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THE GEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

DiSPE>rSion


Hyc:lf'OUS
Clay
Soluble So.lts




t
Erosion)
SediMento. tion
vIe0. therlng 8c
8c Diagenesis t
UpliFt


-u
C
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n
Pr
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Material
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( :
'''0
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.
E
(,)
- .c
c.
eu
C 50
75
. 0 /)
0
1
Organ
L
..,
'Clay-sized fraction
.::.-.
Free Free Free
Exchange Mechanical
Organic capacity composition
Si0
2
Fe20S A1
2
0
s
The
pH
(10) (meq/IOO g) (10)
(10) (10).
4 5 o 5 0 10 0 50 100 o 250 10 0 3 (the 91
A> i i . > , 11 "> i , , > , > ,:S b , , Ri < < ( ,A
.. , ..
soil dl
...... :- .... A
by soi
1
proces
A'
.. 2

- -
..
....
... .....:......
'''. ')B
1 :;.:.
::':.1 .,'.'
--
."\. _,,..J
:... B
2
Pc 'i:l .r: '0
'..... +
Q.
1:':(;'" G':,' c
..... ':0'
:0': (}'.C::.
, ":=
Fig. 6-1. Some variations in the physical. and chemical properties of the different horizons
comprising a soil profile. y Hardon (1936).
horizons comprise the soil profile. In general terms, profile develop
ment is synonymous with soil formation. It is primarily the result
Tl
of vertical (upward and downward) movement of material in solution
orrgr
and suspension, accompanied by a' complex series of chemical
resul
reactions, many of which are organic in origin. Water is the essential
soil.
medium in which this transfer and reconstitution takes place.
baser
Soil profiles vary in make-up within wide limits according' to
.
prIm
their genetic and geographic environment. Most profiles, however,
HOCCl
comprise three principal horizons. From the surface downward
by il
these are identified by the letters A, B, and C. The A and B horizons
deca
.
together constitute the solum, or "true soil," while the C horizon
of tl
is the parent material from which the solum has been derived by
Al h
soil-forming processes. A hypotheticalsoil profile is shown diagram..
eluvi
"1.
matically in Figure 6-2.
rnl
" ~ C )
'"
,.,',
-:
',..,..
-
'.'!'.
c\ o o
SOIL FORMATION
93
numbers thus: AI, A
2
, B
1
, B
2
, B
s'
and so on. Recognition of these
subdivisions, apart from the A
l
and A
a
horizons, is usually unneces
sary in geochemical prospecting. The distribution of metals may
varymarkedly with major changes down the profile, however, and it
.is therefore important to distinguish the master horizons and to recog
nize immature and truncated profiles when these are encountered.
Organic debris lodged on the soil
Horizons of maximum
biological activity, of
eluviation (removal of
materials suspended
(the generic
or dissolved in water),
soi I developed
or both.
by soi I-fonning
processes) Horizons of illuviation
(accumulation of
material by deposition Accumulatio .lay minerals or of iron
or precipitation from an nlc matter;,compact blocky,
percolating water).
{B
prismatic (sometimes concretionary)
structure.
Some soils show intensely gleYed layers
... ..
," ..
(Horizon G of hydromorphic s'oi G may
derived by weathering I C
appear directly beneathA), or layers of
i
calcium carbonate (Horizon C of 1
ca
calcareous soi Is). .
Organic debris only partially decomposed
A
1 Dark-colored horizon, organic (humus)
rich, mixed with mineral matter.
Light-colored horizon of maximum
At
elUViation. Prominent in some soils, faint
or absent in others. Generally Ioose
structure.
Brown to orange-brown
Fig. 6-2. Hypothetical soil profile showing the principal horizons.
The A horizon develops primarily as the result of partial losses in
orizinal matp,riR.l hv _..1 .
',."
"; ,..,,'
<,
o
. :,"
!".,
C
\
-.', '"A
/
~ ~ O ' U , EXPLORATION
he second is where the
ess extent by. erosion.
siduel soil in regions of
of other soil-forming
te appears. to be more
rpe. Fortunately, even
: and diversity of soil
n the underlying rocks,
bedrock
~ - - - - - - - -
,;."",--------
~
....'
~
:omposition of
lodesia. After
cUcteristiC assem
composition of the soil
n>es (Figure 6-4). The
nee the clay mineral
Itrations of trace ele
,0 the bedrock geology
irse, the basis of geo
and rainfall in rock
. These two. climatic
soil formation. It has
'ils may develop from
natio environment. In
send to be the more
orisons. Arid climates,
Ltion of well-eluviated
icteristio of semiarid,
(
;:"";;:" ,,;-'".
E
Do
S:
8
E
8: 500
.....
;:3
o ~
.
I v.
. ,
1000
fl.r ..
1000
E
a.
500 a.
.....
1;S
0
200
E
100 a.
a.
.....
&i
0
'--=
-
~ 1
2000
E
1000 !
~
E 20
8: 10
i o ~ /" -gv',JUIUU' ~
500feet
~ ~
Fig. 6-5. Relationship between minor elements in residual soil and bedrock geology.
Bepe pegmatite vein, Southern Rhodesia. Data on minus-80-mesh fraction. Spectro
graphic analysis by J. D. Kerbyson. Geochemical Prospecting Research Center.
Local elevation (feet)
40
SChist
. , ".,:!
" ,
o
'li.. "
"'.. ' , ~
.. c,, ~ - c . ; ' - -.. ' --'.'
., n
~
C
, 0
-z:

Tundra solis Dwarf shRlb-and moss

covered salls of frigid climates.
Podzolic soils Forested 50115 of humid, 1-1--,
IIill
lemperate climates; includes many areas of
organic soils.
3
Chernozemic solis Grass-covered soils
of subhumid lemperate climates; Includes some
soils of wel-dry tropical savannas suchas black
and dark gray clays.
'illill)
Desertic (arid) salls Sparsely shRlb or
grass-covered soils of arid, temperate, andtropical
climates: includes large areas of Llthosols and ' .
Regosols. '
\ I
~
.::3 Latosolic solis Forested andsavanna-covered
soils of humid andwet-dry tropical and
subtropical climates
lUll Soils' of mountains Stony 50115 (Lithosols) with
inclusions of oneor more above 50115, depending on '<
climate and vegetation, which vary with elevation
and latitude.
\.
;:V l I { l Important areas of organic 50115, andother Intrazonals
are omitted as well as very Important bodies of Alluvial
50115, along suchgreat riversas the Mississippi,
Amazon, Nile, Niger, Ganges, Yangtze, andYellow
.-15. Map of the world, showing six broad soil zones. Each zone generally has similar processes of horizon differentiation prevailing over it.
From Simonson (1957).
,,'
,
~ ' ..
()
",
",
.':j-'
o
~ ",
0 0 0
Z 12 -W'd-TAJtI!m3- 12
0 0

f-r' v, J,,}
'.J,;/:.-;..' . ."-l:-' 12
12
..
.....
en
()

