Eighth Science Botany and Zoology 1 Plants Starch is in form of reserve food.

d. Plants do not move from place to place except some lower kind of plants. Ex: Chlamydomonas. Glycogen is in the form of reserve food. All animals except corals and sponges move from place to place. Class 1: Gymnospermae(Naked seeded plants). Ex: Cycas, pine, cupresses. Class 2: Angiospermae(Closed seeded plants). Flowering Plants. Monotcotyledons: one seed leaf. Ex: grasses, coconut, paddy. Dichotyledons: Two seed leaves. Ex: Mango, Groundnut and bean. Class Chondrichthyes. Ex: Dogfish, sharks, Rays Class Osteichthyes Ex: Stickleback, Cod. Class Amphibia. Ex: frogs, Newts, salamanders. Class Reptilia Ex: Terrapin. Class Aves(Birds) Ex: Sparrow, Penguin, Kiwi. Class Mammalia(mammals) Ex: Monkeys, Apes and man. Stamens Male part of the flower. Gynoecium Female part of the flower. Five Kingdoms. 1. Monera Bacteria and Blue Algae 2. Protista 3. Plantae (Plants) 4. Fungi 5. Animalia (Animals).

Animal

Plant Kingdom Gametophyte Sexual reprod. Sporophyte Asexual reprod.

Animal Kingdom

Carolus Linnaeus Father of modern Botany. Species Plantarum- Book Robert H. Whittaker

Binomial Nomenclature One representing the genus(generic name) and the other speices name(specific name).

Identifying organisms by their genus and species names is called the binomial system or binomial nomenclature.

10 11

Bacteria Reproduction Conjugation Genetic engineering

12 13 14

15

Fungi Nocturnal Animal Cockroach Tissue Plants Merismatic tissue, Permanent tissue. Permanent tissue.

Method of binary fission Vegetative method. Single bacterial cell divides into two cells. This peculiar feature of plasmid transfer from one bacterial cell to an other bacterial cell plays a major role in gene cloning (GE). Total absence of Chlorophyll. Hiding during the day and coming out at the night. A group of cells specialized for a particular function. Simple tissue Pollenchyma, Collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Complex tissue Xylem and Phloem. Pollenchyma Storage. Collenchyma Strength and rigidity to the plant. Sclerenchyma Fibres and Scleroids Fibres Strength and rigidity to the plant body. Xylem Conductive tissue. Conduct water and nutrients from root to the shoot. Phloem Conduct food materials from the leaves to the storage organs and other growing organs. Conduct sugar upwards and downwards in the plant. For Protection. Evaporation of water from inner parts of the plant.

16

Simple tissue

17

Complex tissue

18 19

Epidermis Digestive System

20

Salivary glands Saliva

21 22

Pharynx Liver Largest gland.

Saliva contains Ptyalin. This converts starch into maltose. Lisozyme Acts as antibacterial. Common passage for air and food. It is the largest gland of our body.

It secreates bile and it is stored in the gall bladder. 23 Intestinal juices Carbhohydrates Glucose Proteins Amino acids Fats Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

24

Respiratory System:

25 26 27 28 29 30

Breathing Nosal cavity Pharynx Throat Lungs William Harvery Circulatory system

31

Blood - Liquid connective tissue. Liquid component and Cellular component. RBC deficiency Anemia.

Expansion and contraction of thoracic cavity. Mucus ( a sticky liquid) prevents dirt, dust and germs from entering the respiratory system. Posteriorly it is divided into oseophagus and trachea. Principle respiratory organ. 300 million alveoli in each lung. Discovered the blood circulation in humans. It transports Oxygen, Carbon di oxide, nutrients, hormones and excretory products to various parts of the body. Blood is the medium through which these substances are transported. Liquid Plasma, organic and inorganic cons. Cellular component Erythrocytes(RBC) RBC(100 -120 days) produced in bone marrow of

More Polycythemia. WBC deficiency Leukopenia More - Leukemia

32

Blood

ribs and vertebrae. Haemoglobin Respiratory pigment. Affinity for oxygen and help in respiration. Leucocytes White blood corpuscles. Produced in bone marrow and lymph glands. Thrombocytes or Blood Platelets Necessary for coagulation of blood. Regulates body temperature and osmotic pressure of the tissue fluids.

33

Heart

34

35 36

Heart Made up of cardiac muscles. Heart attack A clot in a coronary artery causes coronary thrombosis which may lead to heart attack. Blood vessels Human nervous system Neurons or the nerve cell is the structural unit of the nervous system. Central nervous system Pheripheral nervous system

Heart is place inside the membranous sac called pericardiam. It is filled with pericardial fluid.

37 38

39

Autonomous nervous system

Arteries, veins and capillaries. The control and coordination of different activities of the body is of 2 types. a. Nervous Coordination. b. Chemical coordination. (Endocrine System.) Brain and spinal cord Caranial nerves and Spinal nerves Caranial nerves 12 Pairs. Spinal nerves 31 Pairs. The nerves in this system transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands. It acts as a bridge between the brain and the spinal

40 41

Brain 1.36 Kg. Medulla oblongata

42

Cerebrum

43

Spinal nerves

44 45

Skeletal System 206 bones Human body Skull or cranium

cord. Controls respiration and circulation. We are able to see, hear,smell, taste food and understand the sense of touch only with the help of the cerebrum. Seat of intelligence, memory, imagination and reasoning. All the sensory impulses from various organs reach the brain via spinal cord Order Muscles and glands via . spinal cord. Reflex actions. Skeletal tissues are hard tissues. Calcium salts. 8 flat bones. Movable bone Mandible - Lower jaw.

46 47 48 49

Rib cage Thigh Gobar gas Bleaching

50 51 52 53 54 55 56

Composting Earthworms eco friendly Disposable of bio degradable wastes. Anaerobic biochemical reactions Biotech Freshwater Moisture Living cells Ground water table

12 Pairs of rib cages are there. Contains longest bone called the femur. Gobar gas contains methane. Made of Hydrogen and Carbon. Bleaching powder is applied to control public toilets, which helps to prevent transmission of communicable diseases. Solid waste is converted into manure by biological action. Bacterial like Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Lactobacillus are used. Involves the application of the biological systems and process for human benefits. Rainwater is the main source of the fresh water. Water in atmosphere. This is termed as atmospheric water or humidity. 75 85% of water. Population and climatic changes affect the ground water table. Urbanization and destruction of forests.

57 58

Desalination Process Phytogeography

59

Grasslands of India

60

Sea shore

61

Natural resources

62 63

Demography Ozone depletion

64 65

Universal Poison Mushroom

66

Sericulture

Converting the sea water to drinking water. The science dealing with the origin, distribution, and environmental inter relationships of plants is known as phytogeography. It is very much allied to ecology and geography. Xerophilus, Mesophilus and Hygrophilus Xerophilus Dry regions north west india under semi desert conditions. Mesophilus Savannahs Moist deciduous forest of uttar Pradesh belong to this type. Hygrophilus Wet savannahs Himalaya and Assam. Mangrove vegetation Pichavaram near Chidambaram and rameshwaram coastal areas in tamilnadu. Sunderbans near west Bengal. Natural resources like energy, air, land , water, plants, animals, microorganisms are being depleted owing to over exploitation and mismanagement. Study of population trends is termed as demography. Freon gas from aerosol sprays nitrogen oxide and chloro floro carbon from various sources deplete the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. Fungi Edible Mushroom Safe to eat.(Table, field Mushrooms) Agaricus bisporous and Agaricus augustus. Poisonous Mushroom The rearing of silkmoth and production of raw silk is known as sericulture. The host plant is mulberry tree, on which silkworm lives as a parasite. The cultivation of mulberry plants for harvesting the leaves is referred to as moriculture. Queen of textiles. Silk Yarn is used as Package material in pencil industry. Making talcum powder puffs. 22-24 denier silk Tyre. france 13 15 denier silk Making Parachute. Replace cut arteries. Measured in Denier.

67 68 69

Silk Worm Moriculture Silk

70

Thickness of silk

71

72 73 74 75

Fishery Common Carp, Tilapia, Indian carp, Gowrami, Milkfish, eel, Goldfish etc., Prawns Culture Oyster Culture Pearl Oyster culture Pearl One among the nine germs. Poultry Silver revolution Egg production Nandanam big poultry farm. Namakkal and Pallidam . Live stock Management

Production of fish which forms food for mankind.

India ranks second in the world and usa ranks no. 1 in the world. Cheap protein rich food. In india peral oyster culture is being undertaken in the gulf of mannar and the gulf of kutch. Poultry farming is defined as a term for rearing and keeping of birds such as fowl, duck, turkey, goose and hen for eggs and meat. The branch of agriculture concerned with the breeding, feeding and caring of domestic animals is called Animal Husbandry. Cows, Buffaloes and goats are called cattle. Disease: Anthrax Caused by anthrax bacteria. Jersey, Karan fries, Karan Swiss,- Cow. Murrah High yielding buffalo. It provides wool, meat, milk and hide. Their droppins form good manure. Lincoln, Hang Yang, Merino corriedale are some of the breeds of sheep. The Asiatic water buffalo, the cape buffalo, the yak are some of the breeds of buffalo. Tissues of higher plants are grown artificiallyin lab. Conditions. Isolated plant cells have the capacity to give rise to whole plants when cultured. The process of purifying drinking water is called chlorination. Sodium Hypochlorite. Tar Cancer producing substance. Nicotine. Narcotic is a drug, which causes sleep. It depresses the activities of the central nervous system. Ex:opium, Cocaine, Marijuana, Ganja, LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide. Diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholera. Social Disease in india. Small pox vaccination Tuberclosis vaccine. Mycobacterium tuberculosis virus causing.

76

77

Cattle

78

Sheep

79 80

Buffalo Tissue Culture Clones are obtained by tissue culture methods. Clone Asexual reproduction Chlorination Calcium Hypochlorite Cholorogen Tobacco Products Narcotics

81 82 83 84

85 86 87 88 89

Cholera Leprosy Edward Jenner BCG Vaccine Vaccines

90 91

Herbs

Valparai, Nilgris, Kodai, Kolli hills and at yercaud

92

93

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Class Nineth: 1 Muscles 2 3 Voice Brain

4 5

Spinal Cord Eye

There are around 600 muscles are attached to the skeletal system. Voluntary and involuntary muscles. Vibration of vocal card creates sound. Weight: Adult 1500grams. Child: 380grams. Neurons: 12000 millions. Cerebral cortex: Black matter Cerebral medulla: White matter. 31 Pairs of spinal nerve.

Ear

7 8 9 10

Cardio vascular system Heart Power of microscope Microscopes

11

Cell Division

Collectively the organs of blood circulation are referred to as cardio vascular system. Male: 285 340 gram. Female: 247 285 gram. Resolving power Anton van Leeuwenhook invented microscope. 1. Ordinary mic. (1000 to 4000)times. 2. Electron mic. (2lakh to 3 lakh) times.(Electrons travels within a vaccum). 1. Karyokinesis Nuclear division.

