Preface: Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009

Contents
Preface 1 Early Developments in Stability and Control 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 Inherent Stability and the Early Machines The Problem of Control Catching Up to the Wright Brothers The Invention of Flap-Type Control Surfaces and Tabs Handles, Wheels, and Pedals Wright Controls Bl riot and Dep rdussin Controls e e Stability and Control of World War I Pursuit Airplanes Contrasting Design Philosophies Frederick Lanchester G. H. Bryan and the Equations of Motion Metacenter, Center of Pressure, Aerodynamic Center, and Neutral Point
page xvii 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 9 9 11 13 13 14 14 17 19 19 22 22 26 29 30 32 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 39
2 Teachers and Texts 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Stability and Control Educators Modern Stability and Control Teaching Methods Stability and Control Research Institutions Stability and Control Textbooks and Conferences
3 Flying Qualities Become a Science 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 ix
Cambridge Books Online Cambridge University Press,GMT 2011. Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 180.151.43.132 on Thu Dec 15 04:34:27 2009
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511607141 Cambridge Books Online Cambridge University Press, 2011
Warner, Norton, and Allen The First Flying Qualities Specication Hartley Soul and Floyd Thompson at Langley e Robert Gilruths Breakthrough S. B. Gates in Britain The U.S. Military Services Follow NACAs Lead Civil Airworthiness Requirements World-Wide Flying Qualities Specications Equivalent System Models and Pilot Rating The Counterrevolution Procurement Problems Variable-Stability Airplanes Play a Part Variable-Stability Airplanes as Trainers The Future of Variable-Stability Airplanes The V/STOL Case
x 3.16 Two Famous Airplanes 3.17 Changing Military Missions and Flying Qualities Requirements 3.18 Long-Lived Stability and Control Myths 4 Power Effects on Stability and Control 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Propeller Effects on Stability and Control Direct-Thrust Moments in Pitch Direct-Thrust Moments in Yaw World War II Twin-Engine Bombers Modern Light Twin Airplanes Propeller Slipstream Effects Direct Propeller Forces in Yaw (or at Angle of Attack) Jet and Rocket Effects on Stability and Control 4.8.1 Jet Intake Normal Force 4.8.2 Airstream Deviation Due to Inow Special VTOL Jet Inow Effects 4.9.1 Jet Damping and Inertial Effects
Contents 41 43 44 45 45 46 47 47 49 50 52 53 53 54 54 55 57 57 57 60 61 63 65 66 66 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 74 75 77 78 78 79 80 80 81 82 86 87 88 89
4.9
5 Managing Control Forces 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 Desirable Control Force Levels Background to Aerodynamically Balanced Control Surfaces Horn Balances Overhang or Leading-Edge Balances Frise Ailerons Aileron Differential Balancing or Geared Tabs Trailing-Edge Angle and Beveled Controls Corded Controls Spoiler Ailerons 5.10.1 Spoiler Opening Aerodynamics 5.10.2 Spoiler Steady-State Aerodynamics 5.10.3 Spoiler Operating Forces 5.10.4 Spoiler Aileron Applications Internally Balanced Controls Flying or Servo and Linked Tabs Spring Tabs Springy Tabs and Downsprings All-Movable Controls Mechanical Control System Design Details Hydraulic Control Boost Early Hydraulic Boost Problems Irreversible Powered Controls Articial Feel Systems Fly-by-Wire Remaining Design Problems in Power Control Systems Safety Issues in Fly-by-Wire Control Systems Managing Redundancy in Fly-by-Wire Control Systems Electric and Fly-by-Light Controls
5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25
Contents 6 Stability and Control at the Design Stage 6.1 Layout Principles 6.1.1 Subsonic Airplane Balance 6.1.2 Tail Location, Size, and Shape Estimation from Drawings 6.2.1 Early Methods 6.2.2 Wing and Tail Methods 6.2.3 Bodies 6.2.4 WingBody Interference 6.2.5 Downwash and Sidewash 6.2.6 Early Design Methods Matured DATCOM, RAeS, JSASS Data Sheets 6.2.7 Computational Fluid Dynamics Estimation from Wind-Tunnel Data
xi 90 90 90 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 95 95 97 100 100 100 101 101 104 105 105 106 107 109 109 109 112 115 116 118 120 120 121 121 121 124 124 126 128 128 129
6.2
6.3
7 The Jets at an Awkward Age 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Needed Devices Are Not Installed F4D, A4D, and A3D Manual Reversions Partial Power Control Nonelectronic Stability Augmentation Grumman XF10F Jaguar Successful B-52 Compromises 7.6.1 The B-52 Rudder Has Limited Control Authority 7.6.2 The B-52 Elevator Also Has Limited Control Authority 7.6.3 The B-52 Manually Controlled Ailerons Are Small
