LISTS

Wednesday, March 30, 2011 4:13 PM

Basic Disease Pattern

Staphylococcus: Pyogenic (abscesses, mastitis, dermatitis) Streptococcus: Pyogenic Bacillus: Septicemia, regional lymphadenitis, cutaneous lesions or hemorrhagic pneumonia (humans) Arcanobacterium: Pyogenic Corynebacterium: Pyogenic (abcesses, lymphadenitis, ovine posthitis, pyelonephritis) Rhodococcus: Pyogranulomatous pneumonia Listeria: Encephalitis, septicemia, meningitis Erysipelothrix: Septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis Mycobacterium: Granulomatous diseases (intestinal and respiratory) Mycobacterium leprae: Nodular granulomatous infection, ulcerative dermatitis Actinomyces: Osteomyelitis, bursitis, abscesses, pneumonia Nocardia: Mastitis, pneumonia, lymphadenitis Dermatophilus: Exudative epidermitis Clostridium perfringens: Enterotoxemia Clostridium novyi: Gas gangrene Clostridium haemolyticum: Liver necrosis (infarcts), hemoglobinuria Clostridium septicum: Hemorrhagic, edematous, necrotizing damage to connective tissue Clostridium chauvoei: Hemorrhage, myofibrillar necrosis, gangrene. Clostridium difficile: Diarrhea (possibly bloody) Clostridium botulinum: Flaccid paralysis Clostridium tetani: Spastic paralysis Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC): Diarrhea, dehydration. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC): Diarrhea, collapsed microvilli Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC): Hemorrhagic diarrhea, anemia, glomerulonephritis, thrombocytopenia Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC): Endotoxemia, inflammation in liver, spleen, joints, meninges, hemorrhages Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: Diarrhea, dehydration Salmonella: Diarrhea, septicemia Yersinia pestis: Lymph node infection (bubonic plague), septicemia, lung infection (pneumonic plague), lymphadenitis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: Diarrhea, septicemia, necrosis of foci in the intestine, regional lymphadenitis, mastitis Yersinia enterolitica: Diarrhea, enteritis, septicemia Shigella: Hemorrhagic, watery diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome Klebsiella: Mastitis, metritis, septicemia, arthritis, pyometra Pseudomonas: Otitis externa, pyoderma, mastitis, metritis Burkholderia mallei: Lymphadenitis, skin abscesses, nasal discharge Burkholderia pseudomallei: Chronic, nodular, purulent disease in any tissue Pasteurella multocida: Pneumonia, septicemia, mastitis, atrophic rhinitis Actinobacillus: Granulomas, suppurative lung lesions Haemophilus/Histophilus: Pneumonia, thrombosis, necrosis, endotoxemia, septicemia, suppurative reactions Bordetella: Tracheobronchitis, pneumonia, atrophic rhinitis Francisella: Ulceroglandular, oculoglandular, pneumonic, oropharyngeal, gastrointestinal, typhoidal tularemia (high fever, my algia, anorexia, prostration, pneumonia) Moraxella: Epiphora, corneal clouding, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis Taylorella: Infertility, occasional abortions Brucella: Abortions, epididymitis, orchitis, arthritis, chronic hygromas, poll evil/fistulous withers Campylobacteriaceae: "Storm" abortions, endometritis, enteric disease (secretory diarrhea) Lawsonia: Enteritis Borrelia: Spirochetosis (splenomegaly, hemorrhages, diarrhea, paralysis, enemia), Lyme disease (Polyarthritis, anorexia, lymphadenopathy) Branchyspira: Diarrhea (gray to strawberry), dehydration, hyperkalemia Leptospira: Icterus, abortion, hemoglobinuria, anemia Helicobacter: Gastritis

Named Diseases With Symptoms [Etiologic Agent]

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Named Diseases With Symptoms [Etiologic Agent]

Bumblefoot Chronic pyogranulomatous process in the subcutaneous tissue of the feet [Staphylococcus aureus] Strangles Regional lymphadenitis, rhinopharyngitis, purulent nasal discharge, pain, coughing, anorexia [Streptococcus equi] Pizzle Rot Necrotizing inflammation of the prepuce [Corynebacterium renale] Circling Disease Encephalitis, depression, anorexia, unilateral facial paralysis, bilateral keratoconjunctivitis [Listeria] Diamond Skin Disease Red to purple rhomboid shaped skin lesions (Ag-Ab complexes in the tissues) that can necrose. [Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae] Johne's Disease Irreversible wasting, normal appetite and temperature, corrugation of the intestinal mucosa [Mycobacterium avium] Lumpy Jaw Osteomyelitis [Actinomyces] Bovine Farcy Chronic suppurative infection of the lymphatics in the extremities, which spreads upwards, causing ulcers and discharge [Nocardia] Yellow Lamb Disease Enterotoxemia type A, gastritis, hemolysis [Clostridium perfringens] Pulpy Kidney Disease Enterotoxemia type D, focal symmetrical encephalomalacia, focal ulcerative fibrinonecrotic lesions in the intestine, rapid breakdown of the kidney [Clostridium perfringens] Big Head Gas gangrene [Clostridium novyi Type A] Black Diseases Sudden death, subcutaneous venous congestion secondary to pericardial edema [Clostridium novyi Type B] Black Leg Emphysematous necrotizing myositis [Clostridium chauvoei] Footrot Extreme lameness, interdigital epidermitis [Fusobacterium necrophorum / Dichelobacter nodosus] Glanders Fever, nasal discharge, lymphadenitis, swelling in the upper respiratory tract, skin abscesses [Burkholderia mallei] Shipping Fever Pneumonia, anorexia, listlesness, nasal discharge, abnormal lung sounds [Pasteurella multocida / Mannheimia haemolytica] Snuffles Mucopurulent rhinosinusitis, conjunctivitis, metritis, otitis media [Pasteurella multocida] Wooden Tongue Granulomas in the tongue, weight loss, dehydration [Actinobacillus] Sleepy Foal Disease Polyarthritis, prostration, diarrhea, umbilical infections, fever [Actinobacillus] Glasser Disease Polyserositis (inflammation of pleura, peritoneum, mediastinum, pericardium, joints, meninges) [Haemophilus parasuis] Kennel Cough Deep, hacking cough, regurgitation, tracheobronchitis
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Deep, hacking cough, regurgitation, tracheobronchitis [Bordetella bronchiseptica / Canine parainfluenza virus 2 / Canine adenovirus 1 and 2 / Canine herpesvirus] Contagious Equine Metritis Acute, suppurative infection of the uterus [Taylorella equigenitalis] Lyme Disease Polyarthritis, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, carditis, renal disease [Borrelia burgdorferi] Weak Calf Syndrome [Leptospira] Buss Disease Encephalitis, fibrinous pleuritis, and peritonitis--sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis [Chlamydia psittaci]

Obligate Aerobes
Gram Positive Mycobacterium Nocardia Gram Negative Pseudomonas Francisella Leptospira

Facultative Aerobes
Gram Positive Rhodococcus Gram Negative Burkholderia Bordetella Moraxella Brucella

Obligate Anaerobes
Gram Positive Clostridium Gram Negative Branchyspira Dichelobacter

Facultative Anaerobes
Gram Positive Staphylococcus Bacillus Actinomyces Erysipelothrix Listeria Gram Negative
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Gram Negative Escherichia Salmonella Yersinia Shigella Klebsiella Pastuerella Mannheimia Actinobacillus Haemophilus/Histophilus Taylorella

Motile Bacteria
Gram Positive Listeria C. septicum C. difficile C. chauvoei C. haemolyticum C. novyi Gram Negative Salmonella (except S. pullorum or S. gallinarum) Pseudomonas Bordetella Burkholderia pseudomallei Leptospira

Facultative Intracellular (Cell-Mediated Immunity)

Gram Positive Listeria Mycobacterium

Gram Negative Y. pestis Shigella Francisella

Extracellular (Humoral Immunity)

Gram Positive Clostridium
Gram Negative Dichelobacter nodosus Escherichia Y. enterocolitica Klebsiella Pasteurellaceae Pasteurella Mannheimia Histophilus Bordatella Moraxella Campylobacter
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Campylobacter Borrelia Branchyspira Leptospira

Extracellular/Intracellular (Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity)

Gram Positive Rhodococcus Erysipelothrix Actinomyces Nocardia Gram Negative Salmonella Yersinia Shigella Burkholderia Brucella Pasteurellaceae Actinobacillus Brucella

Non-Spore Forming
Gram Positive Rhodococcus Listeria Erysipelothrix Mycobacterium
Gram Negative Dichelobacter Enterobacteriaceae Francisella Brucella

Acid-Fast (Contain Mycolic Acid)

