Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos

, Cebu City

SITE CHARACTERIZATION OF TAYTAY, PALAWAN, PHILIPPINES RAINFALL TRIGGERED SHALLOW LANDSLIDE: BASIS FOR LANDSLIDE PREVENTIONS.
Engr. Cesario A. Bacosa ,Jr, Ph.D-EM
Assistant Professor, Graduate School Dean, College of Engineering OIC - College of Information and Communications Technology Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City 5300 , Palawan , Philippines Tel No: +63 -048-433-2161 local 245 to 246 ; Fax No: +63-048-433-2161 local 265 *email: bacosa081976@yahoo.com / bancal_19@yahoo.com.ph Abstract- Throughout Palawan, almost all areas near hillsides or mountain slopes are threatened by landslides caused by heavy rainfall during rainy and typhoon season. Rainfall triggered landslides are part of a natural process of hill slope erosion that can result in catastrophic loss of life and extensive property damage in mountainous, densely populated areas. This paper presents the tragic loss of 6 lives inTaytay, Palawan, Philippine landslide attracted a lot ofthe Philippines local and national media attention and with it a lot of speculations and rumors as to what caused the slide after 3 days heavy rain and typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng in 2009. This study revealed the hydrological triggering mechanisms and rainfall thresholds of landslides in adjoining hills with permeable organic clay soil and mudstone. Site investigation and characterization were conducted to inspect the surface structures and to obtain geotechnical properties of slope materials. In the hill slope with the impermeable mudstone, the hydraulic discontinuity beneath mudstone thin clay soil layer causes a transient positive pressure head that generates a saturated water flow. An analysis of the relationship between the magnitude of rainfall and hill slope instability provides a rainfall threshold for land sliding. The site specific combination of rainfall intensity and duration incorporates geotechnical properties of hill slope materials and slope hydrological processes. Keywords: Shallow Landslide ,Slope Stability, Rainfall Triggered , Site Characterization. process of hill slope erosion and are affected by various factors such as rainfall characteristics, soil strength and hydraulic properties that can result catastrophic loss of life and extensive property damage[ Selby, 1982]. In this research, investigate the relationships between landslides and these conditioning factors. Rainfall is the most important factor, and the relationship between rainfall characteristics and landside has been studied intensively [Iverson, 2000; Keefer et al, 1987]. Soil hydraulic properties control rainfall infiltration within soil layer, and soil strength refers to soil resistance against sliding force of soil mass. Considerable research has also been conducted on these important soil physical properties [Harp et al, 1990]. The said investigation focusedits attention on the Engineering aspects of the overall investigation. It was necessary to understand what caused the landslide, and how the landslide occurred. Landslide area was examined,each geomorphology of the landslide, scarp, topography, soil hydraulic properties and the rainfall condition. Information about the landslide was also collected from residents who had witnessed the 1

INTRODUCTION Geo-hazard are events caused by geological features and processes that present severe threats to humans, property and the natural built environment. The need is accentuated by increased sliding in many areas, increased concern for geo-hazards increased vulnerability. Climate research indicates that one can expect more extreme weather in the future leading to increased flooding, landslides, erosion, scour, and rock falls [Hungre et al, 2000]. Landslides occur on any terrain given the right conditions of soil, moisture,and the angle of slope. Integral to the natural process of the earth's surface geology, landslides serve to redistribute soil and sediments in a process that can be in abrupt collapses or in slow gradual [ Finn, 1987]. Soil slips is a way and a process that is associated with the phenomenon cause by forces of nature its cause and effects. Most cut slopes and hill slopes is prone to landslides and rock fall that will be hazardous to human and possible cause of the loss of life as well [Coromias, and Moya, 1999]. Rainfall-triggered landslides are part of a natural

Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos , Cebu City events [ Daizo and Fujita, 20011].

BACKGROUND OF TAYTAY , PALAWAN, PHILIPPINES LANDSLIDE.

Location.

Fig. 2 Photos of Rural Health during construction.

Taytay Municipal Hall

The occurred landslide is located at Ibangli, Taytay, Palawan at the rear part of the Municipal Building of Taytay . The Municipality ofTaytay is located at the Northern part of Palawan 235 kilometers from the Heart of the City of Puerto Princesa . It is situated nearby the sea and mountainous terrain with timber land.Taytay is a First class municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 83,657 people in 10,883 households and its administrative boundary was reduced by approximately 500,000 hectares on 1916.Below is the Location Map of the Site.

