triode gun. Produc i ng steps necessary is to

6.2 Radiation Warning Sign (Ref,ICRP Publication 13, para 20) Remove the yellow, the top priate I ining sign black and white radiation case; warning card or from

and the deve Iopment of a si mpled iode electron in this manner.a recommended perform The entire thorough the next these and a II the exper imenta I apparatus steps is avai lab le. is designed

board of the packing the Tel-X-Ometer".

cut out the appro-

and affix

to "the entrance

to the enclosure

room containing such that the nature a of

programme of experiments cruc ia I step. of Series

exam i nat ion of each phenomenon suggests

6.3 Mechanicallnspection The transparent plastics in the Radiation 'safe" Scat-rer Shield which comspigot.

At the culmination and "weighed enon of the simi larly imposed sicist changed 3.0

A the eiectron but during

has been produced the phenomarbitrari Iy phyand is not exp Ia i ned and

pletely encl()ses the experimental zone (ref:

normally locked position Th i s sp i got aluminium Symbol (ref: To open the sideways with locates in a key-ha le s Iat situated displaying the International 19 and see Fig.I).

ICRP para 17) is

and measured";

the series,

by a ball-ended

glow i ng of a I umi nous screen of 5000 volts voltages.

beh i nd the' Radiation

a I imitation for accelerating

is seemingly to the

back-stop

The discriminating luminescence of the electron

ICRP para

wi II seek

both an explanation the properties induced

un it the ent Ire Scatter respect to the hinge; the cover

Sh i e Id shou Id be d i sp laced the spigot wi II automatic-

a verification

that

are un-

by accelerations

by more than 5000 volts.

ally

Iine up with the left hand or right hand release

can be I ifted; is self-supporting beyond the vertical

port and
when

The Bonded Electron of the Luminescent Tube, TEL 522 introduces energy levels.

the Shield

A re-examination to 4.0 field emission,

it has been I ifted Check that that limits the

I ine of the hinge. in trans i t; lamps

SERIES B, "A CONCEPT THE ELECTRON OF WITHIN THE ATOM", leading isotopes and electron

no vis i b Ie screws spectrometer

have been loosened the lenses

arm can be moved around to the sca Ie that on the signal

in both directions;

High Voltage Accelerati~n of accelerating voltages of the order of 30,000

are ti ght etc. Lower the Shield to the locked 'operating' position; repeat

The employment

volts introduces SERIES D, "THE PRODUCTION, PROPERTIES NDUSES A OF X-RAYS".

A simple evacuated thermionic the diode is postulated wattage having an d i ss ipation

the open ing procedure

in the opposite

di rection.

6.4 Safety Interlocks (ref, ICRPpara 18) To become fami I iar with the open the plate. Open and close the Interlock the Scatter Sh i e Id observ Ing the operat ion of note the ball note that when it and socket note the Sh i el d canis open; Rep Iace and screw rad iat ion Scatter whi ch reta i n the hinge cover interlock p Iate, system, see Fi g. I; displace and

anode which can to Ierate

increased

required when a potential

acrOSS the cathode

difference

of 30,000 volts

is imposed
were

Sh i e Id and remove the two screws remove the

and anode. voltages in his

In November 1895 simi lar very high accelerating being employed by Professor Wilhelm R8ntgen at WUrzburg in Bavaria. Cl ear IY the use of 30,000
health hazards the 5.0 and through R8ntgen's which wi 11 exist

laboratories

system at the hinge; direction of

i nd i cat ion of the centra I pas i t ion; vo Its will

work it the require

introduce
is use known of

a hazard
that

to

not be moved in a sideways

additional apparatus

special

the "fai i-safe" down the hinge

dupl ication cover p Iate.

interlocks.

TEL-X-OME TER, TEL 580.

Using a wide bladed

TEL-X-OMETER, of units factory. the the the are TEL 580 instrument del ivered I f any suppl ier has been carefully condition when should be used. designed as they to

screw driver of the controls

each

turn

the

large plate

screw-heads I; note the which locks

located that glass

Sw itch plates access in the is same apparent

at each side dome in position

fixed are to underneath unlocked the X-ray

lead-glass a plastics
locking

dome, see Fig.