8 The Discovery of Inertial Coupling 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 W. H. Phillips Finds an Anomaly The Phillips Inertial Coupling Technical Note The First Flight Occurrences The 1956 Wright Field Conference Simplications and Explications The F4D Skyray Experience Later Developments Inertial Coupling and Future General-Aviation Aircraft
9 Spinning and Recovery 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Spinning Before 1916 Advent of the Free-Spinning Wind Tunnels Systematic Conguration Variations Design for Spin Recovery Changing Spin Recovery Piloting Techniques 9.5.1 Automatic Spin Recovery The Role of Rotary Derivatives in Spins Rotary Balances and the Steady Spin
xii 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 Rotary Balances and the Unsteady Spin Parameter Estimation Methods for Spins The Case of the Grumman /American AA-1 B The Break with the Past Effects of Wing Design on Spin Entry and Recovery Drop and Radio-Controlled Model Testing Remotely Piloted Spin Model Testing Criteria for Departure Resistance Vortex Effects and Self-Induced Wing Rock Bifurcation Theory Departures in Modern Fighters
Contents 130 131 131 133 134 136 137 137 141 142 142 146 146 148 148 148 149 152 155 157 158 158 160 160 160 161 161 162 162 162 165 167 168 169 172 172 172 175 176 179 181 181 182 186
10 Tactical Airplane Maneuverability 10.1 10.2 10.3 How Fast Should Fighter Airplanes Roll? Air-to-Air Missile-Armed Fighters Control Sensitivity and Overshoots in Rapid Pullups 10.3.1 Equivalent System Methods 10.3.2 Criteria Based on Equivalent Systems 10.3.3 Time DomainBased Criteria 10.4 Rapid Rolls to Steep Turns 10.5 Supermaneuverability, High Angles of Attack 10.6 Unsteady Aerodynamics in the Supermaneuverability Regime 10.6.1 The Transfer Function Model for Unsteady Flow 10.7 The Inverse Problem 10.8 Thrust-Vector Control for Supermaneuvering 10.9 Forebody Controls for Supermaneuvering 10.10 Longitudinal Control for Recovery 10.11 Concluding Remarks 11 High Mach Number Difculties 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 A Slow Buildup The First Dive Pullout Problems P-47 Dives at Wright Field P-51 and P-39 Dive Difculties Transonic Aerodynamic Testing Invention of the Sweptback Wing Sweptback Wings Are Tamed at Low Speeds 11.7.1 Wing Leading-Edge Devices 11.7.2 Fences and Wing Engine Pylons Trim Changes Due to Compressibility Transonic Pitchup Supersonic Directional Instability Principal Axis Inclination Instability High-Altitude Stall Buffet Supersonic Altitude Stability Stability and Control of Hypersonic Airplanes
11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14
Contents 12 Naval Aircraft Problems 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Standard Carrier Approaches Aerodynamic and Thrust Considerations Theoretical Studies Direct Lift Control The T-45A Goshawk The Lockheed S-3A Viking Concluding Remarks
xiii 187 187 188 189 193 195 196 196 198 198 199 200 202 202 204 205 205 209 212 215 217 219 220 224 224 224 225 228 229 231 231 231 233 234 235 237 237 240 240 241 241 241
13 Ultralight and Human-Powered Airplanes 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Apparent Mass Effects Commercial and Kit-Built Ultralight Airplanes The Gossamer and MIT Human-Powered Aircraft Ultralight Airplane Pitch Stability Turning Human-Powered Ultralight Airplanes Concluding Remarks
14 Fuel Slosh, Deep Stall, and More 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 Fuel Shift and Dynamic Fuel Slosh Deep Stall Ground Effect Directional Stability and Control in Ground Rolls Vee- or Buttery Tails Control Surface Buzz Rudder Lock and Dorsal Fins Flight Vehicle System Identication from Flight Test 14.8.1 Early Attempts at Identication 14.8.2 Knob Twisting 14.8.3 Modern Identication Methods 14.8.4 Extensions to Nonlinearities and Unsteady Flow Regimes Lifting Body Stability and Control
14.9
15 Safe Personal Airplanes 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 The Guggenheim Safe Airplane Competition Progress after the Guggenheim Competition Early Safe Personal Airplane Designs 1948 and 1966 NACA and NASA Test Series Control Friction and Apparent Spiral Instability Wing Levelers The Role of Displays Inappropriate Stability Augmentation Unusual Aerodynamic Arrangements Blind-Flying Demands on Stability and Control 15.10.1 Needle, Ball, and Airspeed 15.10.2 Articial Horizon, Directional Gyro, and Autopilots
xiv 15.11 Single-Pilot IFR Operation 15.12 The Prospects for Safe Personal Airplanes 16 Stability and Control Issues with Variable Sweep 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 The First Variable-Sweep Wings Rotation and Translation The Rotation-Only Breakthrough The F-111 Aardvark, or TFX The F-14 Tomcat The Rockwell B-1 The Oblique or Skewed Wing Other Variable-Sweep Projects
