July 2007

14. [J-2007]
15. [J-2007]
18. [J-2007]
19. [J-2007]
26. [J-2007]
27. [J-2007]
31. [J-2007]
































































MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
1. If
(

+ +
=
6 0
3 y 2 x
A is a scalar matrix then find the values of x and y. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Find the values of x and y by Cramers rule given 1 y x & 7 y 3 x 2 = = + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Solve by matrix method: 1 z y x , 3 z 2 y x 3 , 1 z y x = = + = + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Prove that
3
) c b a ( 9
b 3 a 3 c b 4 a 4
c 4 a 3 c 3 b a 4
c 4 b 4 c 3 b 3 a
+ + =



[J-2010]
: Sol
n

5. Find
3
A using Cayley-Hamilton theorm given
(

=
1 5
2 3
A . [J-2010]
: Sol
n

6. If
(

=
(

= +
2 4 3
1 3 2
A B &
4 3 2
3 1 1
A B then the matrix A. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

7. If I
2 1
0 x
. 2
5 y
0 1
=
(

+
(

where I is the identity matrix then find x and y. [M-2010]

: Sol
n

8. If 0
z 1 1 1
1 y 1 1
1 1 x 1
=
+
+
+
wher 0 y , 0 x = = and 0 z = then prove that 0
x
1
1 = +

[M-2010]
: Sol
n

9. Solve by Cramers rule 8 y x 7 & 5 y 3 x 2 = = . [M-2010]
: Sol
n
2 8 y x 7 and 1 5 y 3 x 2 are equations given Two > = > =
19 24 5
1 8
3 5
19 21 2
1 7
3 2

1
= + =

= = + =

=
1
19
19
y and 1
19
19
x
19 35 16
8 7
5 2
2 1
2
=

=
A
A
= = =
A
A
=
= = = A

10. If
(

=
3 7
4 2
A then find the inverse of A by using Cayeley-Hamilton theorem. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

11. If
(

+
+
1 x 3 x 2
2 x 4
is a symmetric matrix then find the value of x. [M-2009]
: Sol
n
Given (

+
+
1 x 3 x 2
2 x 4
is a symmetric matrix
. 5 x 3 2 x x 2 2 x 3 x 2 = + = + =
12. Without actual expansion show that . 0
2 3 17
4 7 35
6 1 43
=
[M-2009]
: Sol
n
Let,
2 3 17
4 7 35
6 1 43
=
0
2 3 3
4 7 7
6 1 1
2 3 14 17
4 7 28 35
6 1 42 43
C 7 C ' C
3 1 1
= =

= = [ Because
2 1
C & C are identical].

13. Solve the linear equations by using matrix method. 4 z y 2 x ; 3 z y 3 x 2 ; 3 z 2 y x 3 = + + = = + +

[J-2008,M-2009]
: Sol
n
The three given equations are 1 3 z 2 y x 3 > = + +
3 4 z y 2 x and 2 3 z y 3 x 2 > = + + > =

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
4
3
3
D and
1 2 1
1 3 2
2 1 3
A

8 14 3 3 ) 7 ( 2 ) 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 3 | A |
) 3 4 ( 2 ) 1 2 ( 1 ) 2 3 ( 3
2 1
3 2
. 2
1 1
1 2
. 1
1 2
1 3
. 3
1 2 1
1 3 2
2 1 3
| A |
= + = + =
+ + + + =

= =

Now the minors and cofactors are A are


(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+

+
11 7 5
5 1 3
7 3 1
3 2
1 3
1 2
2 3
1 3
2 1
2 1
1 3
1 1
2 3
1 2
2 1
2 1
3 2
1 1
1 2
1 2
1 3


(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
11 5 7
7 1 3
5 3 1
11 7 5
5 1 3
7 3 1
) A ( adj , Now
T

(
(
(

= =

11 5 7
7 1 3
5 3 1
.
8
1
) A ( adj .
| A |
1
A
1


(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

+
+
+
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

= =

1
2
1
8
16
8
.
8
1
44 15 21
28 3 9
20 9 3
.
8
1
4
3
3
.
11 5 7
7 1 3
5 3 1
.
8
1
D . A X
1

Hence, 1 z and 2 y , 2 x = = =

14. Show that
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
c b a 4
2 b a ab ca
bc a c ab
ac ab c b
=
+
+
+
. [M-2009]
: Sol
n
2 2
2 2
2 2
b a cb ca
bc a c ba
ac ab c b
LHS
+
+
+
=
) R R ( R ' R
3 2 1 1
+ = gives
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
a c b b
a c b a
a b 0
. 2
a c b b
a c b a
a 2 b 2 0
+
+ =
+
+


Now,
1 3 3 1 2 2
R R ' R & R R ' R = = then we get
2 2
2 2
2 2
c 0 b
0 c a
a b 0
. 2 =
. RHS ch b a 4 )] c b 0 .( a ) 0 c a .( b .[ 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= = + =

15. For the matrix
(

=
cos sin
sin cos
A verify that ' AA is symmetric. [J-2009]
: Sol
n
Given
(

=
cos sin
sin cos
A
,
(

=
cos sin
sin cos
' A
Now,
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

=
cos sin sin cos cos sin
cos sin cos cos sin cos
cos sin
sin cos
.
cos sin
sin cos
' A .
2 2
2 2


(

=
1 0
0 1
which is a symmetric matrix.
16. Solve by Cramers ri;e 10 y x 2 = and 2 y 2 x = . [J-2009]
: Sol
n
Two given equations are
10 y x 2 = and 2 y 2 x = .

2
3
6

y , 6
3
18

x
6 10 4
2 1
10 2
, 18 2 20
2 2
1 10
, 3 1 4
2 1
1 2

2 1
2 1
=

= = =

= =
= = = = + =

= = + =

=

17. Prove that ) a c )( c b )( b a ( 2
ab c c 1
ca b b 1
bc a a 1
2
2
2
=
+
+
+
. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

18. If
(

=
3 0
8 y 2 x 5
A is a scalar matrix then find the values of x and y. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
Given, (

=
3 0
8 y 2 x 5
A is a scalar matrix.

19. Evaluate :
2010 2007
2004 2001
. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
6 6
2004 2001
R R ' R , Take
1 2 2
=

. 18 ) 3 ( 6 ] 2004 2001 [ 6 ) 6 ( ) 2004 ( ) 6 ( 2001 = = = =
02. Prove that ) a c )( c b )( b a ( 2
1 c ab c
1 b ca b
1 a bc a
2
2
2
=
+
+
+
. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
1 c ab c
1 b ca b
1 a bc a
LHS
2
2
2
+
+
+
=
Now
3 2
'
2 2 1
'
1
R R R and R R R = =

1 c ab c
0 c b ) ab ca ( ) c b (
0 b a ) ca bc ( ) b a (
1 c ab c
0 c b ab c ca b
0 b a ca b bc a
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
+
+
+
=
+
+
+


1 c ab c
0 c b ) c b ( a ) c b )( c b (
0 b a ) b a ( c ) b a )( b a (
1 c ab c
0 c b ) b c ( a ) c b )( c b (
0 b a ) a b ( c ) b a )( b a (
2 2
+
+
+
=
+
+ +
+ +
=

1 c ab c
0 c b ) a c b )( c b (
0 b a ) c b a )( b a (
2
+
+
+
=
Now taking (a-b) and (b-c) outside from the frist rwo and second rwo respectively we get
1 c ab c
0 1 ) a c b (
0 1 ) c b a (
). c b )( b a (
2
+
+
+


| |
. RHS ) a c )( c b )( b a ( 2 ) c a )( c b )( b a ( 2 ) c 2 a 2 )( c b )( b a (
] a c b c b a ).[ c b )( b a (
) a c b ( 1 ) 1 ).( c b a ( ). c b )( b a (
0
1 ab c
0 a c b
1
1 c
0 1
) c b a ( ). c b )( b a (
2
= = = =
= + + =
+ + =
(

+
+
+
+ =


21. Find the values of x and y according to Cremers rule: 2 y 5 x 4 & 7 y 2 x = = + . [M-2008]
: Sol
n
Two given equations are 2 2 y 5 x 4 and 1 7 y 2 x > = > = +

. 2
13
26
y and 3
13
39
x
26 28 2
2 4
7 1
& 39 4 35
5 2
2 7
13 8 5
5 4
2 1
2 1
2 1
=

=
A
A
= =

=
A
A
=
= = = A = =

= A = =

= A

22. If
(

=
5 2
3 2
A then find the inverse of A by using Cayley-Hamilton theorem. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
Given matrix is (

=
5 2
3 2
A


0
0 0
0 0
4 0
0 4
35 14
21 14
31 14
21 10
4 0
0 4
35 14
21 14
25 6 10 4
15 6 6 4
1 0
0 1
. 4
5 2
3 2
. 7
5 2
3 2
.
5 2
3 2
I 4 A 7 A
1 0 I 4 A 7 A
0 4 7 0 6 5 2 10
0 6 ) 5 ).( 2 ( 0
5 2
3 2
0 | I A |
5 2
3 2
0
0
5 2
3 2
1 0
0 1
.
5 2
3 2
5 2
3 2
I A
2
2
2 2
=
(

=
(

+
(

=
(

+
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

+
(

= +
> = +
= + = +
= =


=
(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=

Hence, A satisfies its characteristic equation. Now multiplying (1) by
1
A

=
(

=
(

= =
= + = +


2 2
3 5
.
4
1
A , Hence
2 2
3 5
5 2
3 2
7 0
0 7
A I 7 A 4
0 A 4 I 7 A 0 A . I 4 A . A 7 A . A
1 1
1 1 1 1 2


23. Evaluate:
4324 4323
4322 4321
. [J-2008]
: Sol
n
1 2 2
R R ' R = gives


2 ) 1 ( 2 ] 4322 4321 [ 2 ) 2 ( 4322 ) 2 ( 4321
2 2
4322 4321
= = = =
24. Find the characteristic roots of the square matrix
(

2 3
4 1
. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

26. Prove that
2 3
2
2
2
) 1 a (
1 a a
a 1 a
a a 1
= . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

27. If the matrix
(

x 3
2 x 6
is singular then find the value of x. [M-2007]
: Sol
n
(

=
x 3
2 x 6
A , Let . Given A is a singular matrix means 0 | A | =

0 6 x 3 x 6 0 ) 2 x ( 3 x 6 0
x 3
2 x 6
= + = =

. 2
3
6
x 0 6 x 3 = = = + . 2
3
6
x 0 6 x 3 = = = +

28. Evaluate :
2
2
2
c bc ac
bc b ab
ac ab a

[M-2007]
: Sol
n
ly respective C and C , C from c , b , a side out taking Now
c c c
b b b
a a a
abc
3 2 1

=

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
) abc ).( abc (

= Now taking a,b,c from first, second and third rows respectively then
we get
| |
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
c b a 4 2 2 0 c b a
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 c b a = + + =
(

=

29. Find the values of x and y if
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

0 3 1
16 5 19
3 3 5
3 0 2
5 2 4
2 1 3
.
1 1 1
2 y 5
3 2 x
. [M-2007]
: Sol
n

30. Solve by Cramers rule 10 y x 2 = and 2 y 2 x =
[M-2007]
: Sol
n

31. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of the matrix
)
`

=
1 3
2 1
A . [M-2007]
: Sol
n
Given equation is
)
`

=
1 3
2 1
A



0
0 0
0 0
5 0
0 5
2 6
4 2
7 6
4 7
5 0
0 5
2 6
4 2
1 6 3 3
2 2 6 1
1 0
0 1
. 5
1 3
2 1
. 2
1 3
2 1
.
1 3
2 1
I 5 A 2 A
1 0 I 5 A 2 A 0 5 2 0 6 2 1
0 6 ) 1 ( 0
1 3
2 1
0 | I A |
1 3
2 1
0
0
1 3
2 1
1 0
0 1
.
1 3
2 1
I A
2
2 2 2
2
=
(

=
(

=
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

=
> = = = +
= =


=
(

=
(

=
(

=

Hence, A satisfies its characteristic equation. Now multiplying (1) by
1
A

=
(

=
(

=
(

= =
= =

1 3
2 1
.
5
1
A , Hence
1 3
2 1
2 0
0 2
1 3
2 1
1 0
0 1
. 2
1 3
2 1
I 2 A A 5
0 A 5 I 2 A 0 A . I 5 A . A 2 A . A
1
1
1 1 1 1 2



32. If the matrix
(
(
(

4 3 0
1 1 4
x 2 3
has no inverse then find the value of x. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
(
(
(

=
4 3 0
1 1 4
x 2 3
A , Let Given A is a singular matrix.