The packaging ensure leave case that the is

each screw-head

and at the same time activates

plate; when the lead-glass dome can be removed

a microthese for

damage of the

j.he pack i ng be notified

opened and

equipment not

immediately

instrument

Should

tube.

ReTurn each screw-head Scatter

to the dome-locked

position, pos i t ion.

close

the

An additional

external

and even remote. indicator

can be coninto

Sh iel d and si i de to the central

nected, if required, by inserting the "monitor tube 'current" socket panel; any such external norma I tube current. ,6.10 If it circuit

the jack-plug provided recessed in the control must operate

6.5 Initial Switch On (rei: ICRP para 21)

at 50 ~A, the

Connect the mains supply to the unit by depressing the POWER

()-.I switch funcTion facTOr. (WHITE>on the control when the Time Switch When this is performed panel; is rotated both the the unit will only time to the required fi lament of the

Radiation levels (ref: ICRP para 17) is desired to monitor the radiation should readings about without be directed level around the field to

X-ray tube and the POWER-ON lamp (WHITE) wi II be ill uminated. 6.6 Condensation After ature sation the instrument has experi enced changes of the surrounding inside a short the air apparent in the tempera si ight condendome; the but at

instrument,

due attention false observe

to the R.F. monitor; of lead

which can induce sheet in various

in the radiation of a piece the detector; placing "safe the

veri fy the readings

the effect

positions surface

if the readof 50mm lead directly the R. F. reading. National Codes of on by for approved and Science of

and the humidity is sometimes

ings can be made to fall from the external between the detector field

below 0.5 mR/hr at a distance

lead-glass

Tel-X-Ometer

warms up after

peri od in operation

and the X-ray tube anode then level"

no Ti me shoul d any part

of the

instrument

seem too hot to the

t
r
'"

is "swamping" an otherwise is certified

touch of the hand. The Tel-X-Ometer The operating densation temperature for the is sufficient first five to evaporate minutes; if, any conon depressis Radiation Practice Radiological the British Administrative and it is Therefore recommended that only the fi laby the British International instrument under Protection Board as complying the with all is also

recommended by the Protection; establ

Conmission

ment is energised heard evident further then five

ing The X-RAYS ONbuTton (RED), a faint

some electrical discharge and the equipmenT should

'crackl ing' noise is

to run for a

Government Department ishments Memorandum 1/65.

of Education

due to dampness fi lament operating.

use in educational

the provisions

be allowed

minuTes with only the

6.11 Manufac1urer's Serial Number 6.7 X-Rays On/X-Rays Off Proc:emre (rei: ICRP para 18) To sw itch with off the EHT, d i sp Iace the Scatter to the hinge. in the central locked position and depress be illumSh ie Id sideways The Tel-X-Ometer through the perimeter The Serial shroud aTtempt, effected the red lamp does not centred; illuminate, isatlon wi II the 7.0 SERVICING & MAINTENANCE As with all for course ally Teltron demonstrat equipment the Tel-X-Ometer has been designapparatus used' without is convection cooled, the unit the air being drawn in around

a wire mesh underneath

and expelled metal through

respect

of the top of the cyl indrical is vjsible instrument

housing. the wireto the

Replace inated. If,

the Shield

Number of each unit of the

the X-RAYSON button;

the X-RAYSON lamp (RED) will

mesh on the underside

and is affixed

of the EHT Transformer.

aT the first

check that

the Shield

is correctly

if central at the hinge

is not properly not act i vate

the micro-switches

the EHT ci rcu i t aOO the

red Iamp will

not i II urn-

ed to withstand experiences

the abuse and misuse which all ion and student and it wi 11 operate for

i naTe; centra I i se the Sh Ie Id correct X-RAYS ()-.Ibutton. 6.8 Electronic Charge Persistence