12 13

Nuclear Division Mitosis

14 15

Meiosis Cancer

16 17

Metastasis Carcinogenci agents

18 19 20

Blood Cancer Skin Cancer Cancer types

21

Cancer Treatment

22 23

Heredity Genetics Greher johan Mendel. Father of genetics. 21st Centuary Monohybrid cross Phenotypic ratio:3:1 Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1 Back cross Test cross Ratio 1:1 Dihybrid cross Phenotypic: 9:3:3:1 Mendel

2. Cytokinesis. Cytoplasmic division. 1. Amitosis Direct nuclear division. 2. Mitosis Indirect nuclear division. Chromosome number is kept constant in the mother and daughter cells. ( Prophase, Metaphase(duplication of chromosomes), Anaphase, and Telophase). Happens during embryonic development. Reduction division. Occurs during the formation of sex cells. During growth the cells divide by mitosis. When the cell division become more and more frequent and uncontrollable, the condition is called as cancer. The cell thus formed are cancer cells. A study of such cells are called as Oncology.(Study of cancer). If the cancer cells spreads to the neighbouring tissues, the condition is called metastasis. 1. Tobacco 2. Processed and Smoked food. 3. The virus causing jaundice is said to be carcinogenic. Leukemia Caused due to Radiation treatment Ultra violet rays from the sun causes skin cancer. 1. Beningn tumour(Uncontrollable cell divisions) 2. Malignant tumour(Dangerous Start spreading to neighbouring tissues). Surgery, Radiation treatment X-ray(discovered by roentgeon), Chemotheraphy, hormonal treatment, and Laser treatment. The resemblance of child like the father is hereditary. Variation(different). It is the branch of biology which deals with the concepts and laws controlling heredity and variation. Centuary of genes. A cross between two pure breeding plants differing in a pair of contrasting charecters is known as monohybrid cross. A cross between a hybrid and any one of the pure breeding parental type is called as back cross. A cross between a hybrid and the pure breeding recessive parent is called as test scores. A cross bt. two pure breeding plants differing in two pairs of contrasting charecters is known as Dihybrid cross. Law1: Proposed the Law of segregation based on monohybrid experiments. Law2: Law of independent assortment.

24 25

26 27 28 29

30

Regenaration

31 32

Meiosis Flower

33 34 35 36 37

Fruit and Seed Simple fruit Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit Seedless Fruit

38 39 40 41 42 43

Paramoecium Hydra Earth worms Sexula Dimonphism Fertilization Testis

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Functions of sex organs Menstrual cycle Viral diseases Bacteria diseases Fungal diseases. Disease Biological transmission Non bio logical transmission

52

Incubation period

The organs or the structures lost can be regenerated. Ex: Animals Planeria can spilit in to 2 or 3 pieces and regenerate the lost parts. Chromosome number remains constant in subsequent genarations. Condensed modified reproductive shoot. 4 Whorls(Calyx, Corolla, Andrecium and gynaecium). Androceium Made up of stamens. Gynaecium Made up of carpels. Petals are free Polypetalous. Petals are united Gamopetalous. After pollination and fertilization the ovary of the flower develops into fruit and ovules into seeds. Develop from single pistil. Develops from a single flower with apocarpus pistil. Ex: Polyalthia. Develop from the entire inflorescence from all the flowers. Ex: Morinda. Produced by a phenomenon called as Parthenocarpy. Development of fruit without fertilization. Cucumber: Hybridization. Plant hormones: Auxins and gibberellins. Reproduction: Conjugation. Reproductive organs are not permanent. Coupulation. The physical differences between the male and the female. Union of male and female cells is known as fertilization. 2 testis. Inside scrotum. Each testis is made up of 1015lobes. Each lobe contains seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells. The sperms are collected and stored in epididymis found above the testis. Controlled by the hormones. 28 days. Bunchy top of banana, leaf roll of potato and tobacco mosaic. Citrus canker , wilt disease of carrot, and Leaf blight of paddy. White rust of crucifiers, red rot of sugarcane and late blight of potato. Citrus canker in citrus plants and white rust in raddish. Are caused by intermediary agents such as mosquitos, houseflies,dogs,cats etc., May be due to agents such as Water, air, soil and clothing. Physical contact between humans can also transmit diseases. After entering the body of a host the pathogen may require

53 54

Tuberclosis Chlorea

55 56 57 58

Anthrax Leprosy Leptospirosis AIDS

59

Environmental Science

60

61 62 63 64

Detritus Termites, Beetles and worms. Ecological Pyramid Flow of energy Photosynthesis Carbondioxide

an incubation period. During this period they release toxic substances. This substance is called antigens. The host produces certain proteins to suppress the harmful effects of the antigens. These substances are called antibodies. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Common tb: Pulmonary TB (Affects lungs). Virus:Vibrio Chorea orComma bacillus. Severe diarrhoea and vomiting. Treatment: oral rehydration Bascillus anthracis. Sheep and cattle. Treated by antibiotics. Mycobacterium Leprae. Can be cured and controlled. Treated by drugs. Leptospira. Can be treated by drugs. HIV Human immune deficiency syndrome. Retrovirus containing RNA. Testing ELISA( Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay). Confirmation by western blot technique. The study of living organism in relation to its surrounding has developed into an unique branch of science and is called environmental science. The dead organisms and the debris are called as detritus.

65 66

Lightning and Radiations Nitrogenous compounds

67

Phosphorous

68 69 70 71

Biosphere Nitrogen Agriculture Agronomy

Ecological pyramid is the logical representation of various tropic levels of a food chain in a ecosystem. Non cyclic and Uni directional. 2% of energy is used. Dissolved Co2 in sea water is converted into salts of Ca and Mg. and gets deposited as insoluble salts in the deeper seas. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into compounds like ammonia and nitrogen oxide. Using ammonia through industrial processes fertilizers like ammonium nitrate and urea can be synthesized. These are nit.comp. Essential for formation of DNA and ATP molecules in plants and animal cells. Animals need phosphorous for building muscles and bones. Plant Soil Water Animal food. 6 above the sea level 10 below the sea level Protein synthesis. Cultivation of crop plants. Pratise of ways and means of production of food, feed and

72

Crops

73 74

Rice (Oryza sativa) Nutrients

fibre cops. Garden crops: Ex: Onion, Brinjal. Plantation Crops: Ex: Tea, Coffee. Field Crops: Ex: Rice, Cotton. Food Crops: Ex: Rice , wheat, soyabean , Groundnut. Cash Crops: Ex: Cotton, Sugarcane, Jute and Tobacco. Rice is the staple food of Asia.