12
11
x 0 11 x 12 0 ) 0 12 ( x ) 0 16 ( 2 ) 3 4 ( 3
0
3 0
1 4
x
4 0
1 4
2
4 3
1 1
3 0
4 3 0
1 1 4
x 2 3
0 | A | . e , i
= = = + + +
= +

= =

33. Solve by using Cramers rule 8 y 2 x 3 = + and 5 y 3 x 4 = . [M-2006]
: Sol
n
Two given equations are 1 8 y 2 x 3 > = + and 2 5 y 3 x 4 > =


1
17
17
y 2
17
34
x
17 32 15
5 4
8 3
34 10 24
3 5
2 8
17 8 9
3 4
2 3
2 1
2 1
=

=
A
A
= =

=
A
A
=
= = = A = =

= A = =

= A

34. Prove that
2 2 2
2
2
1
c b a 1
1 c bc ac
bc 1 b ab
ac ab 1 a
+ + + =
+
+
+
. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
1 c bc ac
bc 1 b ab
ac ab 1 a
LHS
2
2
2
+
+
+
=
Multiplying and dividing first row by a, second row by b and third row by c then we get

) 1 c ( c bc ac
c b ) 1 b ( b ab
c a b a ) 1 a ( a
.
abc
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+
+
+
=
Taking a,b,c outside from the first column , second column and third column respectively
then we get
) 1 c ( c c
b ) 1 b ( b
a a ) 1 a (
) 1 c ( c c
b ) 1 b ( b
a a ) 1 a (
.
abc
abc
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+
+
+
=
+
+
+

Now,
3 2 1
1
R R R 1 R + + =

1 c c c
b 1 b b
c b a 1 c b a 1 c b a 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+
+
+ + + + + + + + +

Taking
2 2 2
c b a 1 + + + outside from
1
R we get
1 c c c
b 1 b b
1 1 1
). c b a 1 (
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
+
+ + + +
Now,
3 2
1
2 2 1
1
C C C & C C 1 C = = then we get
1 c 1 0
b 1 1
1 0 0
). c b a 1 (
2
2 2 2 2
+
+ + +
. RHS ) c b a 1 ( ) 1 ).( c b a 1 (
1 0
1 1
. 1 0 0 ). c b a 1 (
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + = + + + =
(

+ + + +

35. State Cayley-Hamilton therorem. Verify the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix
(

=
4 3
2 1
A

[M-2006]
: Sol
n
Given matrix is (

=
4 3
2 1
A


(

=
(

=
(

=
4 3
2 1
0
0
4 3
2 1
1 0
0 1
.
4 3
2 1
I A

. equation stic characteri as known is This
1 0 2 5 . e , i
0 6 ) 4 ).( 1 ( 0
4 3
2 1
0 | I A |
. equation stic characteri the is 0 | I A | , Hence
2
> =
= =


=
=


(

=
(

= =
(

=
22 15
10 7
4 3
2 1
.
4 3
2 1
A . A A then
4 3
2 1
A , Now
2


.
1 3
2 4
.
2
1
A
1 3
2 4
5 0
0 5
4 3
2 1
I 5 A A 2 0 A 2 I 5 A . e , i
A . 0 I A 2 A . A 5 A . A A by ) 2 ( g Multiplyin
2 0 I 2 A 5 A , where A find to Now
. equation stic characteri the satisfies A
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 2
20 15
10 5
22 15
10 7
1 0
0 1
2
4 3
2 1
. 5
22 15
10 7
I 2 A 5 A , Now
1
1 1
1 1 1 1 2 1
2 1
2
(

=
(

=
(

= = =
=
> =

=
(

=
(

36. If
(

=
(
(
(

=
5 x 3 2 3
3 1 4
B &
1
2
3
3
1
4
A and ' A B= then find the value of x. [J-2006]
: Sol
n

37. Solve the equations by Cramers rule 9 y 5 x 3 & 1 y 3 x 5 = + = + . [J-2006]
: Sol
n
Two given equations are 2 9 y 5 x 3 and 1 1 y 3 x 5 > = + > = +

3
16
48
y 2
16
32
x
48 3 45
9 3
1 5
32 27 5
5 9
3 1
16 9 25
5 3
3 5
2 1
2 1
= =
A
A
= = =
A
A
=
= =

= A = + =

= A = = = A


38. If
(
(
(

=
1 2 0
0 3 1
2 2 1
A then find adj(A). [J-2006]
: Sol
n
(
(
(

=
1 2 0
0 3 1
2 2 1
A
Minors and co-factors of A are

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
5 2 2
2 1 1
6 2 3
5 2 6
2 1 2
2 1 3
) A ( adj Now
5 2 6
2 1 2
2 1 3
3 1
2 1
0 1
2 1
0 3
2 2
2 0
2 1
1 0
2 1
1 2
2 2
2 0
3 1
1 0
0 1
1 2
0 3
T


39. Given
(

=
2 1
1 2
A then by using Cayley-Hamilton theorem P.T. 0 I 3 A 4 A
2
= + .[J-2006]
: Sol
n

40. Prove that ) c b a )( a c )( c b )( b a (
ab c 1
ca b 1
bc a 1
2
2
2
+ + = . [J-2006]
: Sol
n
ab c 1
ac b 1
bc a 1
LHS
2
2
2
=

ab c 1
) c b ( a ) c b )( c b ( 0
) b a ( c ) b a )( b a ( 0
ab c 1
) b c ( a ) c b )( c b ( 0
) a b ( c ) b a )( b a ( 0
ab c 1
ab ac c b 0
ac bc b a 0
R R ' R and R R 1 R , take Now
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
3 2 2 2 1
'
+
+
= +
+
=


= =

Now taking (a-b) and (b-c) outside from the first and second columns respectively,

ab c 1
a c ) a c ( 0
c ) b a ( 0
). c b )( b a (
ab c 1
a c ) b a c b ( 0
c ) b a ( 0
). c b )( b a (
R R ' R Now
ab c 1
a ) c b ( 0
c ) b a ( 0
). c b )( b a (
2 2
1 2 2
2

+
= +
+

= +
+
=

Now taking (c-a) out side from the second column then

ab c 1
1 1 0
c ) b a ( 0
). a c )( c b )( b a (
2
+


| |
RHS ) c b a )( a c )( c b )( b a (
) 1 0 ( c ) 1 0 )( b a ( ). a c )( c b )( b a (
c 1
1 0
c
ab 1
1 0
). b a ( 0 ). a c )( c b )( b a (
ab c 1
1 1 0
c ) b a ( 0
). a c )( c b )( b a (
2
2
= + + =
+ =
(

+ =
+


41. If
)
`

=
)
`

=
3
4
B &
2 1
3 4
A then find the value of AB. [J-2007]
: Sol
n

42. Without expansion find the value of
2 12 10
1 x sin x cos
1 x cos x sin
2 2
2 2

. [J-2007]
: Sol
n

43. If
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

10
0
30
z
y
x
.
3 2 1
1 4 3
5 6 7
then find the values of x,y and z by using Cramers rule. [J-2007]
: Sol
n

44. Using
(
(
(

=
1 0 0
0 x cos x sin
0 x sin x cos
) x ( A find )] x ( A [ adj . Prove that )] x ( A [ )] x ( A [ adj = . [J-2007]
: Sol
n




















ELEMENTS OF NUMBER THEORY AND CONGRUENCES
1. Find the least positive integer x satisfying ) 4 )(mod 3 x ( ) 1 x ( 3 + + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. If b | a and c | a then prove that cy bx | a + where x and y are any tow integers. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Find the number of positive divisors & sum of all positive divisors of 30400. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Find the positive remainder obtained when
31
2 is divided by 7 using the method of congruence.
[J-2010]
: Sol
n

5. If a|b and b|c then prove that a|c. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

6. Find the sum of all positive divisors of 72. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

7. Find the G.C.D of 506 and 1155 and express it in the form of b 1155 a 506 + where a and b are
the integers. Also show that the expression is not unique. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

8. Find the number of incongruence solutions of the equation ) 6 (mod 2 x 2 . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

9. Find the least positive remainder when
30
7 is divided by 5. [M-2009]
: Sol
n

10. If ) m (mod b a and n is a positive divisor of m, then prove that ) n (mod b a . [M-2009]
: Sol
n

11. Find the G.C.D of 495 and 675 using Euclid algorithm. And also express it in the form of
y 675 x 495 + where x & y are two integers. Also P.T. this expression is not unique.[M-2009]
: Sol
n
495 ) 675 ( 1
495
------
180 180 = 675 1 x 495
180 ) 495 ( 2
360
------
135 135 = 495 2 x 180
135 ) 180 ( 1
135
------
45 45 = 180 1 x 135
45 ) 135 ( 3
135
------
0. Hence, G.C.D is 45.


3 y & 4 x , Hence y 675 x 495 45
3 x 675 4 x 495 45
495 x 4 675 x 3 45
495 x 1 495 x 3 675 x 3 45
495 x 1 ) 495 x 1 675 ( x 3 45
495 x 1 180 x 3 180 x 2 495 x 1 180 45
) 180 x 2 495 ( x 1 180 135 x 1 180 45
= = + =
+ =
=
=
=
= + =
= =


12. ) 6 (mod 2 x 3 has no solution why ? [J-2009]
: Sol
n

13. If ) m (mod cb ca and c and m are relatively prime numbers then prove that ) m (mod b a .
[J-2009]
: Sol
n

14. Define G.C.D of two integers a and b. Find the G.C.D of 275 and 726. [J-2009]
: Sol
n
The G.C.D of the two integers a and b (both of them are not zero) is a unique positive
integer d such that
i. d is the common divisor of both a and b. i,e. . b | d and a | d
ii. every common divisor of a and b divides d. i,e. . d | x b | x and a | x

275 & 726

275 ) 726 ( 2
550
-------
176
176 ) 275 ( 1
176
------
99
99 ) 176 ( 1
99
-----
77
77 ) 99 ( 1
77
----
22
22 ) 77 ( 3
66
----
11

11 ) 22 ( 2
22
----
0
Hence, G.C.D is 11.


15. Find the number of positive divisors of 252 by writing it as the product of primes. [J-2009]

252
: Sol
n
2 126 Hence,
1 2 2
7 x 3 x 2 252 =
2 63 7 p , 3 p , 2 p and 1 a , 2 a , 2 a
3 2 1 3 2 1
= = = = = =
3 21 ) a 1 ).( a 1 ).( a 1 ( ) 252 ( T ) a ( T
3 2 1
+ + + = =
3 7 . 18 2 x 3 x 3 ) 1 1 ).( 2 1 ).( 2 1 ( = = + + + =
7 1

(
(

(
(

(
(

(
(

=
+ + + +
1 p
1 p
1 p
1 p
.
1 p
1 p
.
1 p
1 p
) a ( S
n
1 a
n
3
1 a
3
2
1 a
2
1
1 a
1
n 3 2 1


