Karel Nmec; A3M35TDS Exercise 1, 1/3

Example 1
U (input u is a pair of real numbers
(u
1,
u
2
)
)
Y
: -
uU , yY , : y(u)=u
1
+u
2
Example 2
Input and output of the system are time signals the system is dynamical.
Example 3
(a)
The system is described by following equation:
t y+y=u(t ) (1)
Expectations
The equation (1) is ordinary non-homogeneous linear differential equation with time-varying
coefficient, so the system is obviously linear and time-varying.
Attempt to more precise approach
System equation solution
Complementary solution y(t ) (~ initial conditions response):
t y+y=0
y
y
=
dt
t
lny=lnt+lnc

, c

0, t 0
y(t , c)=
c
t
, t (2)
Particular solution y(t ) (~ input response):
y(t )=
c(t )
t

y(t )= c
1
t
c
1
t
2
c=u(t ) c=u(t ) dt (3)
System output is superposition of complementary and particular solution:
y(t , c)= y (t )+y(t )=
c
t
+u(t ) dt , t 0, c (4)
Karel Nmec; A3M35TDS Exercise 1, 2/3
Linearity
Let H be operator that maps system input u(t ) to system output y(t ) , o , .
System is linear if
Hou
1
(t )+u
2
(t )=o y
1
(t )+ y
2
(t )
(5)
While testing whether system is or isn't linear we have to separate initial conditions response
and input response (see (4)). So at first we test linearity under the condition that y(0

)=0 , resp.
we vanish initial conditions response() and then under the condition that t : u(t )=0 ().
y(t )=

u(t ) dt=

| ou
1
(t )+u
2
(t ) dt =

ou
1
(t ) dt +

u
2
(t ) dt =
=o

u
1
(t ) dt +

u
2
(t ) dt =o y
1
(t )+ y
2
(t )
()
y(t )=
oc
1
+c
2
t
=o
c
1
t
+
c
2
t
=y
1
(t )+y
2
(t ) ()
Equations () and () show, that the condition (5) is satisfied, thus the system is linear.
Time invariance
Time invariance means that time-shifted system input t -t +At must result in time-
shifted output y(t +At ) .
c
t
+

u(t +At ) dt
c
t +At
+

u(t +A) dt
the system is time-varying
(b)
The system is not uniquely solvable (the equation is not in explicit form):

|

y(t )
2
=| u(t )
2
y(t )=.u
2
(t )=u(t ) (6)
Linearity
The absolute value function is non-linear, so (6) is non-linear differential equation the
system is non-linear.
Time invariance
However equation (6) is non-linear, it has constant coefficients the system is time
invariant.
Karel Nmec; A3M35TDS Exercise 1, 3/3
Example 4
State of the system is a vector x (k) that holds values of shift register memory elements.
(
x
1
( k)
corresponds to the left-most memory element,
x
n
(k)=y (k)
to the right-most one )
|
x
1
( k+1)
x
2
( k+1)
.
.
.
x
n
( k+1)

=
|
0 . . . . 0
1 0 . . . 0
0 1 0 . . 0
. . . . . 0
. . . . . 0
0 . . 0 1 0

|
x
1
( k)
x
2
( k)
.
.
.
x
n
( k)

+
|
1
0
.
.
.
0

u( k)
y( k)=|0 0 . . . 1 x
Example 5
Consider system described by equation
a
n
y
( n)
+...+a
1
y+a
0
=b
m
u
( m)
+...+b
1
u+b
0
One way to obtain system state equation is to define n states this way:
x
1
=a
n
yb
n
u
x
2
=a
n1
y+a
n
y
(1)
b
n1
ub
n
u
(1)

x
n
=a
1
y+...+a
n
y
( n1)
b
1
u...b
n
u
( n1)
For our system
n=2, a
2
=1, a
1
=0, a
0
=0,b
2
=0, b
1
=1,b
0
=1
x
1
(t )=y(t )
x
2
(t )= y(t )u(t )
x
1
(t )=x
2
(t )+u(t )
x
2
(t )=u(t )
y(t )=x
1
(t )
and the system state representation
x=
|
0 1
0 0

x+
|
1
1

u
y=|1 0 x ( D=
b
n
a
n
=0 )