Mycobacterium Rhodococcus Corynebacterium Nocardia

Vaccine Available
Gram Positive Erysipelothrix (bacterin) C. perfringens (bacterin-toxoid) C. haemolyticum C. chauvoei C. botulinum (toxoid) C. tetani (formalinized toxoid) Gram Negative Dichelobacter nodosus
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Dichelobacter nodosus E. coli Salmonella (live attenuated) Y. pestis (bacterin) -- transient immunity for HUMANS Pseudomonas Pasteurella Actinobacillus (autologous) Haemophilus/Histophilus Bordetella Francisella (live-attenuated exist, but ARE NOT LEGAL) Moraxella (experimental; bacterins) Brucella

Urease Activity
Gram Positive Rhodococcus

Gram Negative Actinobacillus Leptospira Helicobacter

Secretion Systems (All are Gram Negative)

Type III Escherichia Salmonella Yersinia Shigella Pseudomonas (and VI) Burkholderia Bordetella Campylobacter Type IV Brucella Helicobacter Type VI Pseudomonas Francisella

Zoonotic Bacteria
Gram Positive Bacillus anthracis Rhodococcus Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Listeria monocytogenes M. bovis M. tuberculosis M. avium M. marinum M. leprae
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M. leprae Actinomyces Nocardia Gram Negative E. coli O157:H7 Salmonella Yersinia Shigella Klebsiella Pseudomonas Burkholderia Pasteurella Bordatella Francisella Brucella Borrelia Branchyspira Leptospira Helicobacter Chlamydia Mycoplasma Rickettsiales

Bovine
Gastrointestinal C. perfringens Enterotoxemia type A: Gastritis and hemolytic diseases; necrotizing enteritis C. perfringens Enterotoxemia type B/C: Dysentery (neonates) C. difficile: Gastrointestinal issues Enterotoxigenic E. coli: Watery, non-bloody diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances (neonates) Enteropathogenic E. coli: Watery, non-bloody, mucoid diarrhea Enterohemorrhagic E. coli: Hemorrhagic diarrhea from LARGE intestine (E. coli O157:H7 specifically) Enteroaggregative E. coli: Bloody, watery diarrhea (neonates) Salmonella: Intestinal disease, septicemia leading to pneumonia and abortion (often neonates) Arcanobacter: Diarrhea (calves), mastitis Actinobacillus lignieresii: Wooden Tongue (after damage to tongue--tumorous masses in tongue interfere with ingestion)

Septicemia/Endotoxemia Enteroinvasive E. coli: Endotoxemia, inflammation in liver, spleen, joints, and meninges, death (neonates) Pasteurella: Septicemia (hemorrhagic) Granulomatous/Caseous Mycobacterium bovis: Tuberculosis M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis: Johne's disease (chronic wasting, diarrhea, due to granulomatous inflammation of intestine) Y. pestis: Bubonic (local lymphadenitis); septicemic (fatal); pneumonic (fatal) Y. pseudotuberculosis/enterocolitica: Enteritis, septicemia, vomiting, diarrhea, necrotic foci, abortions, mastitis Burkholderia pseudomallei: Melioidosis; localization in lungs, joints, uterus Francisella: Tularemia--ulceroglandular (lesions on skin), oculoglandular (lesions on eye), pneumonic (inhalation), oropharyngeal (ingestion), gastrointestinal (ingestion), typhoidal (ingestion); all cause microabscesses and pyogranulomatous inflammation Respiratory Mannheimia/Pasteurella: Shipping Fever (pneumonia, fever, anorexia, coughing, nasal discharge, abnormal lung sounds, death); hemorrhagic septicemia with Pasteurella (subcutaneous edema, hypersalivation, diarrhea, sudden death) External Lesions Dermatophilus: Exudative epidermitis Nocardia: Mastitis, Bovine Farcy (ulcers and discharge from limb lymphatics) C. novyi Type B: Black Disease (necrotic hepatitis--spongy appearance; subcutaneous venous congestion causes darkened skin) C. septicum: Wound infection, malignant edema C. chauvoei: Blackleg (emphysematous necrotizing myositis) Klebsiella: Mastitis, navel/joint ill in neonates (septicemia, omphalitis, arthritis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis)
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Klebsiella: Mastitis, navel/joint ill in neonates (septicemia, omphalitis, arthritis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis) Pseudomonas: Mastitis Moraxella bovis: Keratoconjunctivitis--vascularization and ulceration Reproductive Brucella: Abortion (5 months), epididymitis, orchitis, chronic hygromas Campylobacteriaceae: Inflammation, endometritis, abortions, extended calving period Leptospira: Late term abortion, "weak calf syndrome," reproductive failure, infertility Neural Listeria: Circling disease (encephalitis), conjunctivitus, abortion, mastitis C. botulinum: Flaccid paralysis C. tetani: Descending spastic paralysis Haemophilus/Histophilus: Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, pneumonia, septicemic diseases (endotoxemia, arthritis, myocarditis, abortion, fibrinous pericarditis) Borrelia burgdorferi: Borreliosis (neural, cardiac, arthritic complications) Other Actinomyces: Lumpy Jaw C. haemolyticum: Red Water (hemoglobinuria due to hemolytic crisis), anorexia, agalactia

Equine
Gastrointestinal C. perfringens Enterotoxemia type A: Hemorrhagic enteritis C. perfringens Enterotoxemia type B/C: Dysentery (neonates) C. difficile: Gastrointestinal issues Enteropathogenic E. coli: Watery, non-bloody, mucoid diarrhea Salmonella: Diarrhea (increased susceptibility with GI surgery, colic, antimicrobial treatment) Y. pseudotuberculosis/enterocolitica: Enteritis, septicemia, vomiting, diarrhea, necrotic foci Lawsonia: Enteritis (bloody) Septicemia/Endotoxemia Listeria: Septicemia--depression, inappetance, fever, death. Enteroinvasive E. coli: Endotoxemia, inflammation in liver, spleen, joints, and meninges, death (neonates) Granulomatous/Caseous M. avium: Tuberculosis--1 lesions in pharynx, then 2 in lungs, liver, spleen; no caseation, no capsule Y. pestis: Bubonic (local lymphadenitis); septicemic (fatal); pneumonic (fatal) Francisella: Tularemia--ulceroglandular (lesions on skin), oculoglandular (lesions on eye), pneumonic (inhalation), oropharyngeal (ingestion), gastrointestinal (ingestion), typhoidal (ingestion); all cause microabscesses and pyogranulomatous inflammation Respiratory Rhodococcus: Pneumonia in foals (bronchopneumonia with abscesses in lungs); ulcerative lesions in mesenteric lymph nodes Burkholderia mallei: Glanders (nasal discharge, fever, lymphadenitis in head and neck) Burkholderia pseudomallei: Mimics Glanders Pasteurella: Pneumonia; Sleepy Foal Diseases (septicemia, febrile, prostrate, diarrhea, polyarthritis, umbilical infections) External Lesions Actinomyces: Poll evil or fistulous withers (supra-atlantal/supraspinous bursitis) Dermatophilus: Exudative epidermitis C. septicum: Wound infection, malignant edema
Reproductive Klebsiella: Metritis, navel/joint ill in neonates (septicemia, omphalitis, arthritis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis) Pseudomonas: Metritis, vaginitis, keratitis, conjunctivitis Taylorella: Contagious equine metritis (infertility) Brucella: Abortion, epididymitis, orchitis, poll evil, fistulous withers

Neural C. botulinum: Flaccid paralysis C. tetani: Descending spastic paralysis

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C. tetani: Descending spastic paralysis Borrelia burgdorferi: Borreliosis (neural, cardiac, arthritic complications)
Other Nocardia: Immunosuppressed individuals get local/general infections

Canine/Feline
Gastrointestinal M. bovis: Intestinal and abdominal lesions; Marie's disease (dogs--periostitis); ulcerative lesions (cats--mainly the eye) C. difficile: Gastrointestinal issues Enteropathogenic E. coli: Watery, non-bloody, mucoid diarrhea Campylobacteriaceae: Gastroenteritis Lawsonia: Enteritis (bloody) Leptospira: Acute types (puppies--fever, blood-stained feces, epistaxis, death), icteric type (icterus, acute and fatal), uremic type (occurs with other two--kidney issues, GI upset, uremic breath) Helicobacter: Gastritis, multifocal hepatitis