24
1
24 =--24 1Milt?t'WfI'ifllll- 24 Ii 24
.5 Pennafrost
.,;
.s::
i 36-1 I- 36 36 -"'-'.-\..(",/. 11' J- 36
Q
48-1 I- 48 48 -I.':[,',-': .1J.i','{,J- 48
\:.r'/I/48
410 .' t
"..... \f1 I
t ,01 '
I'"
60 I
I 60 60 I _._n_ ----, II 60
1
60 ' " .I
Tundra Podzol Chernozem De..rt
Fig. 6-16. Idealized profiles of four zonal soils. From Winters and Simonson
(1951).
'-4. Soils Qf Humid Regions
The humid zone is characterized by an annual rainfall greater than
afHJut 25 inches. Vegetation ranges from forest and grasses in tern
and tropical regions to low order plants and shrubs in the
belts. Mature soils are generally characterized by an aooumu
IJ4Mon of sesquioxides in some part of the profile and the absence of
o
CH,'careous horizons.
. Tundra Soils. The cold climate reatricts biological activity, and
Jrj parts of the tupdra region the subsoil may remain permanently
f"'Jzen (permafrost). Where the ground is well drained, thin in
profiles similar to those of podzols may develop. Frozen
211 f,soil conditions are usually accompanied by poor drainage. Where
tIlls prevails for much of the year, the soil is then characterized by,
all accumulation of peaty matter at the surface, overlying a bluish
compact subsoil. Soils of this type are extensively developed,
offl(Jnon parent material of glacial origin, in latitudes north of 60
0
N.
'odzols and Podzolic Soils. The authors are indebted to Alex
antler Muir for the following brief description of these soils. The two
grups occur in humid temperate regions under free drainage. They
al
't1
associated with forest cover, the podzol with coniferous trees and
tht1 podzolic soils with mixed or broadleaved forest. Both derive their
nll,tne from the Russian (Old Russian pod = soil and zola = ashes) on
I r
..
" ' ~ .
, l .
\,"
~ " '. ~
~ ~ . ' : ' .
o
"," .
.
:.'/.
EXPLORATION GEOCHEMISTRY
co- Aug 11/94
,'I - .::.
, ",., _ _ .... ' .-1--:
Mineralizing of Secondary Fractures
Plutonic Rock
stage crystallizing produces
ore body
DISPERSION
Prirhaty; Dispersion occurs when the ore body is formed. ':' 'I::, ," .:
Injection of differentfluids."
rrCracks filled with fluids
I I
\ \
o
Characteristics; pressure/ high temperature
takes place in cracks, fissures or pore spaces
free oxygen
Eroded Surface
--
\
"0l
V
/
..
.-
this area will produce an anomaly
In this area
\
/
()
( )
,,, ':i
'\
'.
o
,
1; ' ~ , 1 ' ~ , , ' ..')
. i ~ _ '
',.i r.,
Q
fO
Secondary; Occurs after the ore body is formed
It'&Low Pressure-Temperature(P-T)
It'&Lots o f ~ , H2.0' CO-z.
./Causes the metal to disperse,(secondary dispersion)
Environment of Secondary Dispersion
It'&Soils
It'&Strearfl sediments
It'&Water
It'&Air
o
()
()
o
.,.,i
....'"
..~ .
o
Weathering of a Sulphide vein

Hydrates
ORIGINAL
ORE
BODY
Limonite
Fe 1. 0; . tl W
2
0
Supergene
N) Enrichment Zone
or
Secondary
Enrichment
o
Ll...LlII tATi
Leached Zone(Eluviation)
EIt1DVAl,..
Precipitating of
oxides, carbonates &
egoMalachite, Chalcopyrite
Precipitation of new
Sulphides
ego Bornite & Native Elements
, Primary Zone-Hypogene


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Problems in Geochemistry;
&Sampling ./ Setup sampling pattern intense enough
&Size ./ The size of the particle and what you dissolve it in
acid; Perchloric acid HCI04
&Horizons./ Always collect the same soil horizon.
Definitions;
Geochemical Anomaly - A departure from the geochemical patterns that are normal for
a geochemical landscape values higher than they should be. pg. 26 Harper & Row
Threshold - Upper limit of a normal background pg. 27 Harper & Row
GEOSTATISTICS
Simple Data Treatment(Fudging, Eyeball)
1) Estimate the range 10 l(;\lO
Break into 15 Intervals
( l!lO - 10':'\'
<,
o '--.: \S )..-
l2S
2) Intervals

;2.(,,2. '3f01

?"\4-
3) PLot a Histogram
Frequency % vs. Intervals .,j
\toJTo!S \lE.

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3. The aooompanj-Lng sketch map is of an area somewhat
similar to the Argyl.e area. Draw a neat cross-section
projection along the line <D - @ with the observer
looking northwest. Also, fill in the legend correctly &
appropriately: 'Y-: D",e.r\l""r.c."" J '" \ ) P -:= &..
PLAN
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