75 76 77

Farmyard manure Green manure Urea

78 79 80 81

Phosphorous Potassium Chemical fertilizers Bio fertilizers

The decomposed Mixture of cattle excreta and urine along with fodder is called the farmyard manure. The main aim is to add nitrogen to the soil cheaply. Ex: Pungam, Neem and Kolingi. It is very unique among the nitrogenous fertilizers.It is also applied to sugarcane, wheat, cotton, vegetables and fruit crops. Superphosphate, Dicalcium Phosphate, Tricalcium Phosphate. Potassium chloride and Potassium Sulphide Play a key role in sustaining production and productivity in agriculture. They are ecofreindly, economic and more effective than chemical fertilizers. The microbial preparation containing the living cells of these nitrogen fixing bacteria or phosphor bacteria or fungi or the blue green algae are called as bio fertilizers.

82

Bio fert.

83

Use

Promote germination of seed and the growth of seedlings.

84 85 86

Weeds M.S.Swaminathan Pesticides

Unwanted plants Has been working for the past 50 years and more for the agricultural development.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Class Tenth Viruses 1 Cell 3 basic features. 1. An outer limiting membrane that separates the cell from the surrounding. 2. Genetic material that has information for control and coordination of all the activities in a cell and also transmits this information to its progenies. 3. A metabolic machinery, that consists of enzymes, its reactants and products, that are essential for cellular activities. 2 Virus [Affects They are only active in living cells. Virus have only one Plants, type of nucleic acid either Animals, 1. DNA or Bacteria Bacteriophages] 2. RNA 3 Tobacco Mosaic Virus TMV First discovered by Dmitri Iwanowsky. TMV causes leaf RNA mottling and discolouration in tobacco and many other pl. 4 Viral Diseases Dog Rabies. Cattle Foot and mouth disease. Humans: Common cold Rhinovirus. (RNA Virus) AIDS HIV virus. (RNA Virus) 5 Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular and prokaryotic. DNA Group of bacteria called Cyanobacteria (=Bluegreenalgae) includes multicellualar filamentous forms. Ex: Nostoc and Oscillatoria. Cell wall of bacteria is made up of perptidoglycan called murein. Autotrophic bacteria Chlorobium. Photosynthetic: Green sulphur bact, Purple sulphur bact.

Chemosynthetic bacteria: Hydrogen bact, Nitrifying bact. (Hydrogenomonas, Nitromonas). Heterotrophic bacteria - E.Coli(Eichericia coli) 6 Bacteria and Virus

7 8

Nature Scavengers Bacteria uses

9 10

Harmful Bacteria Penicillium Fungi Eukaryotes

Bacterias are called natures scavengers. Souring of milk Lacto basicillus lactis. Nitrogen Fixation: The conversion of molecular nitrogen into nitrogen compounds is known as nitrogen fixation. Typhoid Solmonella typhi. Cattle and Sheep Bascillus Anthracis. Fungi are non green heterotrophic organism. Common Skin disease Dobies Itch Ring worm Fungi. Body of fungus Mycelium. Discovered by Alexander Fleming from penicillium notatum. Malaria is caused by a virus called Plasmodium. (Haemozoin is responsible for fever associated with malaria) Caused by Parasitic worm Wucheraria bancrofti. Caused by flavi virus. Caused by a virus. Caused by bacterium vibrio Chlerae.

11 12

Penicillium Malaria

13 14 15 16

Filariasis Dengue fever Brain fever Cholera

17 18 19

Vector control Research Centre. Frog Osmosis Thistle funnel experiment

Pondicherry. Amphibia Water molecules move from a region where is more to a region where it is less when separated by a semi permeable membrane. Soil water enters root hair by osmosis. Macro elements: Utilised by plants more. Ex: carbon,hydrogen and oxygen. Micro elements: Manganese, Zinc, Boron.

20

Mineral Nutrition

21

22 23 24 25

NPK Fertilizers Dark reaction ATP Respiration

26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Growth hormones Gibberellins Cytokinis Stomach Eye Cones(retina) Glycolysis Chromosomes

33

Genes

Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorous.(NPK). Calvin cycle. Adenosine Tri Phosphate Aerobic uses oxygen for respiration. Anaerobic oxygen not used for respiration. (Glucose is converted into 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid). Glucose Pyruvic acid Ethyl alcohol. Lactose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid. Auxins Indole 3, Gibberellins, Cytokinis, Ethylene. Parenthocrapy.- Sleepless fleshy tomatoes and large grapes are formed by Gibberellins. Rapid cell division. HCL Counter(Mucous) Ulcer. Responsible for colour vision. Vitamin A Night Blindness. Takes place in cytoplasm. Structures in nucleus. Waldeyer. They can reproduce independently and they play an important role in heredity, variation, and mutation. Eukaryotic chromosomes are associated with de-oxyribo nucleic acid(DNA). They are located on the chromosome. The genetic information in most organisms is stored in DNA.