Septicemia/Endotoxemia Listeria: Septicemia--depression, inappetance, fever, death. Enteroinvasive E. coli: Endotoxemia, inflammation in liver, spleen, joints, and meninges, death (neonates) Granulomatous/Caseous M. leprae: Noduloulcerative, nontuberculous (cats), leproid granuloma syndrome (dogs) Y. pestis: Bubonic (local lymphadenitis); septicemic (fatal); pneumonic (fatal); cats--regional lymphadenitis, cervical edema, pneumonia, depression, anorexia Y. pseudotuberculosis/enterocolitica: Enteritis, septicemia, vomiting, diarrhea, necrotic foci Burkholderia pseudomallei: Melioidosis; dogs get febrile diseases with suppurative foci (chronic, nodular/purulent inflammatory disease) Francisella: Tularemia--ulceroglandular (lesions on skin), oculoglandular (lesions on eye), pneumonic (inhalation), oropharyngeal (ingestion), gastrointestinal (ingestion), typhoidal (ingestion); all cause microabscesses and pyogranulomatous inflammation Respiratory Nocardia: Pneumonia, suppurative pleuritis Actinobacillus: Pneumonia, septicemia Bordetella: Kennel Cough (tracheobronchitis) External Lesions Pseudomonas: Otitis externa, lower urinary tract infections, pyoderma Pasteurella: Infections around bite wounds/foreign bodies Reproductive Klebsiella: Pyometra, cystitis, prostatitis, pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, enteritis, mastitis, hepatic abscessation, navel/joint ill in neonates (septicemia, omphalitis, arthritis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis) Haemophilus: Dogs--cystitis, neonatal infection, vaginitis; cats--conjunctivitis Brucella: Abortion, epididymitis, orchitis, meningoencephalitis, discospondylitis, anterior uveitis Neural C. botulinum: Flaccid paralysis C. tetani: Ascending spastic paralysis Borrelia burgdorferi: Borreliosis (neural, cardiac, arthritic complications)--fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, malaise Other Listeria: Asymptomatic, or mild depression, inappetance, fever, death. Erysipelothrix: Endocarditis, arthritis Actinomyces: Suppurative serositis (dogs); actinomycotic discospondylitis

Swine
Gastrointestinal
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Gastrointestinal C. difficile: Gastrointestinal issues Enterotoxigenic E. coli: Watery, non-bloody diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances (neonates) Enteropathogenic E. coli: Watery, non-bloody, mucoid diarrhea Enteroaggregative E. coli: Bloody, watery diarrhea (neonates) Salmonella: Chronic intestinal disease, acute septicemia Y. pseudotuberculosis/enterocolitica: Enteritis, septicemia, vomiting, diarrhea, necrotic foci Helicobacter: Gastric ulcers in parsesophagea Branchyspira: Swine dysentery (bloody diarrhea, superficial coagulation necrosis, gray/strawberry colored feces, acidotic, hyperkalemic) Campylobacteriaceae: Gastroenteritis Lawsonia: Enteritis (bloody) Septicemia/Endotoxemia Listeria: Septicemia--depression, inappetance, fever, death. Leptospira: Septicemia, icterus, hemorrhage, abortion, infertility Enteroinvasive E. coli: Endotoxemia, inflammation in liver, spleen, joints, and meninges, death (neonates) Granulomatous/Caseous M. avium: Tuberculosis--granulomatous rather than caseous Y. pestis: Bubonic (local lymphadenitis); septicemic (fatal); pneumonic (fatal) Burkholderia pseudomallei: Melioidosis; respiratory and CNS issues, arthritis, mastitis, abortions, diarrhea Francisella: Tularemia--ulceroglandular (lesions on skin), oculoglandular (lesions on eye), pneumonic (inhalation), oropharyngeal (ingestion), gastrointestinal (ingestion), typhoidal (ingestion); all cause microabscesses and pyogranulomatous inflammation Respiratory Nocardia: Pneumonia, abortions Pasteurella/Bordetella: Atrophic rhinitis, 2 pneumonia (fibrinous) Actinobacillus: Pneumonia (fibrinous), abortions, pleuritis, arthritis, meningitis (due to septicemia) Haemophilus: Pneumonia, Glasser Disease (septicemia, polyserositis, acute inflammation of pleura/peritoneum/joints/meninges) External Lesions Erysipelothrix: Diamond Skin Disease, septic (synovitis, stiff gait), chronic infections (sudden death, arthritis, abortion) Dermatophilus: Exudative epidermitis C. septicum: Wound infection, malignant edema Reproductive Actinomyces: Mastitis, abortion, pneumonia Brucella: Abortion, epididymitis, orchitis, arthritis, lumbar spondylitis, tissue necrosis, posterior paralysis Neural C. botulinum: Flaccid paralysis C. tetani: Descending spastic paralysis Borrelia burgdorferi: Borreliosis (neural, cardiac, arthritic complications)

