Anatomy Quiz Two Prep

Clavicles

Extend horizontally across the superior thorax Sternal end articulates with the manubrium Acromial end articulates with scapula

Structures of the Scapula

Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Superior angle

Lateral border

Subscapular fossa Medial border

(a) Right scapula, anterior aspect

Inferior angle
Figure 8.2a

Structures of the Scapula

Suprascapular notch Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Spine Infraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion

Glenoid cavity at lateral angle

Medial border

Lateral border

(b) Right scapula, posterior aspect

Figure 8.2b

Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm

Humerus Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Humerus Olecranon fossa Capitulum Olecranon process Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle

Head of radius Radial tuberosity Radius (c) Anterior view at the elbow region

Trochlea Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch Ulna

Head Neck Ulna (d) Posterior view of extended elbow Radius

Figure 8.3c, d

Radius and Ulna

View Trochlear notch Radial notch

Olecranon process

Coronoid process

(c) Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Ulnar notch of radius

Articulation for lunate Articulation for scaphoid Styloid process View Head of Styloid ulna process

(d) Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist

Figure 8.4c, d

Carpus

Carpal bones

Are arranged in two irregular rows Proximal row from lateral to medial

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform

Distal row from lateral to medial

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

A mnemonic to help remember carpals:

Sally Left The Party To Take Carmen Home

Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal

Carpals Hamate Capitate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate Ulna

4 3 2

Sesamoid bones 1 Carpals Trapezium Trapezoid Scaphoid 1 2 3 4 5

Metacarpals Head Shaft Base Carpals Hamate Capitate Triquetrum Lunate Ulna (b) Posterior view of right hand

Radius

(a) Anterior view of right hand

Pelvic Girdle
Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic brim Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Pubic symphysis

Iliac fossa

Coxal bone llium

(os coxae or hip bone) Sacrum Pubis Coccyx

Ischium

aka Sits Bone

(a) Pelvic girdle

Pubic arch

Figure 8.8a

Structures of the Femur

Neck Fovea capitis Head Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter

Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Medial epicondyle

Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle

(b) Femur (thigh bone)

Posterior view Figure 8.10b

Structures of the Tibia and Fibula

(which one is more medial & which one is more lateral?)

Figure 8.11a, b

Bones of the Foot : Medial View Facet for Sustentaculum Talus

Intermediate cuneiform First metatarsal tali (talar shelf) Navicular

medial malleolus

Medial Calcaneus cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity

Figure 8.12b

Bones of the Foot : Lateral Facet for Navicular View Intermediate cuneiform lateral malleolus
Lateral cuneiform Talus

Calcaneus

CuboidFifth metatarsal

Figure 8.12c

Classifications of Joints

Fibrous bones connected by collagen fibers, immobile or slightly mobile, no joint cavity is present (e.g. cranial sutures, periodontal ligament, interosseous ligament between radius and ulna) Cartilaginous adjoining joints connected by a cartilage (e.g. ribs and sternum, pubic symphysis) Synovial - bones separated by synovial cartilage, with synovial fluid and joint capsule, all freely movable joints

Synovial Joints with Articular Discs

Some synovial joints contain articular discs made of fibrocartilage

Occur in the temporomandibular joint and at the knee joint, sternoclavicular joint Occur in joints whose articulating bones have somewhat different shapes

Knee Joint

Extracapsular and capsular ligaments are

Fibular and tibial collateral ligament Oblique popliteal ligament (attachment of m. semimembranosus) Arcuate popliteal ligament

Intracapsular ligaments

Anterior & Posterior Cruciate ligaments Cross each other like an X

Superior View of Knee Joint

Anterior Anterior cruciate ligament Articular cartilage on medial tibial condyle Articular cartilage on lateral tibial condyle

Medial meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament

Lateral meniscus

(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and cruciate ligaments
Figure 9.15b

Muscles of Mastication

Four main pairs of muscles involved in mastication

Innervated by mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) Prime movers of jaw closure

Masseter and temporalis

prime movers of jaw closure

Pterygoid muscles

protraction and side to side movement of mandible originate on the sphenoid, insert onto mandible

Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Orbicularis oris Buccinator Masseter pulled away (a) (b) Medial pterygoid

Masseter

Figure 11.10a, b

Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column

Scalenes

Deep to platysma and SCM Originate: on transverse processi of cervical vertebrae Insert: on first two ribs Elevate ribs to aid inspiration as well as flex and rotate neck

Sternocleidomastoid

Originates: manubrium sterni and medial portion of clavicle Inserts: mastoid process and superior nuchal line Actions: flexes the head and laterally rotates the head to the opposite side, laterally flexes the head and lifts ribs to aid inspiration

1st cervical vertebra

Base of occipital bone Mastoid process Middle scalene Anterior scalene Posterior scalene

Sternocleidomastoid

(a) Anterior

Figure 11.12a

Splenius capitis and cervicis

Superficial muscle, holds in deeper muscles, lies deep to the trapezius muscle Origin: nuchal ligament and spinous processi of cervical and thoracic vertebrae Insertion: transverse processi and mastoid process Extend the neck, also rotates and

Mastoid process

Splenius capitis Spinous processes of the vertebrae Splenius cervicis

(b) Posterior

Figure 11.12b

Erector Spinae muscles

Main muscles for extension of the spine, also act to maintain posture, extend and laterally flex the spine Made up by 3 muscles:

M. Iliocostalis most lateral, origin on iliac crest and ribs, inserts on angles of ribs and trasverse processi C6-C4 M. Longissimus middle, between transverse processi of the spine, inserts to the mastoid process M. Spinalis most medial, between

Quadratus lumborum

Forms part of posterior abdominal wall, originates from the iliac crest and lumbar fascia and inserts on transverse processes of upper lumbar and 12th rib, flexes spine laterally, bilaterally maintains posture, fixes ribcage

Mastoid process of temporal bone Longissimus capitis Iliocostalis cervicis Longissimus cervicis

Ligamentum nuchae Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis Semispinalis thoracis

Iliocostalis thoracis Longissimus thoracis Spinalis thoracis

Erector spinae

Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis Multifidus

Iliocostalis lumborum External oblique

Quadratus lumborum

Deep Muscles of the Thorax

Most important muscle of respiration

Diaphragm

Flattens as it contracts Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Other deep muscles that assist the breath

External intercostal muscles

Lift the rib cage

Internal intercostal muscles

Aid expiration during heavy breathing

Xiphoid process of sternum Foramen for inferior vena cava

Foramen for esophagus Costal cartilage

Central tendon of diaphragm Foramen for aorta

Diaphragm

Lumbar vertebra 12th rib Quadratus lumborum Psoas major

Figure 11.13b

External Intercostals elevate the ribcage, inspiration Internal Intercostals depress the ribcage, expiration

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

All aid in forced expiration.

Formed from three flat muscle sheets . . .

External oblique origins from outer surface of lower 8 ribs, inserts onto linea alba via aponeurosis, inguinal ligament, pubic bone, iliac crest, action: flexion of the spine, trunk rotation. Internal oblique originates from lumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament, inserts to linea alba, and lower ribs, same action as external oblique
Transversus abdominis fibers run horizontally, originates from the inguinal ligament and lumbar fascia, inserts onto linea alba and iliac crest, compresses the abdomen

Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Linea alba Tendinous intersection Rectus abdominis

Transversus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique

Aponeurosis of the external oblique

Inguinal ligament (formed by free inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis)