1 University of California, Berkeley Physics H7A Fall 1998 (Strovink) SOLUTION TO FINAL EXAMINATION Problem 1. a.

We consider this head-on collision in the center of mass. The center of mass velocity is M V V =V M +m

Problem 2. At the instant that the probe barely grazes the planet, it will have radius R and velocity vf directed tangentially to the planet. Angular momentum conservation requires mv0 b = mvf R b v f = v0 R Substituting for vf in the equation for energy conservation, we obtain 1 GMp m 1 2 2 mv0 = mvf 2 2 R 1 2 1 2 b2 GMp v = v0 2 2 0 2 R R b2 GMp 1 = R2 R b2 2GMp 1= 2 R2 v0 R b=R 1+ 2GMp 2 v0 R

Using this approximation, in the C.M. the y approaches the locomotive with speed V . Since the collision is elastic, it bounces back with the same speed. Transforming back to the lab, the y has velocity v V + V = 2V b. In each collision, the momentum 2mV that is gained by the y is lost by the locomotive: P = M V = 2mV m V = 2 V M In a time interval t, the volume swept out by the front of the train is AV t; this volume contains N AV t ies. So, for N AV t collisions, V V V V2 dV V2 1 1 V V0 m N AV t M m = 2N A t M m dt = 2N A M m = 2N A t M 1 V (t) = m 1 2N A M t + V0 = 2 V0 m 1 + 2N AV0 M t

1 2 v 2 0

Problem 3. a. mR 2 = mg = b. 2v = aC = g vC = vC = vC = g 2 g 2 1 2 R g gR v vC g R

V (t) =

where V0 is the velocity at t = 0.

2 c. FC = 2m( v) is north, and v is east; north east is down. This is the direction in which the ball misses. aC = 2v = 2v 1 aC t2 2 1 g 2 = 2v t 2 R D t= v g D2 d=v R v2 D2 g d= v R d= (We ignore the centrifugal force on the ball, because it is the same on the colony as on earth, and the pitcher already compensates for it.) As a sanity check, if D = 20 m and v = 40 m/sec (appropriate to baseball), and R = 1000 m, we obtain d 1 m. Indeed d is much smaller than D. Nevertheless, from the standpoint of the pitcher, the Coriolis force has a big eect on his control. Problem 4. The equation of motion for x(t) is
2 m = k(x xs ) = m0 (x xs ) x 2 2 x = 0 x + 0 mA sin t 2 x + 0 x = kA sin t

be required otherwise, x0 (0) = 0 as well as x0 (0) = 0. The general solution to the homogeneous equation of motion (A = 0) is xh (t) = C cos 0 t + D sin 0 t The general solution to the full equation is obtained by adding xh to xp . Applying initial conditions, x0 (t) = kA sin t + C cos 0 t + D sin 0 t 2 0 2

g R

x0 (0) = 0 C = 0 x0 (0) = 0 0 = kA + 0 D 2 0 2 kA D= 2 2 0 0 0 sin t sin 0 t x0 (t) = kA 2 0 (0 2 )

Problem 5. a. (x = 0, t) = (x = L, t) = 0 b. (x, t) = sin kx sin kL = 0 kL = n, n = 1, 2, . . . ck c s = L c. (x, t) = (x + L, t) d. 0 exp (it)

a. try xp (t) = B sin t ( +

2 2 0 )B

sin t = kA sin t kA B= 2 0 2 kA sin t xp (t) = 2 0 2

b. Because an innite force from the spring would

3 0 exp (i(kx t)) c. In steady ow there can be no buildup of mass density . Therefore the mass ow v (kg/m sec) 4r2 (m2 ) through a spherical surface of radius r must be independent of r. So, using the result of part (a.), v r2 r3/2 More formally, but equally acceptably, one can reach the same conclusion by applying the continuity equation + (v) = 0 t and using the fact that for steady ow the rst term vanishes.
2

(x, t) =

exp(ikx) = exp(ik(x + L) 1 = exp(ikL) kL = 2n, n = 1, 2, . . . ck 2c t = L t = 2s

Problem 6. a. Per unit mass of uid, the force f is f = r GM r2

We seek a function (r) such that = f or equivalently, using spherical symmetry, = Clearly (r) = GM r fr dr

satises either of these conditions. b. Since the ow is steady, we can use Bernoullis equation (either along a streamline at constant (, ), or, since the ow is irrotational, anywhere outside the black hole): 1 2 v + p + = constant 2 Only the rst and third terms are not constant, so they must have the same r dependence. Therefore v 2 and have the same r dependence. So v r1/2