728 8 x 13 x 7
6
48
.
2
26
. 7
6
1 49
.
2
1 27
.
1
1 8
6
1 7
.
2
1 3
.
1
1 2
1 7
1 7
.
1 3
1 3
.
1 2
1 2
) 252 ( S ) a ( S
2 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 2
= = =
)
`

)
`

)
`

=
)
`

)
`

)
`

=
(

= =
+ + +


16. If ) 7 (mod a 135 x 3 x 2
12 150
find the least positive remainder when a is divided by 7. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

17. Find the least positive integer x satisfying ) 5 (mod 4 x 5 x 2 + + . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

18. The relation congruence modulo m is an equivalence relation on Z or prove that ) m (mod b a
is an equivalence relation on Z. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

19. Find the number of all positive divisors and the sum of all positive divisors of 39744. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
39744
2 19872 Hence,
1 3 6
23 x 3 x 2 39744 =
2 9936 23 p , 3 p , 2 p and 1 a , 3 a , 6 a
3 2 1 3 2 1
= = = = = =
2 4968 ) a 1 ).( a 1 ).( a 1 ( ) 39744 ( T ) a ( T
3 2 1
+ + + = =
2 2484 . 56 2 x 4 x 7 ) 1 1 ).( 3 1 ).( 6 1 ( = = + + + =
2 1242
2 621
3 207
3 69
3 23
23 1
(
(

(
(

(
(

(
(

=
+ + + +
1 p
1 p
1 p
1 p
.
1 p
1 p
.
1 p
1 p
) a ( S
n
1 a
n
3
1 a
3
2
1 a
2
1
1 a
1
n 3 2 1


121920 24 x 40 x 127
22
528
.
2
80
. 127
22
1 529
.
2
1 81
.
1
1 128
22
1 23
.
2
1 3
.
1
1 2
1 23
1 23
.
1 3
1 3
.
1 2
1 2
) 39744 ( S ) a ( S
2 4 7 1 1 1 3 1 6
= = =
)
`

)
`

)
`

=
)
`

)
`

)
`

=
(

= =
+ + +

20. Find the digit in the unit place of
123
7 . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

21. Find the number of incongruent solutions of ) 30 (mod 21 x 9 . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

22. Find the G.C.D or 352 and 891. [J-2008]
: Sol
n
352 ) 891 ( 2
704
------
187
187 ) 352 ( 1
187
-------
165
165 ) 187 ( 1
165
-------
22
22 ) 165 ( 2
154
-------
11
11 ) 22 ( 2
22
------
00 Hence, G.C.D is 11.


23. Find the number of positive divisors and sum of all such positive divisors and sum of all such
positive divisors of 756. [J-2008]
: Sol
n
756
2 378 Hence,
1 3 2
7 x 3 x 2 756 =
2 189 1 a , 3 a , 2 a and 7 p , 3 p , 2 p
3 2 1 3 2 1
= = = = = =
3 63 ) 1 1 ).( 3 1 ).( 2 1 ( ) a 1 ).( a 1 ).( a 1 ( ) 756 ( T ) a ( T
3 2 1
+ + + = + + + = =
3 21 24 ) 2 ).( 4 .( 3 = =
3 7
7 1

(
(

(
(

(
(

(
(

=
+ + + +
1 p
1 p
1 p
1 p
.
1 p
1 p
.
1 p
1 p
) a ( S
n
1 a
n
3
1 a
3
2
1 a
2
1
1 a
1
n 3 2 1


1960 7 . 40 . 7
6
1 49
.
2
1 81
.
1
1 8
6
1 7
.
2
1 3
.
1
1 2
1 7
1 7
.
1 3
1 3
.
1 2
1 2
) 756 ( S ) a ( S
2 4 3 1 1 1 3 1 2
= =

=
)
`

)
`

)
`

=
(

= =
+ + +


24. If a|bcand (a,b) = 1 then prove that a|c. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

25. Find the remainder when
202
2 is divided by 11 ( least positive remainder). [J-2008]
: Sol
n

26. Find the integer x, satisfying the congruence ) 13 (mod 4 x 5 . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

27. If ) m (mod b a and n > 1 is a positive divisor of m, then prove that ) n (mod b a . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

28. Find the G.C.D of 408 and 1032 using Euclidean algorithm. Express it in the form of
n 1032 m 408 + where m and n are the two integers. [M-2007]
: Sol
n
408 ) 1032 ( 2
816
-------
216 216 = 1032 2 x 408
216 ) 408 ( 1
216
-------
192 192 = 408 1 x 216
192 ) 216 ( 1
192
------
24 24 = 216 1 x 192
24 ) 192 ( 8
192
-------
0 Hence, G.C.D is 24.

2 n & 5 m , Hence n 1032 m 408 24
2 x 1032 5 x 408 24
408 x 5 1032 x 2 24
408 x 1 408 x 4 1032 x 2 24
408 x 1 ) 408 x 2 1032 ( x 2 24
408 x 1 216 x 2 24
216 x 1 408 x 1 216 24
) 216 x 1 408 ( x 1 216 192 x 1 216 24
= = + =
+ =
=
=
=
=
+ =
= =

29. Find the number of incongruent solutions for ) 15 (mod 3 x 6
[M-2006]
: Sol
n

30. If a|b and a|c then prove that c b | a + . [M-2006]
: Sol
n

31. Find the number of all positive divisors and the sum of all such positive divisors of 432.[M-2006]
432
: Sol
n
2 216 Hence,
3 4
3 x 2 432 =
2 108 3 p , 2 p and 3 a , 4 a
2 1 2 1
= = = =
2 54
2 27 ) a 1 ).( a 1 ( ) 432 ( T ) a ( T
2 1
+ + = =
3 9 . 20 4 x 5 ) 3 1 ).( 4 1 ( = = + + =
3 3
3 1

(
(

(
(

(
(

(
(

=
+ + + +
1 p
1 p
1 p
1 p
.
1 p
1 p
.
1 p
1 p
) a ( S
n
1 a
n
3
1 a
3
2
1 a
2
1
1 a
1
n 3 2 1


)
`

)
`

=
(

= =
+ +
2
1 3
.
1
1 2
1 3
1 3
.
1 2
1 2
) 432 ( S ) a ( S
4 5 1 3 1 4

1240 40 x 31
2
80
. 31
2
1 81
.
1
1 32
= = =
)
`

)
`

=

31. Find the remainder when 75 x 73 x 71 is divided by 23. [M-2006]
: Sol
n

32. Find the digit in the unit place of
12
3 . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

33. If (c,a) = 1 and c|ab then prove that c|b. [J-2006]
: Sol
n

34. Find the G.C.D of 252 and 595 and express it in the form of b 595 a 252 + where a and b are the
integers. Also show that this expression is not unique. [J-2006]
: Sol
n
252 ) 595 ( 2
504
------
91 91 = 595 2 x 252
91 ) 252 ( 2
182
------
70 70 = 252 2 x 91
70 ) 91 ( 1
70
-----
21 21 = 91 1 x 70
21 ) 70 ( 3
63
-----
7 7 = 70 3 x 21
7 ) 21 ( 3
21
----
0 Hence, G.C.D is 7.

11 b & 26 a , Hence b 595 a 252 7
11 x 595 26 x 252 7
595 x 11 252 x 26 7
252 x 22 595 x 11 252 x 4 7
) 252 x 2 595 ( x 11 252 x 4 7
91 x 11 252 x 4 7
91 x 3 91 x 8 252 x 4 7
91 x 3 ) 91 x 2 252 ( x 4 7
91 x 3 70 x 4 7
70 x 3 91 x 3 70 7
) 70 x 1 91 ( x 3 70 7
21 x 3 70 7
= = + =
+ =
=
+ =
=
=
=
=
=
+ =
=
=


2263 ' b & 621 ' a , Where ' xb 595 ' xa 252 7
) 252 11 ( x 595 ) 595 26 ( x 252 7
595 x 252 595 x 252 595 x 11 252 x 26 7
= = + =
+ + =
+ =

Hence, the expression b 595 a 252 + is not unique.

35. If ) 10 (mod x 3
127
then find the value of x. [J-2007]
: Sol
n

36. If ) m (mod b a and n|m where n is an integer then prove that ) n (mod b a . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

37. Find the G.C.D of 48 and 18. If n 18 m 48 6 + = then find the values of m and n.
Solve ) 7 (mod 32 x 51 . Write the solution set. [J-2007]
: Sol
n
18 ) 48 ( 2
36
-----
12 12 = 48 -2 x 18
12 ) 18 ( 1
12
-----
6 6 = 18 1 x 12
6 ) 12 ( 2
12
-----
0 Hence, G.C.D is 6.

. 3 n & 1 m , Hence n 18 m 48 6
3 x 18 1 x 48 6
48 x 1 18 x 3 6
18 x 2 48 x 1 18 6
) 18 x 2 48 ( x 1 18 6
12 x 1 18 6
= = + =
+ =
=
+ =
=
=












GROUP THEORY
1. On the set of all integers a binary operation * is defined by 5 b a b * a + + = , then find the identity
element. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. In a group (G,*) prove that the identity element is unique. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. If
+
Q is the set of all positive rational numbers and a binary operation * is defined on
+
Q by

3
ab 2
b * a = for all
+
eQ b , a , prove that
+
Q is an abelian group with respect to *. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Find the identity element in the set of all positive rationals
+
Q , * is defined by
2
ab
b * a =
for all
+
eQ b , a . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

5. Write the composition table for G = {2,4,6,8} under the multiplication modulo 10 and also
find the identity element. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

6. Prove that the set M of all 2 x 2 matrices with the elements of real numbers form an abelian
group with respect to the addition of matrices. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

7. Define a sub-group. [M-2009]
: Sol
n

8. If G = {0,1,2,3} under the multiplication modulo 4 a group ? Give reason. [M-2009]
: Sol
n

9. On the set of real numbers the binary operation * is defined by
2 2
b a b * a + = for all R b , a e
then prove that * is both commutative and associative also find the identity element. [M-2009]
. e associativ an is . c ) b a ( ) c b ( a , Hence
c b a c b a c ) b a ( c b a
) c b ( a c b a ) c b ( a b a b a : Sol
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 n
- - - = - -
+ + = - + = - - + + =
+ + = + - = - - + = -


10. If a is the element of the group (G,*) then prove that a ) a (
1 1
=

. [M-2008,2009]
. a ) a ( a x . e , i
a is x of inverse the that means This
e x a a x
] law inverse by [ e a a x a
] law inverse by [ e a a a x consider Now : oof Pr
1 1 1
1
1
= =
= - = -
= - = -
= - = -

11. On the set of integers Z an operation * is defined by
b
a b * a = for all I b , a e . Then examine * is
binary operation or not on the set of integers I. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

12. Define semi group. Examine whether {1,2,3,4} is a semi group under addition modulo 5.
[J-2009]
: Sol
n

13. On
+
Q the set of all positive rational numbers an operation * is defined by
+
e = Q b , a ,
3
ab
b * a .
Find the identity element and inverse of a in
+
Q . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

14. Prove that a non-empty subset H of a group G is a subgroup of G, if H b , a e . Hence prove that
if H and K are subgroups of a group G then prove that K H is a subgroup of G. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

15. If
7
ab 3
b * a = then prove that * is associative. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
Associative law:- For all . c * ) b * a ( ) c * b ( * a , then Q c , b , a = e
Q b , a .
7
ab 3
b a , Given e = -

7
bc 3
x , where x a
Q
7
bc 3
c b
7
bc 3
a ) c b ( a
= - =
)
`

e = - - = - -
+


. good holds law e associativ , Hence
c ) b a ( ) c b ( a ) 2 ( and ) 1 ( from , Hence
2
49
abc 9
7
c
7
ab 3 . 3
7
yc 3
7
ab 3
y , where c y c
7
ab 3
c ) b a (
1
49
abc 9
7
7
bc 3
. a 3
7
ax 3
- - = - -
> = = =
= - = - = - -
> = = =


16. If in a group (G,*) for all G ae , a a
1
=

then prove that (G,*) is an abelian group. [M-2008]

: Sol
n

25. Prove that the set } x : 4 , 2 , 1 { H
7
= is a sub group of the group } x : 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { G
7
= .[M-2008]
: Sol
n




17. Prove that the identity element of a group is unique. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
If possible let there be two identity elements ' e and e in a group ) , G ( -
Since e is an identity element, 1 ' e ' e e e ' e > = - = -
Since ' e is an identity element, 2 e e ' e ' e e > = - = -
Now from the two equations 1 and 2 we have ' e e =
Hence, the identity element in a group is unique. I,e. there is only one identity element in a
group.