Fig. 3 Photos with Municipal Hall.

Migrants

Fig. 4 Photos of Migrants Building.

Concrete Road Pavement

Fig.1

Map of Taytay, Palawan.

The Landslide area is nearby the residential area at adjacent sides, it was situated at the back of the municipal hall of Taytay (Fig.3) and nearby Migrants building 10 meters about the rural health building (Fig.4). Fig. 5 Photos of Existing pavements roads Present tension crack

Rural Health Center

2

Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos , Cebu City Fig. 6 Photos of Residential Area. The Rural Health Building (Fig.2) is situated in a cut slope of 2-3 meters high and 2 meters away from the road that has been paved with plain Portland Cement Concrete(Fig.5). The Rural Health Center and Migrants Building were built sometime in year 2000. West side of the landslide is the residential areas situated 5 meters away from the landslide. The east side of the landslide area facing the sea was populated with residential houses that dominate the area (Fig.6). Based on the report of the City Environmental and Natural Resources Office -CENRO, a landslide also occurred in open space between the building and cut slope portion of the ridge with landslide debris materials. The landslide The landslide ( Fig. occurred on October 7, 2009 at around 12:05 p.m, had buried the one story Rural Health Center Building and destroyed the water tank facility of the municipal hall [Kwok,2009]. Fig.8 Preferential flow pathways (Spring) within soil subsurface layer. heavy rains along soil pipes, pores and cracks at the toe of the cut slope. When landslide occurred, it was very sudden and according to some eyewitnesses, occurred slowly.

Spri

Spri

Spri

Spring discharge,

Fig.7

Landslide Site (Top view, Side view, Front view and Far view)

The incident also claimed the lives of six social workers of Taytay, Palawan, who happened to be inside the Rural Health Building when landslide occurred. The two- story 'Balay Panuluyan Building- Migrants Building located about 10 meters away from the rural health center building is still intact and unaffected by the landslide. Prior to landslide incident, the area had experienced nearly two weeks of continuous rains brought about by tropical storm Ondoy and typhoon Pepeng. Although there were no reported rains at the time of landslide, a heavy downpour occurred on the night before the landslide incident. Flowing underground water is observed when 3

Interviews to some Rural Health Workers and Municipal staff and nearby residents indicated that there has been manifestation of slow movement of the cut slope in the Rural Health Center as manifest by some cut slope deformation and debris fall encountered at the back of the rural health building nearby cut slope. This happened several weeks before landslide. DATA GATHERING AND STUDIES. With the data already collected on the Geology of the area and specifically the orientations of the landslide, the researcher concentrated on the following objectives: a. Gathering of the surface data by conducting soil exploration in the slide zone and the undisturbed side area. b. Gathering of intact soil sample by manual soil auger and classification of soil samples using Unified Soil Classification System (USCS).

Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos , Cebu City c. Mapping of the slide zone by topographical survey.

Liquid Limit Liquidity Index Plasticity Index Fineness Modulus Activity Flow Index

56.0 1.20

36.0 % 4.48 3.72 12.95 1.43 4.51 31.78 % 2.46 1.07 55.49 kPa 33.84 kPa 1.51 0.001 m/sec

Fig.9 Landslide Site Exploration. SITE CHARACTERIZATION DATA. The soil sample was taken both left and right sides of the slides at the toe, middle and head of the scarp of the slide area by manual soil auger having a depth of 1 meter. The following soil test was performed to determine the soil types and classification; Water content; Unit weight; Specific gravity; Liquid limit; Plastic limit; Plasticity index; liquidity index, consistency, dispersion, shrinkage limit, shrinkage index, shrinkage ratio, flow index, unconfined compressive strength , Permeability coefficients; Cohesion; angle of internal friction and other soil properties that was suspected as triggering mechanism of the slide. Determination of Soil Properties. The soil sample taken from the landslide site was stored and preserved in the laboratory and subjected to series of test. Table.1 Landslide Soil Properties Soil Properties Values/ Remarks Soil Group Category Soil Types Soil Classifications A-7-6 CH Inorganic Clay of High Plasticity (fat Clays) 51.08 % 40.57 % 17.61 kN/m 12.05 kN/m 0.46 0.32 19.98 % 4