34

Chromosome Types

35 36 37 38 39

Male and Female Genome Double helix Genetic Code Mutation

40 41 42 43

Gene Reaction Dobzhansky T.H.Morgan Genetic engineering

44

Uses

45

Biotechnology

46 47 48 49 50 51

Transgenci plants Myeloma Nucleolar Organizer Y Chromosome Reproduction Flower

1. Autosomes Contolling Body Charecters. 2. Allosomes Sex Chromosomes.(Always 2 in number). Female XX Chromosome. Male XY Chromosome. A complete set of chromosomes containing all the genes is called as a genome. Watson and Crick model. Has 64 codons. Mutation may be defined as a heritable change in a gene or chromosome or change in the number of the chromosome. 1. Artificial 2. Natural Gene Mutation: The Changes that alter the structure of the gene at a molecular level is called Gene mutation. It is also called point mutation. Ie. Permanent heritable changes with in a gene. Hugo de Vries. He gave mutation theory. Gene Polymorphism. First to report mutation in Drosophilia. Genetic engineering is the manipulation of genetic material by either molecular biological techniques or by selective breeding. Ge bacteria are employed to clean up oil spills. Ge is also useful in developing pest-resistant crop-plants. Production of human insulin, monoclonal antibodies of high specificity, human growth hormones used to treat children with hormonal deficiency, several interferons proteins used to treat viral infections and cancer, are also produced by the application of genetic engineering techniques. Biotechnology is defined as the applications of scientific and engineering principles for the processing and production of materials by living organisms. microbes 1. E.coli 2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Transgenci plants are the plants in which foreign genes have been introduced. Myeloma is a cancer of the antibody forming cells. Used in cancer therapy. Monoclonal antibodies. Repeats of the rRNA gene. It is the sex determination chromosome in most mammals. Reproduction is a special biological process. Reproductive part in the higher plants. Generally each plant is made up of calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. (Androecium(Made of stamens) Male, Gyniecium(Carpels,Ovary) Female).

52 53 54

Pollen grains Pollination Zoophily

55 56

Pollination by water

Pollen grains are transferred mainly by wind, water, and insects. These are called pollinating agents. Self pollination(Autogamy). Cross pollination leads to new varieties. Pollination by winds Anemophily. Pollination by animals is called as zoophily. Entomophily Insects ( Bees,Moths,Wasps, Butterflies). Ornithophily Birds, Chiropteriphily Bat, Malacophily(Snails). Hydrophily

57

Fertilization

58 59

Germination Gaematogenesis

60

Testes (Mitotic division) OOgenesis Mitotic division Mensturation Egg cells Fertilization

61 62 63 64

65

Clevage

The fusion of male gamete with egg is known as fertilization. The fertilized egg is called zygote and it develops into embryo. Germination is resumption of growth of embryo into a young plant. The first stage in sexual reproduction of animals is gametogenesis. During this certain cells of the gonads are transformed into specialized cells namely the eggs or ova in female and the spermatozoa or sperm in male. Testes contains many seminiferous tubules, which are separated by interstitial cells or Leydig cells. Leydig cells- Secreates Androgens. Multiplication, Growth and Maturation Phase. Maturation Phase: Meiotic division. Occurs about every 28 days and lasts about four day. The fully developed femal gamete is termed ovum or egg. Fertilization is a complex process which involves the fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete. 1) to activate the egg 2) to inject a male haploid nucleus into the egg cytoplasm. The spilitting of an activated egg by a series of mitotic cell divisions into a multitude of cells which become the building units of future organism is called cleavage.

66

Tissue Culture

67 68 69 70 71 72

Micropropagation Monoclonal antibodies Cloning technique Dolly Stem Cells Embryonic Stem Cells

73

Adult stem cells

74

Stem cells

75

Medicines

76 77

Ferula Asafotedia Drugs from stem Turmeric[Manjal] Allium cepa Onion [Vengayam] Allium Satvium Garlic [Vellaopoondu] Drugs from Barks: Quinine

78 79 80

Growing plant or animal tissue outside the body of the organism (Invitro) is called tissue culture. To grow a callus, appropriate plnat tissue should be selected. Tissue cultured cells can be induced to form the whole plant by altering the growth medium. Detection of early pregnancy is done with the help of monoclonal antibodies. An exact copy of the animal to be cloned can be produced by the cloning technique. A sheep by name Dolly was the first to be cloned by Dr. Ian Wilmut. 1. Embryonic stem cells 2. Adult stem cells. Derived from the human embryo. They could develop into any of the more than 200 different known cell types in the body. Such cells are termed pluripotent. Ex: Haemopoietic stem cells normally make only blood cells. Brain stem cells make only brain cells. Stem cells are used in transplantation. Stem cells can be used to replace the dead nerve cells to cure the disease like parkinsons disease, Alzhamiers disease. Pluripotent stemcells the immune system can be replaced. Leukemia can be treated with bone marrow stem cells. Drugs from roots: Rauwolfia Serpentina: [Tamil:Sarpagandha] Useful antidote against snake bite and insect stings. Dried roots of rauwolfia serpentine reduces blood pressure and is used to cure mental illness. Also used in skin disorders, such as psoriasis, excessive sweating and itching. Roots of Vinca Rosea is also effective remedy for blood cancer and asthma. Asafoetida contains resins, gum and volatile oil. It is used as a flavouring agent and it is also of medicinal value. Herb. (Tamilnadu, Bengal, Andhrapradesh) It is aromatic. Given for jaundice, Purification of blood, liver disorders and urinary infections. Protect your liver. Reducing cough; with vinegar, the bulb is given for curing jaundice. Given in fevers, cough, disorders of nervous system, bronchitis and it is a well known blood purifier. Tamil: Koyna maram. Chinchona Bark is quinine, and it is used in the treatment of malarial fever and amoebic dysentery.

81

82

83

84

85

Drug obtained from wood: Santalum album [SanthanaMaram] Drugs from leaves: Indian Aloe: Aloe barbedensis [Katrazhai] Flowers: Eugenia Caryophyllata [IIavangam] Fruits and seeds: Emblica officinalis [Nelli Maram] Medical Practices

Tamilnadu and Karnataka are the important centres of sandalwood. It is a tree. The paste of wood has cooling effect and reduces inflammatory skin diseases. Inner contents are given to reduce the enlargement of the liver, spleen. It is also a cure for piles,jaundice. The leaf juice is given as a remedy for intestinal worms in children. Clove oil is prepared from the dried flower buds of Eugenia which is used as a pain reliever in toothache. The common goose berry is used in treating scurvey.

86 87

Yoga Homeopathy

88 89

Unani Ayurveda

90

Azadirachta Indica Neem

91

92

Catharanthus roseus [Nithyakalyani, sudugattumalli.] Zingiber officinale [Ginger]

Siddha: - Agasthyar system. The terms siddha means achievement and Siddhars were saintly figures who contributed a lot in medicine through the practice and yoga. Human Body Replica of the universe. Like ayurveda this system believes that all objects in the universe including human body are composed of five elements namely earth, water, fire, air and space. They combine to form the three principles of vatah, pitha and kapha. Kayakalpa or longevity therapy is a speciality of this system. Siddha system is mainly based on medicinal plants and it is also called siddha maruthuvam. Pathanjali. Dr. Samuel Hainnemann is the father of Homeopathy. Organon of the art of healing. Law of similar National Institute of Homeopathy Calcutta. By Arabs and Persians. Hippocrates Father of unani. National Institute of unani medicine Bangalore. Science of life. Sushruta(Father of surgery) Charaka(Founder of Ayurveda) National Institure of Ayurveda Jaipur. Throughout india. The leaves are bitter, antiseptic, appetizer, and insecticidal. Used to treat tumours, leprosy, skin diseases, wounds, ulcers and diabetes. Found throughout india. It is used as remedies for diabetes. Found in western ghats. The raw ginger is acrid, vitiated and digestive. Dry ginger sukku, it is a good appetizer, laxative, stomachic stimulant, anthelmintic and for patients suffering from diarrhea, cholera, nausea, vomiting and inflammations.

93 94

Ocimum tenuiflorum [Thulasi] Non Communicable diseases

95

Diabetes Polyurea Inc. urea Polydipsia excessive thirst Polyphagia- excessive appetite.

96

Coronary heart disease

97

Rheumatic heart disease

98

Anorexia Nervosa

99

Renal Failure

100

Dialysis

101 102

Obesity Protein deficiency diseases

Used to treat skin diseases such as itches and leprosy, and in impurities of blood. Diabetes, Coronary heart disease, Rheumatic heart disease, Anorexia, Nervosa, Renal failure, Obesity, and Protein deficiency. Blood glucose is too high. Glucose comes from the food we eat and also by glycogen conversion in our liver and muscles. Insulin is a hormone synthesized by beta cells of pancreas, and released into the blood. If our body doesnt produce enough insulin or if the insulin does not work the way it should, glucose cannot get into our cells and stays in our blood. Then our blood glucose level increases, causing diabetes. It is the most common form of heart disease which often results in heart attack. In CHD atherosclerosis affects the coronary artery which supplies blood to the heart muscles by reducing the lumen of the artery. Cigarette smoking, High blood Pressure, over weight/obesity, physical inactivity and diabetes. Permanent damage to eart valves is caused by rheumatic fever. [Streptococcous bacterial infection stop acute rheumatic fever]. Angiogram It is an examination of our blood vessels using X-rays. Angioplasty A procedure for treating blockages and blood clots in the blood vessels. The determination to diet is a desired disorder. Hostile relationship with their mothers occur and also they will be affected by depression. Treatment: Psychotherapy to achieve emotional maturation is usually necessary in hospital in addition to correction of the eating disorders. Occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter out wastes as a result toxins build up in the body. 1. Acute renal failure.(Kidney stops suddenlyBlockages in blood vessels.) 2. Chronic renal failure. Gradual decrease in organ function. Caused by other medical conditions, including hypertension and diabetes. Provides an artificial filtering system to replace lost organ function. Artificial kidney to filter impurities from the blood stream. Obesity is defines as an excessive high amount of body fat or adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass. Result of inadequate intake of protein.

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Marasmus and Kwashiorkaor Marasmus Premature baby. Kwashiorkar Infants and children. Addiction Addiction to alcohol or drugs represents a form of psychological dependence and indicates that the patient has been unable to attain adequate satisfaction or self esteem in his/her personal life. Tobacco Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. Due to absorbtion of nicotine through the skin or respiratory tract. Drug Marijuna, Heroin, Cocaine, Morphine, etc., WHO World health day 1977. Immunise and protect your child. Pasteur Established that many diseases including the small pox, were caused by viruses. Antigen A substance that can produce specific immune response when it is introduced into the tissues of an animal and that can react specifically with the products(Antibodies or sensitized cells) is known as antigen Antibody They can specifically react with the antigen, destroying it or neutralizing it, and thus protects the body from the effect of the antigen. Pregnant woman 3rd month , TT I dose 4th month, TT II dose India Forest Forest cover only about 22.7% Deforestation Deforestation increases co2 in the atmosphere that may cause global warming or green house effect, increase in temperature, increase in the level of sea leading to submergence of many important coastal areas and cities. Fast growing trees Eucalyptus, Acacia or conifers like Pinus to provide commercial timber and fuel wood. Afforestation People Social forestry. Global Warming Abnormal increase of the temperature in the environment due to the continuous accumulation of gaseous pollutants is known as global warming. Green House effect Green Houses gases(GHG) 1. Carbondioxide CO2 2. Methane CH4 3. Nitrous Oxide N2O 4. Water Vapour H2O 5. Ozone O3 6. Hydroflurocarbon HFC

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Effects of Global Warming

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Ozone Stratosphere Ozone depletion

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O depletion : UV- B Control Measures Movements India

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India

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Heavy Metals Biological Accumulation Primary treatment Secondary treatment Tertiary treatment Common Effuluent Treatment Plants(CETP) Air pollution