18. In a group ) 6 obd , z (
6
+ find the value of
1
6
1
6
3 4 2

+ + . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

19. Prove that a group of order three is abelian. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

20. Prove that the set of integers Z is an abelian group under the binary operation * defined by
Z b , a 3 b a b * a e + + = . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

21. On the set of integers Z if * is defined by 1 b a b * a + + = for all Z b , a e , then find the identity
element. [M-2207]
: Sol
n
By the given data, . Z b , a , 1 b a b a e + + = -
Let 2 c 1 c 2 c 1 1 c ) 1 c ( that such be , Z c + = - + = + + = - e
2 c c 1 c 2 1 c 1 ) c 1 ( Again + = - + = + + = -
Hence, one acts as the identity element in Z with respect to -

22. Define the binary operation on the non-empty set S. Given an example to show that on Z the
operation * defined by
b
a b * a = is not binary. [M-2007]
: Sol
n
Let S be a non empty set. An operation - (star) is called as a binary operation on S if
for all S b , a e . I.e. the operation - is a rule by which every pair of elements a and b of S can be
combined to get an unique element c. I.e. . S b a c e - =
A binary operation is also called as binary composition.

23. Given that H is a non-empty subset of a set G and (G,*) is a group. If for all H b , a e , H b * a
1
e

Then prove that (H,*) is a sub-group of the group (G,*). [M-2007]
: Sol
n

24. If in a group G, every element is its own inverse then prove that G is an abelian group.[M-2007]
: Sol
n

25. In a group G = {1,2,3,4} under the multiplication modulo 5 then find the value of
1 1
) 4 x 3 (

.
[M-2006]
: Sol
n

26. Prove that H = {0,3} is a sub-group of the group G = {0,1,2,3,4,5} under the addition modulo 6.
[M-2006]
: Sol
n

27. If
+
Q is the set of all positive rationals, then prove that ,*) Q (
+
is an abelian group. Where * is
defined by
3
ab 2
b * a = . [M-2006]
: Sol
n

28. If the binary operation * on the set of integers Z is defined by 5 b a b * a + + = then find the
identity element. [J-2006]
: Sol
n

29. Prove that in a group (G,*) prove that G b , a a * b ) b * a (
1 1 1
e =

. [J-2006]
: Sol
n

30. Prove that } real is | sin i {cos G + = is an abelian group under multiplication. [J-2006]
: Sol
n

31. In a group (G,*), if e x * a = for all G ae , then find x. [J-2007]
32. If
+
Q is the set of all positive rational numbers with respect to * defined by
3
ab 2
b * a = for all
+
eQ b , a . Find the identity element and inverse of a under the binary operation *.
[A-2007,J-2007]
: Sol
n
1. Closure law :-
+
e = - Q b , a .
3
ab 2
b a . As a and b are the two positive
rational numbers, then
3
ab 2
is also a positive rational number.

+
e = - Q
3
ab 2
b a Hence, the closure law holds good.
2. Associative law:-
+
e = - Q b , a .
3
ab 2
b a

3
bc 2
x , where x a
Q
3
bc 2
c b
3
bc 2
a ) c b ( a
= - =
)
`

e = - - = - -
+


. good holds law e associativ , Hence
c ) b a ( ) c b ( a ) 2 ( and ) 1 ( from , Hence
2
9
abc 2
3
c
3
ab 2
3
yc
3
ab 2
y , where c y c
3
ab 2
c ) b a (
1
9
abc 2
3
3
bc 2
. a
3
ax
- - = - -
> = = =
= - = - = - -
> = = =

3. Existance of identity :- Let e be the identity element.

. element identity the
2
3
Hence
Q
2
3
e a
3
ae 2
3
ae 2
e a But a a e e a
+
e = =
= - = - = -

4. Existance of inverse :- a of inverse the be a Let
1


3
a . a 2
a a But . 3 e a a
1
1 1

= - = = -

+
+

e
e = =
Q
a 2
9
is a of Inverse
. Q
a 2
9
a 3
3
a . a 2
1
1

5. Commutative law :-

. group abelian an is ) , Q ( . e commutativ is , Hence
a b b a , a . b b . a and a b b a , Since
3
ba 2
a b and
3
ab 2
b a
- -
- = - = + = +
= - = -
+


33. Prove that the set } 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 { G
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
=

is an abelian group under the usual
multiplication. [J-2007]
: Sol
n





VECTORS
1 Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector

+ = j 4 i 3 a [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. If

a is the unit vector and 8 ) a x ).( a x ( = +

then find the value of

x [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Show that the points A(2,3-1) , B(1,-2,3) , C(3,4,-2) and D(1,-6,6) are coplanar. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both

a and

b given . k j 3 i 2 b & k 2 j i 3 a + = + =


[J-2010]
: Sol
n

5. Prove by vector method that the angle in a semicircle is equal to
0
90 [J-2010]
: Sol
n

6. Let

a ,

b and

c be any three vectors such that 4 | c | , 3 | b | , 2 | a | = = =

and each vector is equal to
the sum of the other two vectors then find the value of | c b a |

+ + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

7. If the vectors k j i 2 a + + =

and k j 4 i 3 b + =

then find the value of

b . a . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

8. Find the area of the triangle whose two adjacent sides are determined by the two vectors
k 3 j 5 i 4 & k 2 j 3 i 2 + + + + . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