Shrinkage Ratio Shrinkage Index Shrinkage Limit Specific Gravity Consistency Index Undisturbed qu Remolded Sensitivity Permeability Coefficient Discharge Velocity Seepage Velocity Cohesion Angle of Friction Internal qu

0.0002 m/sec 0.0013 m/sec 27.75 kPa

5.15 degrees

Water Content Saturation. Unit Weight(wet) Unit weight (dry) Void Ratio Porosity Plastic Limit

The table 1reveals the soil properties subjected to various testing. The slide materials were classified as CH or Inorganic Clays of high plasticity or fat clays based on Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The materials water content (w%) is 51.08 %, the degree of saturation ( S%)is 40.57 %, The wet and dry unit weight () of 17. 61 kN/m and 12.05 respectively which classify as dense materials. Materials Specific gravity(Sp.Gr) is 2.46 and its fineness modulus ( FM)of 4.48 correlates to permeable soil type. Void ratio(e) and porosity (n) of 0.46 and 0.32 respectively indicates that materials is potential for swelling and shrinkage that leads to fractured and potential water flow preference. The Potential swell and expansive test was performed such as Plastic Limit (PL) of 19.98 % indicates low to medium potential swell. The Liquid Limit (LL) of 56 % > 50 < 60 classified as

Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos , Cebu City medium potential swell and high potential prior to slide after saturation[ Morales et al, 2001]. plasticity). Liquidity Index (LI) of 1.20 > 1.0 indicates that materials has low strength, it deforms Slope Geometry Determination like a viscous fluid. Plasticity Index (PI) of 36.0 > 20 < 40 Reveals that materials has high plasticity Slope geometry and topographical data and medium potential swell. was obtained using the Theodolite transit. The actual Other materials indices were tested and survey was taken at the site area of the failure plane the materials Activity (A) is 3.72 > 1.2 shows that and the original hill slope. The next figure is organic clayey soil is an active clay for swell presented. potential. Shrinkage test such as Shrinkage Limit 92.00 M (SL), Shrinkage Ratio (SR) and Shrinkage Index 80.00 M (SI) of 31.78%, 1.43 and 4.51 respectively is an evidence of Shrinkage potential. Hydraulic conductivity was tested using standard permeability test, the permeability Coefficient ( k) of 0.01 m/second, Discharge velocity ( v) of 0.0002 m/second and Seepage velocity (vs) of 0.0013 m/second causes the water to 38.00 M 23.50 M flow along pores and cracks due to saturation and it has a flow index of 12.95. The spring seepage was also measured using field seepage test , it shows that the water spring seepage/discharge is 50 cc/sec. Unconfined Compression Test was conducted of the undisturbed sample shows that the 9.5000 undisturbed and remolded Unconfined Compressive Strength ( qu) of 55.49 kPa and 33.84 PROFILE AT SECTION A-A kPa respectively .The Cohesion(c) of 27.75 kPa with an internal angle of friction () of 5.15 degrees is an evident of triggering landside after heavy rains . Fig. 10 Topographical condition of the landslide. Strength potential of the slide materials was significantly affected due to layer movements, At present changes in volume, swelling, crackings and tension crack Fig. 11 Topographical condition of the landslide at expansion due to prolonged water saturation. the However, the presence of water at (left side). saturation levels clearly caused lubrication and reduction of effective stresses at the joints and weakening of the Inorganic clayey materials and At present mudstones as to have contribution to the overall tension crack weakening of the slide supported by Morales et al., [ 2001]. Fig. 12 Topographical (center)condition of the Likewise soil indices affects and landslide directly contributed to the potential swelling, expansion, crackings and disintegration of soil particles due to water saturation that easily water to At present flow freely along the pores and cracks that leads to tension crack slide. Fig. 12 Topographical (right side )condition of the
50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 ROAD CENTER LINE 42.82 38.42
e slid nd 33.3 e la e th for e 29.60 db de un sli gro d l lan tura e 25.84 Na th er aft file 21.28 ro p nd ou 17.96 gr