Contents 242 243 244 244 244 245 246 246 247 251 252 252 252 253 253 254 255 257 257 257 258 258 262 263 264 266 267 267 270 271 273 274 274 277 280 281 282 284 284 284 286 286 287
17 Modern Canard Congurations 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 Burt Rutan and the Modern Canard Airplane Canard Conguration Stall Characteristics Directional Stability and Control of Canard Airplanes The Penalty of Wing Sweepback on Low Subsonic Airplanes Canard Airplane Spin Recovery Other Canard Drawbacks Pusher Propeller Problems The Special Case of the Voyager Modern Canard Tactical Airplanes
18 Evolution of the Equations of Motion 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 Euler and Hamilton Linearization Early Numerical Work Glauerts and Later Nondimensional Forms Rotary Derivatives Stability Boundaries Wind, Body, Stability, and Principal Axes Laplace Transforms, Frequency Response, and Root Locus The Modes of Airplane Motion 18.9.1 Literal Approximations to the Modes Time Vector Analysis Vector, Dyadic, Matrix, and Tensor Forms Atmospheric Models Integration Methods and Closed Forms Steady-State Solutions Equations of Motion Extension to Suborbital Flight 18.15.1 Heading Angular Velocity Correction and Initialization Suborbital Flight Mechanics Additional Special Forms of the Equations of Motion
18.16 18.17
19 The Elastic Airplane 19.1 19.2 Aeroelasticity and Stability and Control Wing Torsional Divergence
Contents 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.9 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 19.17 19.18 19.19 The Semirigid Approach to Wing Torsional Divergence The Effect of Wing Sweep on Torsional Divergence Aileron-Reversal Theories Aileron-Reversal Flight Experiences Spoiler Ailerons Reduce Wing Twisting in Rolls Aeroelastic Effects on Static Longitudinal Stability Stabilizer Twist and Speed Stability Dihedral Effect of a Flexible Wing Finite-Element or Panel Methods in Quasi-Static Aeroelasticity Aeroelastically Corrected Stability Derivatives Mean and Structural Axes Normal Mode Analysis Quasi-Rigid Equations Control System Coupling with Elastic Modes Reduced-Order Elastic Airplane Models Second-Order Elastic Airplane Models Concluding Remarks
xv 287 288 289 290 291 291 295 295 296 298 299 299 300 300 302 302 302 303 303 304 304 304 305 305 306 308 308 310 310 310 311 312 314 316 316 316 317 319 320 321 321 322 322
20 Stability Augmentation 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 The Essence of Stability Augmentation Automatic Pilots in History The Systems Concept Frequency Methods of Analysis Early Experiments in Stability Augmentation 20.5.1 The Boeing B-47 Yaw Damper 20.5.2 The Northrop YB-49 Yaw Damper 20.5.3 The Northrop F-89 Sideslip Stability Augmentor Root Locus Methods of Analysis Transfer-Function Numerators Transfer-Function Dipoles Command Augmentation Systems 20.9.1 Roll-Ratcheting Superaugmentation, or Augmentation for Unstable Airplanes Propulsion-Controlled Aircraft The Advent of Digital Stability Augmentation Practical Problems with Digital Systems Tine Domain and Linear Quadratic Optimization Linear Quadratic Gaussian Controllers Failed Applications of Optimal Control Robust Controllers, Adaptive Systems Robust Controllers, Singular Value Analysis Decoupled Controls Integrated Thrust Modulation and Vectoring Concluding Remarks
20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 20.16 20.17 20.18 20.19 20.20 20.21
xvi 21 Flying Qualities Research Moves with the Times 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 21.10 21.11 21.12 Empirical Approaches to Pilot-Induced Oscillations Compensatory Operation and Model Categories Crossover Model Pilot Equalization for the Crossover Model Algorithmic (Linear Optimal Control) Model The Crossover Model and Pilot-Induced Oscillations Gibson Approach Neal-Smith Approach Bandwidth-Phase Delay Criteria Landing Approach and Turn Studies Implications for Modern Transport Airplanes Concluding Remarks
Contents 324 324 326 327 327 327 328 330 330 331 332 333 333 335 335 337 338 340 341 341 341 342 342 343 343 343 343 345 347 357 377
22 Challenge of Stealth Aerodynamics 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Faceted Airframe Issues Parallel-Line Planform Issues Shielded Vertical Tails and Leading-Edge Flaps Fighters Without Vertical Tails
23 Very Large Aircraft 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 The Effect of Higher Wing Loadings The Effect of Folding Wings Altitude Response During Landing Approach Longitudinal Dynamics Roll Response of Large Airplanes Large Airplanes with Reduced-Static Longitudinal Stability Large Supersonic Airplanes Concluding Remarks
24 Work Still to Be Done Short Biographies of Some Stability and Control Figures References and Core Bibliography Index

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