Ovine/Caprine
Gastrointestinal C. perfringens Enterotoxemia type A: Gastritis and hemolytic diseases (Yellow Lamb Disease); hemorrhagic enteritis C. perfringens Enterotoxemia type B/C: Dysentery C. perfringens Enterotoxemia type D: Pulpy Kidney disease (sudden death, rapid kidney breakdown) C. difficile: Gastrointestinal issues Enterotoxigenic E. coli: Watery, non-bloody diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances (neonates) Enteropathogenic E. coli: Watery, non-bloody, mucoid diarrhea Y. pseudotuberculosis/enterocolitica: Enteritis, septicemia, vomiting, diarrhea, necrotic foci, abortions Septicemia Enteroinvasive E. coli: Endotoxemia, inflammation in liver, spleen, joints, and meninges, death (neonates) Pasteurella/Mannheimia: Septicemia, pneumonia, mastitis (after bruising to udder) and then necrosis of udder Granulomatous M. bovis/avium: Tuberculosis
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M. bovis/avium: Tuberculosis Y. pestis: Bubonic (local lymphadenitis); septicemic (fatal); pneumonic (fatal) Francisella: Tularemia--ulceroglandular (lesions on skin), oculoglandular (lesions on eye), pneumonic (inhalation), oropharyngeal (ingestion), gastrointestinal (ingestion), typhoidal (ingestion); all cause microabscesses and pyogranulomatous inflammation Burkholderia pseudomallei: Melioidosis; respiratory and CNS issues, arthritis, mastitis Respiratory Haemophilus: Respiratory infection, mastitis, epydimitis External Lesions Dermatophilus: Exudative epidermitis Fusobacterium/Dichelobacter: Footrot (contagious; inflammation, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, necrosis) causing severe lameness C. novyi Type A: Big Head (rams--edema in head, neck, cranial thorax) C. novyi Type B: Black Disease (necrotic hepatitis--spongy appearance; darkened skin) C. septicum: Wound infection, malignant edema Arthritis Erysipelothrix: Polyarthritis in sheep Reproductive Brucella: Abortion, epididymitis, orchitis, metritis Campylobacteriaceae: Abortion storm, multifocal liver necrosis, pleurisy Leptospira: Abortion, fever, hemoglobinuria, icterus, anemia, mortality Helicobacter: Gastritis, abortion Neural Listeria: Circling disease (encephalitis), conjunctivitus, abortion, mastitis C. botulinum: Flaccid paralysis Borrelia burgdorferi: Borreliosis (neural, cardiac, arthritic complications)

Avian
Gastrointestinal C. perfringens Enterotoxemia type A: Necrotizing enteritis C. difficile: Gastrointestinal issues Enteropathogenic E. coli: Watery, non-bloody, mucoid diarrhea Lawsonia: Enteritis (bloody) Septicemia Erysipelothrix: Septicemia in turkeys (cyanotic snood--pathognomonic, drooping, death), chronic (endocarditis, arthritis) Salmonella: Paratyphoid (chicks become septicemic and die--button nodules in intestine); pullorum diseases (fatal septicemia--gray nodules in heart) Enteroinvasive E. coli: Endotoxemia, inflammation in liver, spleen, joints, and meninges, death (neonates)
Granulomatous M. avium: Tubercles in liver and spleen; dissemination to bone marrow, lungs, peritoneum Francisella: Tularemia--ulceroglandular (lesions on skin), oculoglandular (lesions on eye), pneumonic (inhalation), oropharyngeal (ingestion), gastrointestinal (ingestion), typhoidal (ingestion); all cause microabscesses and pyogranulomatous inflammation Burkholderia pseudomallei: Meliodosis (pyogranulomatous infection Y. pestis: Bubonic (local lymphadenitis); septicemic (fatal); pneumonic (fatal) Y. pseudotuberculosis/enterocolitica: Mesenteric lymphadenitis, acute gastroenteritis, septicemia