14.41

11.13

6.01

5.00 5

5.13

AVERAGE NAT. GROUND SLOPE = 38/92 =0.41

0.00 0.00

9.50

21.0 28.61

39.53

50.79 59.05 68.84 77.6 86.86 96.39 101.9

SCALE : VERTICAL HORIZONTAL

2:1 1: 1

Potential Expansion Test . The organic clayey soil and mudstone materials was pulverized and tested based on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). All organic clayey soil and mudstone materials classified as CH or Inorganic Clays of high plasticity or fat clays. The Liquid limit (LL) values ( > 50%) and the plasticity indices (PI = LL- PL = 36 > 20) indicated that the materials is highly expansive soil that will be subjected to shrink and swell. This contributed to the disturbance and movements in the upper layer joints from shrinkage and expansion 5

landslide The landslide highest elevation from the sea level is 138 meters. The total height of the landslide from the toe to the peak of the landslide is 42.82 meters. The scarp height is approximately 20 meters. Table 2. Natural Hill slope and slope of the Failure plane.

Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos , Cebu City
STA O CC BSB S A ZI M U TH O 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1.6 353.00 259.25 259.25 259.25 259.25 259.25 259.25 259.25 259.25 259.25 259.25 259.25 236.43 226.4 U P P ER LO W ERM EA N V ER TICA L P EDSLO P E TA P E V ER TI CAO R V ERTICELEV SLO HL AL HI REA D IN G DI N G IN G TERC EP T REA R EA IN IN TERC EPISTA N CE P E A N G LED ISTA N CE N CE DT SLO D ISTA 6.600 D ISTA N CE 5.000 6.600 1.515 1.420 1.468 0.095 0.095 9.500 10.000 0.00 9.500 0.000 5.133 6.600 0.690 0.480 0.585 0.210 0.210 21.000 20.000 0.00 21.000 0.000 6.015 6.600 0.660 0.365 0.513 0.295 0.291 29.052 30.000 10.00 28.611 5.045 11.132 6.600 0.725 0.315 0.520 0.410 0.401 40.107 40.000 11.98 39.233 8.327 14.407 6.600 0.610 0.075 0.343 0.535 0.521 52.129 50.000 13.00 50.793 11.726 17.984 6.600 0.910 0.280 0.595 0.630 0.610 60.993 60.000 14.50 59.051 15.271 21.276 6.600 0.870 0.125 0.498 0.745 0.716 71.614 70.000 16.00 68.840 19.739 25.841 6.600 1.400 0.550 0.975 0.850 0.812 81.213 80.000 17.17 77.596 23.970 29.595 6.600 1.165 0.210 0.688 0.955 0.911 91.080 90.000 17.50 86.865 27.388 33.300 6.600 1.430 0.355 0.893 1.075 1.018 101.795100.000 18.75 96.393 32.720 38.428 6.600 1.580 0.425 1.003 1.155 1.085 108.489110.000 20.07 101.90337.223 42.820 6.600 1.830 1.270 1.550 0.560 0.522 52.193 52.000 21.25 48.644 18.916 23.966 6.600 0.830 0.390 0.610 0.440 0.413 41.347 41.000 20.00 38.853 14.141 20.131

Fig. 7 Unconfined Compressive strength of mudstone

Fig. 8 Unconfined Compressive strength of Soil. The trend lines in the figure above indicate the decrease in unconfined compressive strength while the water content is increasing clearly evidence establishing that water saturation could have an effect on the strength of soil( Morales et al,2001]. GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES, ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT The Engineering studies and analyses took into account the following information in order to determine the triggering mechanisms. Information about the landslide was also collected from residents who had witnessed the events. All of the information was synthesized and confirmed that several factors are vital to clarifying the mechanism of landslide occurrence: 1. Preferential flow pathways within the subsurface layer; 2. Soil properties , including hydraulics properties and soil strength ; and 3. Rainfall characteristics. This study used a physical experiment to clarify the mechanisms by which these factors contribute to the occurrence of landslides.

The table above reveals that the maximum slope of the landslide is 21.35 from the horizontal toe up to the inclined plane failures, thus this slope triggered the landslide.

Fig. 7 Original Topography before slide.