1. Sea level Change.(18-28 cms / 2030) a) Thermal Expansion of atmosphere. b) Mountain glaciers melting. c) Greenland ice sheet melting d) Antartic ice sheet melting Located 15-55km above the earth. Filter UV rays from the sun. Skin Cancer. Immune system suppression. Crops would be adversely affected. Ozone Hole Antartic formed a hole. Penetrates all the way to the ground. CFC, Carbon tetrachloride, Methanol and Chloroform should be phased out. 1. Chipko Movement(Uttharakand), 2. Appiko Movement(Karnataka) 3. Silent valley movement. 4. Narmada Bachan Andolan. Avergae rainfall 1140mm annually. South west Monsoon May Oct 500mm. Nov April Northease monsoon. 1. Cold season(Dec,Jan,Feb) 2. Hot season(Mar, Apr, May) 3. Advancing Monsoon season(Jun, Jul, Aug) 4. Retreating monsoon season(Sept, Oct, Nov) Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium. The metals get concentrated on the various organs like bone, fat, cells, liver etc., In the primary treatment of effuluents, suspended impurities are removed by sedimentation. Biological treatment to remove organic material. Reverse osmosis and use of specific membranes to remove inorganic substances. Makes pollution control economical by reducing the cost of effuluent treatment. Carbon Mono oxide - Affects haemoglobin) Colourless, Odourless poisonous gas produced by imcomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Motor vehicles are the major source of carbon mono oxide. It is respiratory irritant. It aggravates asthma. Project of Tiger -1973 Project of Elephant 1992 Chirpine, deodar, blue pine, spruce, silver fir, and Junipers. Oaks, Laurels, Maples, Rhinodenderons, Alder, Birch and Dwarf.

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Sulphurdi oxide Government of India Western Himalayan Region Eastern Himalayan Region

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Assam Region Indus Plains Ganges Plain Deccan Region Malabar region Andaman region Wild Asses Elephant One horned rhinocerous Asiatic Lion Bengal tiger Snow Leopards Golden Langur Sanctuaries in India

Evergreen forests with lots of bamboo and tall grasses. Scanty vegetation Under cultivation Full of shrubs, and mixed deciduous forests. Coconut, Betal, Pepper, Coffee and tea. Evergreen and Mangrove forests. Rann of Kutch Assam and Kerala. Unique to india and Nepal is found in swampy and marshy lands of assam and north of west Bengal. Gir forests, Gujarat. Tidal forests of sunderbans. Upper Himalayas. Assam

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Marine Reserves

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Mangrove areas in India

These are areas protected to preserve the marine diversity. 1. Wet lands. 2. Mangrove areas 3. Coral reefs Important mangrove areas in India are Andamans and

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Coral reefs Wet lands

Nicobar Islands, Sunderbans(West Bengal), Krishna Estuary (Andhra), Pichavaram and point Calimere(Tamil nadu), Gulf of Kutch(Gujarat), Vembanad(Kerala) , Godavari delta and Mahanadi Delta. Gulf of Mannar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands and Gulf of Kutch. Keoladeo National Park, Sambhar, (Rajasthan). Chilka(Orissa), Liktak(Manipur), Wullar(Jammu and Kashmir), and Harike(Punjab).

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National Parks

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Bio Sphere Reserves

1. Nilgiri(TN, KER, and KAR) 2. Nanda Devi(UP) 3. Nokrek(Meghalaya) 4. Great Nicobar(Nicobar Islands) 5. Gulf of Mannar(TN) 6. Sunderbans(WB) 7. Manas(Assam) 8. Similipal(Orissa) 9. Dibru saikhowa(Assam) 10. Dehang Dehang(Arunachal Pradesh) 11. Pachmarhi(Madhya Pradesh)

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Extinction

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Recently extinct species.

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International union for conservation of Nature and Natural resources. Bombay Natural History society Zoological survey of India Wildlife Institute of India Wildlife preservation society of India World wildlife foundation

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12. Kanchanjanga(Sikkim) 13. Agasthiyamalai Hills(Kerala) It is a natural process by which whole species die out without leaving any offsprings. Habitat loss, Introduction to new species, Over exploitation and pollution. Mountain Quail, Pink Headed duck, and streamlined spotted feline cheetah. Hispid hare, lion tailed macaque and pygmy hog are considered rare and near extinction. 1. Endangered 2. Vulnerable 3. Rare and 4. Threatened. End. Species: Mongoose, Vultures and hill myna. Started in 1883. Books: The book on Indian natural history Some beautiful Indian climbers and Shrubs. 1916. 1982 1958 Dehradun. 1961 Swizerland. It supports Project tiger Which is the single largest conservation project of its kind in the world. It is one of the methods of ecofriendly farming practices. Organic farming, water management are more emphasized. Adopting practices such as crop rotation, cultivating nitrogen fixing plants, drip irrigation, avoiding water hungry crops, using environment friendly nutrients and adopting vermicultural practices. Limiting the use of synthetic fertilizers and insecticides. Mixed cropping involves the growing of two or more crops together in the same area at the same time. Radishes and greens. Radishes and sweet corn. Crop rotation is the growing of multiple crops on the same piece of land, one after the other. Ex. One season paddy is cultivated, in the following reason groundnut is cultivated. Ex: after the cultivation of legume crop, next crop grows very well because of more amount of nitrogen present in the soil. Term - William S. Gaud. Wheat, Potato, and Rice IR8. It combines both modern agricultural practices and technologies. Norman Borlang Father of Green Revolution was awarded Nobel Prize in the year 1970. Dr.M.S. Swaminathan Father of Green Revolution in India. Contributions made by Bharatha Ratna Thiru

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Sustainable Agriculture

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Mixed cropping

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Crop Rotation and benefits

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Green Revolution

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India

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Plant Breeding Golden rice. Bacterial Biofertilizers Algal Biofertilizers Green manure crops as biofertilizers

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Bacterial biopesticides Fungal biopesticides

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Viral biopesticide

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Higher plants as biopesticides Inexhaustible Natural Resources Exhaustible Natural Resources Water