External Lesions C. septicum: Wound infection, malignant edema Respiratory Pasteurella: Avian cholera (listlessness, nasal/ocular discharges, diarrhea); chronic cases show caseous lesions; blindness Bordetella: Turkey coryza (Tracheobronchitis, sinusitis, airsacculitis, nasal exudates, conjunctivitis, tracheal rales, dyspnea) Haemophilus: Infectious coryza (nasal discharge, sinus swelling, facial edema, conjunctivitis, lung rales) Hepatitis Helicobacter: Hepatitis, avian vibrionic hepatitis
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Helicobacter: Hepatitis, avian vibrionic hepatitis Neural C. botulinum: Flaccid paralysis Other Borrelia: Fowl spirochetosis (Mortality, depression, fever, anorexia, cyanosis, greenish diarrhea, paralysis, anemia)

Other
Listeria: Septicemic listeriosis in chinchillas Erysipelothrix: Urticaria and septicemia in dolphins Pasteurella: "Snuffles" in rabbits

Main Virulence Factor(s)

Rhodococcus Virulence Associated Proteins (Vaps) Pathogenicity islands in plasmids--intracellular survival (temperature regulated) Listeria Listeriolysin O--main virulence factor; pore-forming cytolysin Phospholipase C--mediates membrane lysis Bile salt hydrolase--survival and persistence in intestinal lumen Erysipelothrix Capsule--antiphagocytic Cell wall--lipoteichoic acids and peptidoglycan; pro-inflammatory Neuraminidase--production varies with virulence; cleavage of sialic acid residues on endothelial cells leads to thrombus formation Mycobacterium Alkyl hydroperoxidase reductase (Ahp)--resistance to superoxides and reactive oxygen species Dimycolyl trehalose (Cord factor)--immobilizes neutrophils if the animal is immunosuppressed Actinomyces Cell wall--Lysine Nocardia Superoxide dismutase--prevents killing by reactive oxygen species Clostridium C. perfringens Beta Toxin--pore-forming toxin that damages host target cells (intestinal epithelium and endothelium) C. novyi Alpha Toxin--disrupts cell signal pathways which breaks down the cytoskeleton Delta Toxin (Novyilysin Type A)--cytolysin that binds to cholesterol and forms pores C. haemolyticum Phospholipase C--like beta toxin, but more is produced (pore forming) C. septicum Alpha Toxin--pore forming, lethal toxin for endothelial cells (mainly) C. chauvoei Alpha Toxin--oxygen-stable hemolysin comparable to the alpha toxin of C. septicum Delta Toxin (Chauveolysin)--cytolysin that binds to cholesterol and forms pores C. difficile Alpha Toxin--disrupts cell signal pathways which breaks down the cytoskeleton; stimulates polymorphonuclear cell invasion; results in diarrhea C. botulinum Botulinum neurotoxins--7 types of zing peptidases that hydrolyze vesicle docking proteins on presynaptic membranes C. tetani Tetanospasmin--released on lysis of bacterial cell; zinc peptidase that hydrolyzes vesicle docking proteins on presynaptic membranes; travel to inhibitory interneurons in ventral horn of the spinal cord by retrograde axonal transport Dichelobacter Adhesins--adhesion to epidermis Cell wall--LPS is exotoxic, anticomplement, and proinflammatory Proteases--regulated by virulence associated proteins (Vaps) and virulence related loci (Vrls) Enterobacteriaceae
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Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia Labile Toxin--A (attacks) and B (binds) subunits causing overproduction of cAMP and blocks NaCl absorption; causes diarrhea Stable Toxin--deregulates cGMP and blocks chloride channels; causes diarrhea Cell wall--LPS is exotoxic, anticomplement, and proinflammatory ETEC Adhesins and pili--attachment to small intestinal epithelium EPEC Adhesins--Bfp and Intimin cause initial and then "intimate" attachment Tir and Esp proteins--from a T.3SS; effacement lesions and diarrhea EHEC Shiga-like Toxins (SLT-1 and/or SLT-2)--injury and loss of integrity of endothelial cells, causing hemorrhage (large intestine) EAEC AAF adhesins--binding to small intestine Aggregation gene--promotes formation of a sheet of bacteria Salmonella Plasmid-encoded fimbriae--attachment Thin aggregative fimbriae (curli)--attachment Long polar fimbriae--attachment to M cells Effector proteins--toxins from a T.3SS give resistance to antibiotics Salmonella enterotoxin--water and electrolyte secretion Yersinia Y. pestis High pathogenicity island--iron uptake Plasmids--pathogenicity islands Yersinia outer proteins (Yops)--released by a T.3SS; disrupt