I y and aga n dep ress

pract ical work trad i t ionlong periods

the need for mai ntenance. Some items however will The EHT Tor the circuit, provide in this sulaTed charge absence electronic some hours X-ray pulse position..or A special Iy after pulse followed circuit for on these unit is derived from a sol id state type multipl invertor ier to inthe the useful fuses, life of the by a Cockcroft-Walton output. become charged; volts capacitors persists this require instrument attention at. some time during lamps,

the two indicator

the re Iay and the X-ray tube. Iamps and the X-ray tube and replacement have a nomi na I life wl II be infrequent. in

a smooTh d.c. 30,000

In operation, the EHT circuit

the capacitors is well off

The I nd Icator excess

and when the EHT is switched for many hours. charge

of 1,000 hours

In the

of special ci rcuit after not. protection

precautions,

would be a hazard there would

7.1 Replacement of "POWER-ON" and "X-RA VS ON" Lamps. Switch off and disconnect Open Shield from mains supply. polystyrene tubing lens. about lOom in

to techn i ci ans who may wish to perform a Iso be a rad i at ion hazard the would be.emitted if the

serv i ce work on the

or to change the X-ray tube; un it had been sw itched whether off

and unscrew the coloured

f i lament shou Id be energ i sed whereupon an be safely in the Shield

With the end of a piece diameter Similarly

of sti ff plastic

unscrew and remove the bulb. insert lens. and screw in the new bulb.

ci rcuit

has therefore

been incorporated inmediateth i s by

Replace

which provides serves

a short

energy-pulse

to the fi lament

7.2 Replacement of "POWER FUSE" and "EHT FUSE" lhese fuses are readi Iy a.ccessible on the underside of the has

the power to the to discharge flash the

un i t has been disconnected; the EHT circuit instrument

and can be observed is de-energised

as a bright sw iTch i ng off

each time the

instrument been used. Note that ei ther or a

and will

on Iy requ i re rep Iacement

if a fau It occurs fuse link

"POWER-ON"contro I

in the power uni t c i rcu i ts or if an incorrect

6.9 Visible and Audible Signals (ref: ICRP para 19) The X-RAYS()-.I Iamp (RED>, the POWER ON Iamp (WH ITE) and the

the EHT fuse

(see c i rcu i t diagram,

FS. 2) must be

f i lament i tse If can a II be read i IY observed the instrument.

from a I I around

I Amp, Delay Type (originally 2 Amp, Quick Blow Type. fusel ink,

suppl ied)

The only other The EHT generator vides an audible operates indication at high frequency that the (R.F.) which proinstrument is operating. components is located

FS.3 is provided

to protect

expensive

in the event of an abnorma 1 fa i Iure and as such it within the instrument. 2

7.3 Access to the Electronic Components

Switch off and disconnect from mains Supply.

I f X-Rays On Iamp does not i II uminate, if replacement switched on, check EHT stabi I iser. transistors
8.3

check EHT fuse;

fuse

blows when power is

Open Shield Unscrew the the h i nges, Carefully it the

and remove hinge lock nut retaining located see Fig. J. release, in turn, and affix vertical side

cover

plate. for VCE short Fau It:

If EHT fuse blows check osc i II ator or collector to chassis short. but tube

each end of the spectrometerunderneath

arm dri ve cord,

at the back of the apparatus

Elementary

"POWER ON" Iamp operates f i lament ta i I s to

I II umi nate.

each end of the drive it with a piece of the Manual Control,

cord,

keeping tape to

Poss i b Ie Causes:

Tube pin contact Tube heater cont i nu i ty. Fi lament supply

defective. ve; check

under tension respective

of adhesive

coi I defecti

made of

orange

pi ast i cs ",ateri a I. the hinge chamber remove the two screws used for

fuse defective. before fusel ink. 6 and 13.