Tension Crack
Fig. landslide Topography after slide. Effects of Water Saturation on Strength. The undisturbed and remolded samples were grouped and tested for immersion for three time settings of 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours Fig.6 Soil disintegration and effects of immersion. The figure 7 of the Unconfined Compressive Strength qu( kg/cm) and its water content (w%) is presented in figure 6 for soil and mudstones.

Spring

Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos , Cebu City Fig.9 Landslide Site(Scarp, Tension crack and spring level). Landslide Hazard Assessment. Landslide Risk Assessment. Based on Geohazard mapping conducted in the affected area and its immediate vicinity together with anecdotal account of the local people, hereunder are the researcher assessment; 1.Landslide in the area shows characteristics of slumping. It occurred at the cut slope on the northwestern side of a moderate to steeply sloping ridge. 2. The highest peak of the ridge reaches 138 meters above sea level based on the available NAMRIA topographic map of Taytay. 3. The toe of the slope was cut to provide adequate space for the said Rural Health Center building. 3 .The landslide materials are composed of organic clayey soil, mudstone, and highly weathered and clay altered rock. Highly weathered rock boulders were also noted in some landslide materials. 4. The crown of the main slump is arcuate, and the scarp height is roughly 20 meters with landslide extending up to 100 meters. The general direction of the slump is S 45 to 50 W. 3. Ground tension crack are still visible on the northwestern side of the main slump near the head scarp. The cracks are about 1 to 2 meters from the edge of the landslide/ failed slope 4. Prior to the landslide incident around 8:00 am of October 7, 2009, people in the area noted a sudden occurrence of water/ spring flowing at the base of the slope. Some employees of the municipal hall actually dug a canal to let the surface water flow freely. This situation was already an indication of highly unstable slope condition of the area. Furthermore, the eventual destruction of rural health center building and water tank had blocked and stopped the landslide run out to move farther downslope. 5. The triggering factor of the landslide is rain and causative factors are combination of thick soil cover and highly weathered bedrock, organic clayey nature of soil and the alteration of the original topography with removal of toe support at the base of the slope. 6. The Present slope face of the landslide is still highly prone to slope failures/ landslide. Based on the present cracks on the ground, the magnitude of imminent landslide is generally lesser in volume compared to the recent landslide. 7. It was observed that landslide is progressive, meaning it becomes larger as the height of the vertical cliff created by previous slope failure increases. Basically when rocks are exposed by landslide, they are more susceptible to weathering processes which weaken the inherent strength of the 7 1. High risk areas include; (a) the directly affected sites of the slope failures; (b) the northwestern side of the landslide area where ground tension cracks were observed, and (c) the upper slopes of the landslide area. Nearby houses are situated on the northwestern side of the landslide area while the Migrants building is very much proximal to the area of landslide run out. 2. Moderate risk areas are farther downslopes from the northwestern slope of the ridge where the municipal building is located and along the slopes on the other side of the landslide area where the nearby houses is situated. 3. Landslide is normally induced by the effects of groundwater or thin layer of surface water infiltrating the cracks on the ground during rains. Water induces hydraulics pressure on the slope. Strength Degradation of Soil. The results of the laboratory tests on the organic clayey soil and mudstone in the slide areas evidently and potentially expansive nature of the mudstone as evidenced by: rock. This scenario had already been proven since the landslide started as shallow failure along the unstable cut slope. ( show a picture of progressive slides)

1. Very high mean Liquid Limit (LL) and

Plasticity indices (PI) 16.26% and 51.25% respectively classifying as OH (Organic clays of medium to high plasticity). 2. Disintegration of the core samples when subjected to immersion after cooling from oven drying indicates susceptibility to degradation due to drying and saturation effects

Fig. Immersion of soil (24,48 and 72 days).

Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos , Cebu City Significant strength degradation due to swelling and volumes changes of mudstone samples subjected to varying periods of water immersion for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours respectively Shrinkage, cracking and expansion due to prolonged water saturation could have affected the in place strength characteristics and also have a contribution to the initiation of the landslide. DIFFERENT INFLUENCES ON THE LANDSLIDE. Climatic Effects and Rainfall intensity The unusually wet weather and unpredictable abnormal high rainfall intensity occurred in the months before the landslide. This was preceded by the tropical storm Ondoy and typhoon Pepeng. The highest rainfall amounts more than 600 millimeters (23.6 inches) appear in blue. The lightest amounts appear in pale green. Gray shading indicates topography throughout the Philippines.Rainfall occurs over the entire region shown in this image. The heaviest pocket of rain appears off the west coast of southern Luzon, over the South China Sea.