macrophages, decreases neutrophil adhesion; less inflammation Low calcium response virulence (LcrV)--released by a T.3SS; inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis, down-regulates inflammation Y. pseudotuberculosis Plasmids--code for T.3SS, Yops, LcrV High pathogenicity island--codes for iron uptake Adhesins--Ail and Yad protect from MAC Y. enterocolitica Yersinia stable toxin--chromosome encoded deregulation of cGMP; opens chloride channels and blocks NaCl absorption Shigella Enterotoxin--ShET1 Shiga toxin (S. dysenteriae)--disrupts ribosome function in endothelial cells SigA--Shigella IgA protease Protein involved in intestinal colonization (Pic)--digests intestinal mucus Klebsiella Capsule--binds to epithelia in urinary/respiratory tracts; antiphagocytic and anticomplement Endotoxin--Lipid A causes fever, neutropenia, petechia, and shock Enterotoxin--deregulates cGMP and blocks chloride channels; causes diarrhea Pseudomonas Exotoxins--released by a T.3 or 4SS; interfere with phagocytosis and are cytotoxic by increasing cAMP Elastase Protease Phospholipase Burkholderia Capsule--antiphagocytic and anticomplement Cell wall T.3SS--releases proteases, lipases, phospholipase C Pasteurellaceae Pasteurella/Mannheimia Repeats in Toxin (RTX)--glycine-rich sequences Leukotoxin--pore-forming cytolysin that is lethal for leukocytes and platelets; small amount causes inflammation, moderate amount causes apoptosis, large amounts cause necrosis Rho activating toxin--causes increase in intracellular calcium Actinobacillus Repeats in Toxin (RTX)--glycine-rich sequences Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae toxin--causes degranulation and inflammation and destruction of macrophages or polymorphonuclear cells
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polymorphonuclear cells Urease--liberation of ammonia which causes inflammation while inhibiting phagolysosome fusion Haemophilus/Histophilus Cell wall--Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) causes immune evasion and complement resistance Bordetella Tracheal cytotoxin--damages ciliated epithelial cells Dermonecrotix toxin (DNT)--damages cytoskeleton in host cells Pertussis Toxin--interferes with cAMP and causes loss of fluid and ions Adenylate Cyclase toxin--deregulates cAMP levels and reduces phagocytic capacity Pore-forming protein--has RTX repeats BvgAS regulon--environmental cues dictate turning on/off of the virulence gene Francisella Acid phosphatase--suppresses respiratory burst of phagocytes Pathogenicity island--intracellular survival in phagocytes, T.6SS, iron uptake, regulation of activity Cell wall--LPS is exotoxic, anticomplement, and proinflammatory Capsule--contains mannose so the bacteria can be taken in by phagocytes Moraxella Repeats in Toxin (RTX)--glycine-rich sequences Moraxella bovis toxin (Mbx)--hemolytic, pore-forming toxin that has specificity for conjunctival, corneal epithelial, and neutrophil cells Taylorella Cell wall--LPS is exotoxic, anticomplement, and proinflammatory Capsule--antiphagocytic and anticomplement Brucella Erythitol--four carbon alcohol that is found in the reproductive tract of females; stimulates the growth of Brucella Outer Membrane Protein--delayed type hypersensitivity in host Superoxide dismutase/catalase--defense against oxidative killing Campylobacteriaceae Enterotoxin--heat and trypsin labile protein that allow for invasion of cells Hemolysin Hepatotoxin Borrelia Cell wall--LPS is exotoxic, anticomplement, and proinflammatory Hemolysin--hemolytic (B. burgdorferi) Branchyspira Cytotoxin/Hemolysin--pore-forming cytotoxin that affects goblet cells and colonic epithelial cells; causes strong hemolysis Leptospira Hemolysin--cytotoxin Sphingomyelinase C Helicobacter Cell wall--LPS is exotoxic, anticomplement, and proinflammatory Pathogenicity Island--codes for T.4SS and cytotoxin associated gene product (disrupts function of gastric epithelial cells) Vacuolating cytotoxin--disruption of epithelial cell barrier Cytolethal distending toxin--cytopathic effects in vitro, but unknown in vivo Urease--liberation of ammonia which neutralizes gastric acids and allows bacteria to colonize; induces inflammation Superoxide dismutase/catalase--defense against oxidative killing

Antibiotic-Associated Infections
C. perfringens C. difficile Salmonella Pseudomonas

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