Fi lament supp Iy stab i I i ser defect i ve; From inside terminating Close I nvert the check input voltage the drive-cord. Shield. onto a piece the flange of soft tab Ie. by ti Iting it upwards and cloth and remove body to 9.0 REPLACEMENT OF X-RAY TUBE, TEL 581 IMPORTANT: If a tube is being replaced due to a faulty ment, ensure instrument cuit correct capacitors to discharge. 7.4 Replacement of Fuselink FS. 3 that was last at Ieast operated; 6 hours has elapsed since protection the cirthe time the discharge III umination Fi lament supply check heater wiring defective;

the Scatter the

supp Iy on pins

instrument fixing

four

screws

of the cyl indrical

the base-cast Li ft the

i ng of the spectrometer cyl indrical housing

fi la-

flanged

away from the hinge

reg ion and carefu 11y gu ide it away from disconnect the cab Ie connector. ci rcuit board are now

the muIt i-p Iug cab Ie connector; The electronic accessible. components

(see 6.8)

depends on the

of the fi lament for sufficient

on the printed

operation;

if the fi lament is not operating, must be allowed

in the EHT circuit

9. I
Th i s fuse protects aod is fitted circuit board close the supp Iy to the heater to one of the transistor only if the output vo Itage stab i I i ser 9.2 in an open fuseho Ider mounted on the pr i nted cool ing plates. terminals of the

Disconnect Displace

the unit

from main supply. Shield (see 6.3) and re-

and open the Scatter

move the 9.3

lead g Iass dome (see 6.4). is being replaced, carefully I ift off the top

It .wi II require

replacement

If a tube

stab i I i ser are shorted occurs in the stabiliser

FUSE TYPE:

externa II y or if an i nterna I short circuit itself. 2 Amp Quick Blow Type. r

cap connector direction. 9.4

and remove the tube

by pu II i ng in a vert ica I

Exami ne the new tube and ensu re that in transit.

the anode has not

been dislocated 9.5

7.5 Replacement of Interlock Relay The re Iay contro Is the ator Spring replace and the correct off the spring inter locked sw itch Ing of the EHT generdischarge the c i rcu it. relay; Ori ent the new tube such that then the bubb le window is fac i;'g of the tube into the base is in of the hel ical fi lament the c rysta I post; push the pins

funct i on of the safety cl ip; unplug

retaining cl ip.

and replace

connector, ensuring that the axis the di rection 28 = e = 00.

NOTE: portant

The bubble
feature to

window may be si ightly

I Ine up is the f i lament.

offset,

but the

im-

8.0 It

FAULT FINDING is recommended that the should rectification by the user; be returned Fault: unless professional for more obscure to the supplier. facl I ities faults are faults the in-

9.6 9.7 9.8

Carefully Replace Place

replace the

the top cap connector. dome and lock in position.

TEL 582.001

lead glass

available strument 8.1

of only minor and obvious

the

I mmCoil imator,

in the Basic

Port

are attempted

with the slot

9.9 Place

HORIZONTAL. the I mm Coil imator

SI ide,

TEL 562.015

at E.S.13

Elementary

Ind icator Iamp fa i Is to operate and the tube f i Iament fa i Is to i I Iumi nate.

with the slot 9.10

HORIZONTAL.

Mount the G/M tube and holder (polarising 30KV and close Arm in the zero a 100 I1A meter supply

at E-S.22. 420 volts). the Scatter

Connect to

Poss i b Ie Causes:

the Ratemeter 9. II Se Iect

about

Mains plug defective. Ti mer switch not operated. Power fuse defect i ve. 0 iode br i dge 02 -05 or D6 -09 defecti ve. Transformer T.I defective. and centre position. to the 'Monitor Tube Current' plug provided. if Sh i e Id with the Carriage 9.12 jack 9.13 Connect socket Switch

on the control Power On; the

panel,

using the jack should

filament

be illuminated i fit does not

8.2

Elementary

Fault:

"POWERON" Iamp fa i Is to operate but tube f i Iament does ill uminate. lamp defective. defect i ve. defective. "X-RAYS ON" lamp then "POWEI'; ON"

the time sw itch Illuminate, 9.14 should

9.15

is not in the off as in para. On' button;

pos it ion;

proceed

8.0. the Red Ind icator Lamp

Poss i b Ie Causes:

Indicator

EHT fuse dEdeci i ve. EHT stab i I iser EHT csci Ilator Operate "X-RAYS ON" momentari Iy and observe =witch off instrument.
If lamp or the associated wiring is I amp operates, defective.