Fig.12Rainfall mapping of the Typhoon Pepeng. The two weeks preceding the landslide have seen the heaviest rainfall in the area in the last 3 days immediately before the landslide event encountered.

Fig. 10 Satellite Rainfall mapping of theTropical Storm Ondoy. On September 26, 2009, Tropical Storm Ondoy dropped a months worth of rain in a matter of hours on the Philippines in 2009 dumped a total of 455 millimeters of rain in 24 hours. Ondoys rainfall turned out to be of a flash flood type and was very unanticipated and unprepared for, which led to many deaths and extensive destruction of property. Sliding Maximum Rainfall Depth: 6 hours - 381.5 mm ; 9 hours - 418.0 ; 12 hours - 448.5.

October 6 7 , 2009 : 6 hours: 347.5 mm ; 9 hours: 413.0mm; 12 hours: 448.5mm and Sliding Maximum Rainfall Depth: 6 hours: 381.5 mm ; 9 hours: 418.0 mm; 12 hours: 448.5mm;24 hours 587.3mm.

Fig.13 Rainfall Chart 2 weeks preceding the Landslide The Figure 13 above reveals that the rainfall intensity of more or less 600 mm a day that triggered the landslide due to massive and prolonged water saturation. Consideration of Preferential Flow Pathways within Subsurface Layers Preferential flow pathways within soil layer generally hasten rainwater infiltration and make a slope more unstable. However, researcher have consistently shown that the clogging of preferential flow pathways decreases slope stability and may triggered landslide [ Pierson, 1983; Unchida et al., 1995]. Other studies have confirmed the effects of preferential flow within the soil layer on rainwater infiltration and slope stability using experimental data.[Tsutsumi et al., 2005]. Preferential flow through fractures in bedrock has similar function to that in a soil layer. In this situation, it is possible that a rapid rainwater transportation through the fractures in the weathered clayey -altered rock quickly produced pore water 8

Fig 11 Rainfall Intensity mapping of Typhoon Pepeng and Tropical stromOndoy.

Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos , Cebu City pressure at the bottom of the weathered rock layer, causing landslide without any delay after the time peak rainfall [ Sidle and Chigira, 2004]. CONCLUSIONS In the long week intensive heavy rainfall from September 26 to October 6 immediately preceding the landslide of October 7, 2009 at 12;05 p.m, record rainfall intensity levels were experienced with the highest level of 587.3 mm occurring on October 6, 2009. With this data, development of hydrostatic pore pressure was possible. It was reported that water are not coming out from the weep holes during heavy rainfall. The weep holes helps in lowering the water table of the slope. The higher the water table, the higher the hydraulic pressures on the slope. The spring was intermittently observed and continuous surface stream by the landslide movement can add water to the ground water in the slide area. Prolonged water saturation and subsequent pore pressure buildup was the final caused that triggered landslide. Moderate risk areas are those areas which could be affected by progressing landslide or reached by landslide run out or mudflow in case bigger landslide occurred during heavy and continuous downpour. Slumping is sometime associated with mudflow when the landslide materials are heavily soaked with water. The shrinkage caused by extremely dry weather induced cracking on the organic clay infilling of the joints, thus, further weakening the strength of the intensely jointed mudstone causing soil and rock layered movement. The extremely heavy rainfall in turn induced the injection of water into the cracks and joints causing increase seepage and infiltration; increased water pressure induced swelling and expansion of mudstone and organic clayey soil; and increased saturation induced weakening of the mudstone. The heavy rainfall in the area immediately preceding the Ibangli Landslide event had contributed a critical part in the initiation of the slide. In fact, many other minor soil slip were triggered days before the Ibangli landslide because of the heavy rainfall. Thus, this clearly indicates the critical role of water saturation and buildup of pore pressures on the slide ( Morales et al, 2001). The soil properties was obtained in the laboratory test the following findings comprised the following; Based on field evidences gathered, landslide in the areas is in the form of slumping. Thick soil cover and highly weathered bedrock, Inorganic clayey nature of the soil and the alteration of the topography with the removal of toe support on the base of the slope are all primary factors that 9 caused landslide in the area. With the present condition of the landslide, the failed slope is still highly prone to slope failures. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The actual site of the landslide needs to be further verified in addition to the limited boring test. 2. Seismic Refraction is recommended to determine the depth analysis of the future possible slide at the back of the Municipal hall. 3. Further exploration of the nearby areas of the landslide is needed to characterize and prevent future slope failure specially along the eastern part whereby the residential areas is located. 4. As part of the disaster risk reduction and preparedness in the area, the houses within the high risk areas should be relocated. 5. Continuous monitoring of the landslide areas should be conducted to observe all indications of landslide such as the occurrence of crack on the upper slopes of the landslide areas and the presence of spring or water on the base of the slope. In case all indications of landslide are observed, all the people staying within the moderate risk areas should leave the place or prepare for possible evacuation. 6. Drainage canals / ditch above the landslide area is recommended to divert or minimize the flow or rain water to the unstable slope. 7. The weep holes on the retaining wall at the back of the municipal hall have to be checked in its effectiveness in draining water from the slope. 8. People living with moderate risk areas always are alerted especially when there is typhoon or continuous rainfall. 9. 7. The local residents should religiously observe the conditions of the affected ground and should be alert on the presence of major cracks and slumps/landslide elsewhere. In case cracks appear on higher ground near the community settlement, residents should temporarily leave the area and report the situation to the Municipal disaster coordinating council. 10. For the future , Come up the Computerized model analysis of the slope to further analysis and predict the nearby areas prone to landslide. 11. The researcher recommends the future researchers to study the parameters not included in this research such as depth possible slide, seismic refraction, effects of vegetation, effects of soil suction,

Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering(MECE) majors: Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Masteral Special Project(Thesis) 9 to 10 March 2012 University of San Carlos , Cebu City geological conditions of the area, water table effects. REFERENCES Abigail Kwok, RedemptoAnda .Six bodies retrieved from collapsed Palawan building. INQUIRER.net, Inquirer Southern Luzon. 2009. Corominas, J. and Moya, J. 1999. Reconstructing recent landslide activity in relation to rainfall in the Llobregat River basin, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. Geomorphology, 30, 79-93. DaizoTsutsumi and Masaharu Fujita. Relative importance of slope material properties and timing of rainfall for the occurrence of landslide. International Journal of Erosion Control Engineering, vol 1. No. 2, Kyoto, Japan. 2008. Emilio Morales et al. the cherry hills landslide Tragedy. 2nd civil Engineering Conference in the Asian Region, Tokyo, 2001. Fell, R., Hungre, O., Leroueil, S. and Riemer, W. (2000) Geotechnical Engineering of the Stability of Natural Slopes nad Cuts and Fills. Keynote Lecture. Proc. Geo Eng 2000, pp.21-120, Melbourne. Finn, W.D.L. 1987 Finite Element Handbook Chapter 3 - Geomechanics. Mc. Graw-Hill Editors H. Hardestuncer, . Harpe C. F. S.: Landslides and related phenomena. A Study of Mass Movements of Soil and Rock. Columbia Univo Press, New York, 137 pp., 1938. Hutchinson J. N.: Mass Movement. In: The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (Fairbridge, R.W., ed.), Reinhold Book Corp., New York, pp. 688696, 1968. Keefer, D.K. (1984) Landslides caused by earthquakes. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 95, 406-421. Pierson,T.C. (1983): Soil pipes and slope stability, quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 16,pp. 1-11. Selby M.J. (1982). Hillslope materials and processes. publ. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ,pp 264. Siedel,R.C.Chigira,M. (2004): Landslide and debris flows strike Kyushu, Japan,EOS transactionaAGU,85(15),pp.145, 151. Uchida,T.,Kosugi,K.,Mizuyama,T.(1995): Effects of pipeflow on Hydrological process and its relation to landslide: a review of pipeflow studies in forested headwater catchments, Hydrological Process., 15,pp. 2151 2174. Varnes D. J.: Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster R. L. &Krizek R. J. Ed., Landslides, analysis and control. Transportation Research Board Sp. Rep. No. 176, Nat. Acad. oi Sciences, pp. 1133, 1978.'

10