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Sources of water Mineral

C.Subramaniam and many laid the foundation for green revolution in India. Because of green revolution our country has become self sufficient in food production. New rice varieties like IR8, IR24, IR50, ADT37. Wheat sonara 64. Plant breeding means developing new varieties of crop with desirable traits by crossing different crops. By this method Vitamin A is incorporated into rice which is called Golden Rice. Bacteria like Azotobacter, Rhizobium, and Azospirillum which enrich the soil with nitrogen compounds. Blue green algae such as Anabaena, Nostoc, Cylinderospermum, Plectonema and Tolypothrix. Adopted by farmers from time immemorial. This involves growing leguminous plants like Glyricidia, Indigofera, and Sesbania soon after harvesting a crop particularly paddy. Bacteria such as Bacillus, Enterobacter, Proteus and Pseudomonas control diseases. Fungi such as Verticillium and Beauveria are used to control insects like plant hopper and aphids. The fungus Trichoderma is used to control certain plant pathogenic fungi including Fusarium. Viruses such as cytoplasmic polyhefrosis virus, baculoviruses and entomopox virus control many insects and worms. Azadirachtin of neem and pyrethrin of Chrysanthemum are powerful insecticides acting against insects like grass hopper, white flies, aphids, and stem borers. Found in plenty. Ex: Air, water and radiation which are not exhaustible by human activities. Soil, forests, wildlife, minerals, coal, petroleum which are found in limited quantities and exhausted easily by human activities. Industries can do nothing without water. So it is a raw material, solvent, electrical reactant, coolant and cleansing agent. Surface water( River, Lakes, Man made reservoirs) / Ground water(Springs, Infiltration,wells).

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Kolar gold field Coal Madras and Kerala Energy

Karnatka. Occupy an area of 12 Km. Coal occupies 4% of the Countrys total area. Zircon, Monazite, and sillimanite are obtained from the beach sands.

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Petroleum

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Hydro electricity Solar energy

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Wind energy Forests

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Food Crop

It is obtained from sedimentary rocks. Large source of it occur in Andaman, Andhra, Gujarath, Maharashtra and Assam. Krishna Godavari basin also has huge reserves of natural gases. Hydro electricity which uses water for its production is cheaper & convenient to generate electricity. India is located near equator receives maximum sunlight throughout then year except few months; by using photovoltaic tech. we can cook, heat water, pumpout water and give power to refrigerator and street lights. Tamilnadu is the largest wind energy producer. 3 Functions. 1. Protective. 2. Productive. 3. Accessory. Rice and Ragi

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Rice Varieties

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Parched Rice Parched Paddy Cashcrop Ragi Fingermillet Kharif crop Crop Phosphorous

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Potassium Calcium Magnesium Sulphur Micronutrients Water requirement

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Aquaculture

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Fish Culture

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Crab

Arisi Pori Nelpori Sugarcane Kelvaragu. Principle staple food of many tribes and cultivated in Coimbatore,chingelpattu, vellore, villupuram, Thiruvannamalai, Salem districts. Rainfed crop May to june Rabi crop - September to October. Phosphorous inside a plant gets incorporated into Nucleic acids(RNA&DNA), phosphor proteins, phospholipids, sugar phosphates, enzymes and energy rich ATP and ADP. ATP- Adenosine triphosphate. ADP Adenosine diphosphate. It is absorbed as K+ ions by roots. It plays a regulating role in plant metabolism and development. It is absorbed by Ca++ ions. It is absorbed as Magnesium ions(Mg2+). It is absorbed by plants as sulphate ions. Iron ,Manganese, Zinc, copper, Molybdenum, Boron. It is usually expressed as the surface depth of water in millimeters or centimeters. Paddy water is supplied through irrigation channels. Sugarcane the crop is irrigated through the furrows. It is the farming of economically important aquatic animals and plants under controlled conditions. Originated in china. The culture of fish is called pisciculture. Nursing pond, Rearing pond, Production Pond, and Breeding pond. Prawns Export value. Juvenile holding method, Seed collection method, and Hatchery method. Delicious meat and Export value.

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Algal culture

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Pearl Oyster Culture/ Mussel Culture Vermiculture Vermicompost

Spirulina A blue green algae has been cultured since 1983 in Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore. Food for humans. Mussel Rope culture method is used.

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Culture of earth worms. The compost prepared by using earthworms is called vermicompost. Earthworm:3 types. Epigeics, Anecics and Endogeics. Vermitech Dr. Sultan Ismail. The technology of using both epigeic and anecic earthworms together for the process of vermicomposing is called as vermitech. Vermiwash This is a liquid fertilizer collected after passing water through a vermicomposting pit. This is used as a leaf spray. It is used on grass lawns and on orchids. Electro cardiograph machine. Used to detect abnormalities in heart function. Sphygmomanometer Measure blood pressure.(Manometer Mercury column). CT Scanner Computerised tomography(CT) Special type of x-ray machine. Used to produce pictures of the inside of the body. The images can be viewed in three dimensions. Useful in analyzing damages to the nervous system during accidents. Help studying tumours in the nervous system. Angiogram It is the technique that is used to examine the blood vessels of the circulatory system as they are functioning. This technique used x-rays. Use to detect blockages in the artery. Dialysis Kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the body. Kidneys fluid balance. Both kidneys fail Dialysis It is the procedure substituting the normal functions of the kidneys. 1. Haemodialysis 2. Peritonealdialysis.(Own tissue, dialysis catheter) Laproscopy and Endoscopy Both use fibre optic technique. Laproscopy Internal organs of the women can be studied by lap. Eye lens transplantation Involves the transplantation of the cornea. Cornea can be obtained from 6-12 of death of the donors. Isograft transplantation A transplant of a tissue or whole organ from one identical twin to another is called an isograft transplantation. Allograft transplantation A transplant between individuals of same species is called allograft transplantation. Xenograft transplantation A transplant between individuals of different species is called a xenograft. Blood transfusion Replacement of lost or diseased blood using donor blood is called blood transfusion.

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Rh D blood group system

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Sterile blood bags

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Veins

Rh D is a red cell antigen that is expressed on the red blood cells. If Rh D antigen is present, the individual is called Rh D is positive. If the antigen is absent, the person is called Rh D negative. In blood banks, blood is stored in ready made sterile blood bags. These bags are stored with blood that is tested for HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis and different blood groups. Transfusion is generally given through veins of the hands, wrists and feet.