Operate

'X-Rays

illuminate
Check

(see 6.7). the tube current can be var ied from 20 to

that

80 uA and set

at 50uA.

I F THE TUBE CURRENTCANNOT BE VARI EO UP TO 80 11 REPORT TH IS A TO THE SUPPLIER OF THE INSTRUMENT. taken by a tra i ned techn i c i an).

(Adjustment

can be under-

Mode H (Horizontal)

The ho I" is in placed that over position the

in' He Basic

end Port

face in the of

of

the

9.16 'Height' Adjustment Remove the lower black rubber grummet located just below the

Auxi i iary dome and Primary

Carriage then held

glass the of by

by one axis

or

other of the

hinge extens i on.

The screw-head thus exposed contra 15 the "he i ght" of the X-ray

Coil imators.

In this

mode the

centre

each experimental
the X-ray beam.

si ide is HORIZONTAL and

is

transcribed

tube. 9.17 Using a screwdriver, slowly rotate the screwhead anp at

Note that angle

the Carriage

Arm is now restricted

to a maximum 28

the same time observe Note that the count

the Ratemeter. rate rate depends on the height of the tube;

of 1000. The end face of the Auxll Iary over the minor diameter Post, of the Knurled see Fig.l; the

Mode V (Vertical) Carriage Clutch is placed Plate

obta i n a peak count

and rep Iace the black grummet. work with the Tel-X-Ometer, procedure as detai led in para

Before commencing experimental carry 14.0. out the "ti It" adjustment

screwed over the Crystal

crystal mounting jaw and screw should be removed. In this mode the axis of the centre of each experimental slide is VERTICALand co-incident meter table. with the pivot axis of the spectro-

10.0 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 10.1 Primary Beam: The X-ray emi ss ion from 'i'he tube glass this ful dome to be a circular primary beam diverges beam diameter is co II i mated at the Port lead

The X-ray beam now passes to the centre can be adjusted i ng Iy. 10.5 Knurled Clutch Plate When the Cl utch PI ate I ine axis. by screwing

through

the si ides at right of the Auxi I iary Plate

angles Carriai;je

The height the Cl utch

beam of 5mmdiameter, from the Basic Post of

see Fig.l; to give a useat

up or down accord-

at the Crystal

15mmdiameter,

Experimental tal Station

Station (ES) 13 of 20mm diameter (ES) 30 of 38mm diameter. beam impinges on the

and at Experimen-

is screwed engages

down it exerts it disengages Post with

pressure the dr i ve

on a drive

Where the primary diameter

lead back-stop

it has a 20mm. of is

spring

plate

which In turn This permits in any desired

the 2:1 spectrometer to be manually respect

of 60mm and a penumbra I wi<;lth of approximately operating at 30kV and 50 ~A the beam at 20cm (ES.28) intensity

mechan i srn. mechanism. positioned Carriage

When It Is unscrewed

With the unit radiation about

the Crystal orientation

in the useful

from the focus

to the

2 rads ~er minute.

Arm.

10.2 Primary Collimators: The primary using the these into beam can be call imated to a fine Immdiameter Imm Slot Port Call imator Call imator, TEL 582.002 circular beam

10.6 The 2:1 Spectrometer Mechanism: Open the Scatter cursor sca le. Release Slave I ines, the drive Plate (the by unscrewing Inner rotating the Clutch plate Plate and push the with two datum gives an Shield and rotate the Carriage Arm unti I the accurate no-para II ax zero read i ng on the 2e

and to a ribbon each of ring ring shank retains the '0'

beam using the the Basic

TEL 582.001; the '0'

call imators

is installed and pushing

by inserting iit home;

engraved

the call imator I i mators

in position

and allows

exchange

of "the coI-

see Fi.g.I)

round until

the datum I ines are accurately

even when they should

become warm. be rotated when they are inserted to

The call imators unsure that they

oppos i te the zeros on the e sca Ie. It may be necessary to "mean out" small zero-reading differences on each side of the 8 sea le. Check that the Carri age Arm cursor in the Clutch Plate Is sti 1I at zero on the 28 to engage the 2: I drive

are securely

seated. in pas i t ion to prov i de ribbon or any diamet-

The ImmS Iat CoI I i mator can be rotated a vertical rical ribbon of X-rays, a horizontal ribbon.

scale

and screw

mechan ism. Now rotate the Carr Iage Arm th rough 900 (28) and note that , 0 crystal S.lave Plate moves through 45 (8). 10.7 Choice of operating side: the

10.3 Secondary Collimators: There are two secondary TEL 562.015 Each of these positioned call imators, Coil imator, a ImmSlot Coil imator,

and a 3mm Slot col I i mators

TEL 562.016.

