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Introduction of N2 method
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Introduction
In Gen 2011, N2 method has been completely implemented for the determination of the target displacement and capacity for the EC8/Masonry and NTC 2008.
Pushover analysis is a non linear analysis carried out under conditions of constant gravity loads and monotonically increasing horizontal loads. It may be applied to verify the structural performance of newly designed and the existing buildings for the following purposes: (a) to verify the over strength ratio values. (b) to estimate the expected plastic mechanism and the distribution of damage. (c) to assess the structural performance of existing or retrofitted buildings. (d) as an alternative to the design based on linear analysis which uses the behavior factor q. In that case the target displacement should be used as the basis for the design.
Prominent Features: The N2 method combines the advantages of the visual representation of the capacity spectrum method with the physical basis of inelastic demand spectra. The N2 method leads to a transparent transformation from a multi degree of freedom (MDOF) model to an equivalent single degree of freedom model (SDOF). The N2 method takes into consider the period range of the structure for the determination of the
target displacement.
Procedure of the N2 method: Normalization of mode shape Generation of lateral load pattern for pushover analysis MDOF system to SDOF system
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For the implementation of the N2 method a new load pattern Normalized Mode Shape * Mass has been added to the Pushover Load Cases.
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The mode shape for which the pushover analysis has to be done is obtained by the eigenvalue analysis of the structure. In midas Gen normalization is done on the basis of the master node ( user defined) and hence after normalization the mode shape becomes such that the at master node becomes 1. Pushover analysis is stopped when the displacement of the master node reaches the specified maximum displacement. The lateral loads are applied on the centre of mass and the lateral load pattern is obtained by the normalized values of centre of mass. Normalization example has been provided for the following 3D structure. The obtained values of for the mode shape 1 for the master node and the centre of mass of the stories are specified in the table along with the normalized values. Centre of Mass Roof 3F
Master node
2F 1F
3F (Centre of Mass)
2F (Centre of Mass) 1F (Centre of Mass)
.5249
.3413 .1948
*It is recommended that the master node be the node at the centre of mass . Otherwise in some cases, the normalized of the roof may not be 1 as in the table.
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Defined Master Node .87 .65 .54 .21 1 .74 .63 .24
Model
Mode Shape
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The Lateral Load Pattern is required to generate the Pushover Curve for the SDOF model. Lateral loads are applied at each story ( mass centre) and the roof displacement is obtained . The load is applied to till the point when the displacement of master node reaches the maximum Displacement. The lateral load pattern is obtained by multiplying the mass of the story with the respective normalized and then normalizing it with the force obtained for roof story.
m2 = 200 m1 = 100
.31
.06
Model
Load Pattern
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The yield force and the yield displacement is obtained from the bilinearized pushover curve . The F* and the d* values are obtained from the Pushover Curve generated for the SDOF model. They yield force fy* ,which represents the ultimate strength of the idealized system, is equal to the base shear force at the formation of the plastic mechanism. The initial stiffness of the idealized system is determined in such a way that the areas under the actual and the idealized force deformation curves are equal. Based on this assumption, the yield displacement (dy*) of the idealized SDOF system is given by:
where Em* is the actual deformation energy up to the formation of the plastic mechanism
dy*
AnnexB of EN 1998-2004
After determining the values of Fy* and dy*, the time period is calculated as:
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Transformation factor Gamma is calculated based on the following two methods: o 2D Behavior (EC8-1:2004 Annex B) o 3D Behavior 2D Behavior is based on EC8 -1 :2004 Annex B and determines the value of gamma by only considering the direction in which pushover analysis is performed . Hence the value of gamma is :
3D Behavior determines the gamma by considering lateral deflection in all the possible directions :
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Target Displacement
The target displacement of the structure for the MDOF model is obtained by first determining the target displacement for the SDOF mode and then multiplying it with . where
The target displacement for the SDOF model is obtained by first determining det*
The target displacement is determined by determining whether the structure is in the short period range or the medium and long period range. The range is determined by comparing the values of T* and Tc where T* is the time period and the Tc is the corner point between the short and the medium period range in the response spectrum.
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Target Displacement
(a). T* < Tc (Short Period Range) (i) If Fy*/m*> Se(T*) , the response is elastic and thus:
Target displacement for the MDOF model is obtained by multiplying the value obtained for the SDOF model by
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Text file containing the values of m*, T*, Fy* and target displacement
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Safety Verification is divided primarily into two different groups: Global Verification Local Verification Capacity for Global Verification The capacity for SLD is obtained as the displacement of the master node when the interstory drift becomes .005h , where h is the story height.
Story Drift Table for 4th floor It can be realized that the lowest step is obtained as the step 43 for which the inter story drift in 1st and second floor reaches more that .5%. Hence the capacity for global verification will be obtained by determining the displacement of master node at 43rd step which is the capacity for SLD, capacity for SLO = 2/3 SLD
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Capacity Determination for Local Verification The capacity is determined as shown in the table.
The demand (force, moment or rotation) for a member is obtained for the pushover step which is nearest to the target displacement in the spectral demand curve.
Eqn A.1
The local verification is done automatically in the program by generating the safety verification table. When the demand exceeds capacity the table shows NG for the particular element.
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Capacity values for different limit states can now be seen along with the user defined step The limit state for capacity can be defined along with the user defined step.
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