Close the Scatter

Sh ie Id

note that

the Sh Ie Id can be d Is-

is si i de mounted and can be Arm.

placed In two d i reet ions; a Iways si i de the Sh ie Id to the same side as that of the Carriage Arm. Note that the gap between the Shield Instrument, hinge.
To transfer arm to the the Carriage angle away the Arm to ppsslble, from zero the the opposite about Carriage the side, 110 (28); Arm and oppos ite rotate the

in any E.S.

on the Spectrometer

and the speetrometer depending

table,

where the Carriage on one side of the of displacement

Arm

Always use an E.S. Spring Cl ip, see Fig.l, when positioning these call imators (and indeed any of the experimental si ides) to ensure pressing acts that a lithe si i des are centred the numbered side on the X-ray beam by of the carriage which

norma I1y free Iy rotates,

is e I Imi nated on fhe direction

at the

them against

as a datum. Spring Cl ips can be easi Iy repositioned jaw on the outside E.S. Spring by springing carfour on

smallest by si iding arm

now open then side.

The E.S. riage.

the rotate

Shield the

open the toothed the Spectrometer

face of the plastics Cl ips are provided,

through

axi s to

Six of these

10.8 Fine and Coarse Controls:

The Carriage Arm is terminated Control; of of outside the Shield measurements can 15 minutes tl1e Carriage or of arc. Arm, on the drive rest bench wheei the top hand and prowith an be made at

Arm and two on the Auxl I i ary Carri age.

orange plastics to fine Manual an accuracy adjustment of rotate Manual the the

10.4 Auxiliary Slide Carriage, TEL 582.005: A demountable Using this placed
Some of this

Auxi I iary 'SI ide Carriage Experimental

Is included. I to 4 can be

the

cursor

carriage,

Stations

To achieve on the base the

in the X-ray beam in a variety

the experiments to recommended in two

of positions.
in this particular booklet modes. r-equi re

flange thumb

Te i -X-Ometer knurled

using truding

aluminium

carriage

be mounted

from

the

Control. 4

To achieve most region rigidly the Wheel

fine

measurements 28 graduation

I ine which

up the is

cursor

exactly within the the

on the
I

convenient requi ring

central hold

NEVER EXCEED 80 MICROAMPS. The polarising variable is about from supply 250 to for the MXI68 G/M tube d.c.; the

detai position the

led

examination; and cord with "si ip" unti the the I the

Manual

Control

should

be
voltage

in this of

Thumb Wheel zero on the

against Thumb

450 volts

threshhold

friction scale

drive exactly

370 volts

d.c. tube current 5% of from the 20 to 80 u A the val ue, EHT will 30 kV.

al igns

pointer. (28) about at the the this cursor preset Thumb amount sett i ng

When vary i ng the remain constant

Now the centre Wheel

Thumb Whee I can I ine scale by an amount to an accuracy or

be moved which of

~ 40

within

selected

20 or

can

be measured of arc;

5 minutes f ram the

Conversely, when varying the EHT from 30 to 20 kV the regulation is such that the tube current wi 1I remain constant within 5%. 12.0 OPERATIONAL ALIGNMENT: The Tel-X-Ometer has been careful Iy al igned during the final inspect ion; following tests but to veri fy that during transit it be performed.
TEL 582.001 TEL 562.015

shou I d be added

subtracted

se Iected

according

to the di rection

of movement or the arm.

10.9 Mountingof cubic crystals: Select ensure the LiF crystal that a long broad the chamfered (BLUE) from the edges onto the face, protrusion box of accessories step plane, and is butt-

stages

of factory the the

coil

the pre-setis recom-

p Iace one of the short ing against rubber Ensure jaw. that the crystal

in the Crysta I Post; see Fig.2.

al ignment has not been disturbed mended that 12. I

that

a (100) cleavage of the post,

Screw up the c Iamp unt i I the crysta lis

he Id secure Iy by the

Place
both

ImmCoil imator,
SI ide, are imators vertical.

in the Basic

Port

and the

ImmCall imator

at E.S.30 and ensure

is vertical

and flat

on the step.

12.2 cursor 12.3 Crystal

Zero-set

and lock the Slave

PI ate and the Carr iage Arm

THE EXPERI MENTAL FACE OF THE CRYSTAL IS THAT FACE WH ICH IS COINCIDENT WITH THE CHAMFER ON THE POST.

as prec i se I y as pass i b Ie. Spring a Spindle

see Cl ip TEL 567.008

over the chamfered Fibre

TEL 567.004

10.10 Mounting of Geiger Muller Tube:

Plug the GIM tube MXI68 <TEL 546) into the Holder, TEL 547.

Post and carefully

vertical, Fig.3.

insert

a Glass

to

be truly

Place axial

the square cable to

flange

of the holder

in E.S.26

on the carriage that the cothe endIt is and that

12.4
switch tion

With the Scatter

and sight of the tube

Sh ie Id open, operate the coil imators

in the copper

the POWERON reflec-

arm without

use of an ES Spring is leading leave the

Cl ip, ensuring

through
fi lament

to view the
target anode. as central

out from the underside is fac i ng the plastics rates guard

window of the GIM tube advisable

Crysta I Post.

The Glass

Fibre

should

normally

be observed

in the the to of

over the end-window un-

"viewing direction obtain

the two

col umn" created of the primary

an uninterrupted the g I ass are

by the two coil imators, beam and it should view of the anode past

i.e.

IesS very feeb Ie count The co-axial cable

are to be moni tared. beside

be possible each side

can be trai led out from the Shield

the Manua I Control.

10.11 General Facilities:

the fibre;

dome can be rotated unscrewed. Fibre

by a sma I1 amount if

dome-locks

12.5 There are two radiation-proof hinge etc. 'Cover plate for into the experimental ports zone. located large at each end of the vacuum pipes,
13.0

Remove the Glass

and the Spindle

Cl ip.

introducing

cables,

EXPERIMENTAL

VERIFICATION: (Blue) para in the D.27.30). is at zero reading (29) and again

Mount the

liF Crystal
Part 2,

Crystal

Post

(see

"Induced

There are four teachers' located

11.0

b I i nd ha Ies on the surface choice; these holes

of the spectrometer are 4mm diameter,

Dislocation",

tab Ie for the mount i ng of i nnovati ve exper Iments of the or pupi Is' around 13.1
sight

Check that through

the cursor

the 8 Sca Ie and marked A, B, C and D.

INSTRUMENTS:

the collimators;
in the surface

the direction
of the crysta

of the primary
I, as does the

beam shou I d I le MONITORING

axis of rotation. (from Experiment Fluoride crystal. 0.14) 13.2 bisect The nocma I to the ref Iect i ng face of the crysta
I shou Id

During Bragg Diffraction for CuK" reflections Count rates

experiments

count rates of 800 to 1,000 counts per second are experienced

from the Lithium of up to 500 cps are more norma I for the other

the ang Ie between the pr Imary beam and the centre Arm; for Bragg reflection experiments the

I i ne

of the Carriage that 13.3

Holder

arm shou Id a Iways be moved to the same s; de of the crysta I as occup led by the chamfered Move Co; I imator
at E.S.26. and energ i se the d.e>. i nd i cates at i on. Shield. the RED signa I I amp least po I ar is i ng supp Iy

three crysta Is, NaCI, KCI or RbCI.

Background count rates vary from up to 300 cps at the top of .the "whale-back" down to 10 cps at the tal I-off. exper i ments therefore a Ratemeter capab Ie

Crysta I Post protrus ion.

to E.S.18 and mount

(I mm) 562.015

Coil imator

(3mm) 562.016

at E.S. 13.

Mount the GIM tube and

For crysta II ography of

For that tube; the X-ray

i ntegrat

i ng up. to 2000 cps is recommended.

in the intensity main of X-ray radiation time at of beam it wi II should saturate be noted the and cps; prevent cps. For GIM hence the

Connect to the Ratemeter

to the G/M tube Check that (400 the

- 420 volts vo Itage

measurements the normal

13.4
13.5 direct 13.6 13.7

se lector

30kV.
in the

the G/M tube tube

MXI68 has

a dead

100 microseconds rate about about of 10,000

Move the i on to Close Oepress

Carriage

Arm through

150 (28)

wi I1 saturate current and must

a count to of

detect
and the

Bragg Refleet
the Scatter

be reduced a count in the up to rate

5 uA to 7,000

centre

saturation quantitative capalJle The X-ray ing the of

achieve

"X-RAYS ON" Dutton;

experiments integrating tube current, current using

main

beam therefore cps is

a Ratemeter

shou I d be i I I umi nated. 13.8 count Veri fy that rate) is a strong at of the CuK" reflection a 28 angle peak of 450 (high
+

7/8000

recommended. monitoran external ratemeter evident

should the

NOT be adjusted'without provided and

30'.

jack-plug

100 uA or

1')0 uA meter.

Record the 28 angle

reflection.

.
IF THE PEAK OF THE REFLECTION LILS OUTSIDE THIS TOLERANCE THEN THE X-RAY TUBE SHOULD BE ADJUSTED FOR 'TI LT' 14. AS IN PARA. 14.0 "TI LT" ADJUSTMENT Gefom paras proceeding 12 and 13 to with OF X.RA Y TUBE: this adjustment that carefully errors repeat both ensure no a I ignment have been i nt roduced. Now record the 13.9 Shield 13.10 thereby Plate 13.11 the table. Return the Carriage it Clutch Arm to away from Plate, about the rotate 120. (28) arm. the Slave Plate the (and Slave and open the the equ i va lent ref I eet i on on the oppos i te side of

14. I
toe

Remove the hinge

upper

black

rubber

grummet

located

just

below

extension. thus exposed position. of at the para. Carri age Arm at and the the true exact Bragg mean of angle controls the "ti It" of the X-ray

The screw-head tube 14.2 the (26) 14.3 the 'ti about

by displacing Unscrew the the

a central cursor

Set the reading for

Crystal) Carriage stages

through

1800 and again

zero-set

measured

13.8

and the Repeat

Arm as precisery 13.5 to 13.8

as possible. the 28 ang I e of

Li F of

440 56'. rate by carefully the adjusting Carriage ONLY Arm.

and record

Obtain

a peak count without and record without at true

peak CuKa reflection. The Mean Reading should be 440 56' of the reflectioos recorded at 13.8 and

It-control' Now seek

displacing a peak

13.12 13.11

14.4

ref I eet i on by d i sp I ac i ng the the mean of angle tube the ti It-control. reading (28). 14.4 unti I the measured

~ 12'.

Carriage 14.5 at

Arm only, Set the 14.4 cursor

operating the exaet

WHEN MAKING ACCURATE ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS SHOULD BE MINIMISED BY EMPLOYING THIS TECHNIQUE OF TAKING A

para

and the

Bra9g paras within rubber

440 56' 14.3 and

MEAN OF THE EQUIVALENT READING AT EACH SIDE OF THE SPECTRaMETER TABLE. 13.13 capable of + 1%. The Tel-X-Ometer of measuring is noW commissioned angular deflections and certified (28) to as 14.7 Rep I ace the 13.9 to black 13.12. grummet and carry out recommendations 14.6 cursor an accuracy Iteratively peak reading repeat falls 14.2, the tolerance 450 + 30'.

cu bic

crystal

reflecting face

clamping jaw

chamfered post

crystal post
FIG.2 MOUNTING OF CUBIC CRYSTALS

glass fibre

spindle clip

crystal post

FIG.3

MOUNTING OF GLASS FIBRES

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SEPT 74