9. Find the vector of magnitude 12 units which is perpendicular to both the vectors k 3 j i 4 a + =

and k 2 j i 2 b + =

. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

10. If k 3 j 2 i 5 a + =

& k 5 j 2 i 4 b + + =

are the vectors find the projection of

a on

b . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

11. Prove by vector method that B sin . A cos B cos . A sin ) B A sin( = [M-2010]
: Sol
n

12. If 7 | c | , 5 | b | , 3 | a | & 0 c b a = = = = + +

then find the angle between the vectors

a &

b [M-2010]
: Sol
n

13. Find the direction cosines of the vector k 2 j 3 i 2 +
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

14. Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are given by the vectors
. k j 4 i 3 & k j i 2 + +
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

15. Find the sine of the angle between the two vectors k 3 j 2 i + and k j i 2 + + . [M-2009]
: Sol
n
Let, k 3 j 2 i a + =

and k j i 2 b + + =

.

1 2
2 1
. k
1 2
3 1
. j
1 1
3 2
. i
1 1 2
3 2 1
k j i
b b b
a a a
k j i
b x a
3 2 1
3 2 1

= = =


k 5 j 5 i 5 ) 4 1 .( k ) 6 1 .( j ) 3 2 .( i + + = + + =
3 5 3 x 25 25 25 25 ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( | b x a |
2 2 2
= = + + = + + =


14 9 4 1 ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( | a |
2 2 2
= + + = + + =

6 1 1 4 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( | b |
2 2 2
= + + = + + =

.
7 2
5
3 . 7 2
3 5
3 x 7 2
3 5
21 2
3 5
21 x 4
3 5
84
3 5
6 . 14
3 5
| b | . | a |
| b x a |
sin = = = = = = = = u



16. Prove that the vectors j 2 i & k 2 j 3 i , 2 j + + form the vertices of the vectors of an isosceles.
triangle. [M-2009]
: Sol
n

17. Prove that
(

=
(

+ + +

c b a 2 a c c b b a
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

18. Show that
2 2 2 2
b . a b a a x a
(

=
(

[M-2009]
: Sol
n
19. If k j 2 i & k 4 j 3 i 2 , k 2 j i + + + + are coplanar then find the value of . [J-2009]
: Sol
n
Let, k j 2 i c , k 4 j 3 i 2 b , k 2 j i a + = + = + + =


The condition for the three vectors, a,b,c to be coplanar is . 0 ) c x b .( a =


0
2 1
3 2
. 2
1 1
4 2
. 1
1 2
4 3
. 0
1 2 1
4 3 2
2 1
) c x b .( a =

=


4
5
20
20 5 0 20 5
0 14 6 5 0 ) 3 4 .( 2 ) 4 2 .( 1 ) 8 3 .(
=

= = = +
= + + = + +

20. Given, k j 2 i b , k j i 2 a + = + + =

, find the unit vector perpendicular to

a and coplanar with

a
and

b . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

21. If 0 c b a = + +

then prove that

= = a x c c x b b x a . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

22. If

+ = + + c b a c b a then find the angle between

+ b a and

c . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

23. Define co-planar vectors. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

24. If the vectors k j 2 i + and k 2 j 3 i + are orthogonal then find the value of . [M-2008]
: Sol
n
Let, k j 2 i a + =

and k 2 j 3 i b + =

Condition for orthogonal is 0 b . a =


0 ) 2 )( 1 ( ) 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( b . a = + + =


8 0 8 0 2 6 = = =
26. If the vectors k 7 j 2 i 3 & k 14 j i 5 , k 9 j 2 i 4 , k j i + + + + + + + are the position vectors of the four
coplanar points then find the value of . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

27. Find the unit vector in the direction of k 2 j i 2 + . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

28. Prove by sine rule
C sin
c
B sin
b
A sin
a
= = by the vector method. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

29. If 24 b a , 19 b , 13 a = + = =

then find the value of

b a . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

30. Find the position vector of the point P . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

31. Find the volume of parallelepiped whose co-terminus edges are the vectors k 3 j i 2 , k 2 j 3 i + + + ,
k j i + + . [J-2008]
: Sol
n
Let, k j i c , k 3 j i 2 b , k 2 j 3 i a + + = + = + + =


Volume =
1 1
1 2
. 2
1 1
3 2
. 3
1 1
3 1
. 1
1 1 1
3 1 2
2 3 1
c c c
b b b
a a a
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

= =
. units cubic 7 7 6 3 4 ) 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( 3 ) 4 ( 1 ) 1 2 ( 2 ) 3 2 ( 3 ) 3 1 ( 1 = = + = = + =
32. If k 2 j 3 i c & k j i 2 b , k 3 j 2 i a + = + = =

then find the unit vector perpendicular to

a in the
same plane on

b and

c . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

33. Find the area of parallelogram whose diagonals are the vectors k j i 2 + + and k 3 j 2 i + .[J-2008]
: Sol
n

34. Prove that
2
c b a a x c c x b b x a
(

=
(

. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

35. If 0 c b a = + +

and 7 c , 5 b , 3 a = = =

then find the angle between

a and

b . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

36. If j 3 i 2 a + =

and j 4 i 3 a + =

then find the magnitude of

+ b a . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

37. Find the angle between the vectors k j 2 i 2 + and k 2 j i 2 . [M-2007]
: Sol
n
k j 2 i 2 a + =

& k 2 j i 2 b + =

3 9 4 1 4 | b | & 3 9 1 4 4 | a |
. 0 2 2 4 ) 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) k 2 j i 2 ).( k j 2 i 2 ( b . a
= = + + = = = + + =
= = + = + + =



If u is the angle between the two vectors

b & a then
| b | . | a |
b . a
cos


= u
. 90 ) 0 ( cos 0
9
0
3 . 3
0
| b | . | a |
b . a
cos
0 1
= = u = = = = u





38. By using vector method, find the area of the triangle whose vertices are ) 4 , 2 , 1 ( , ) 1 , 1 , 2 ( , ) 3 , 2 , 1 ( .
[M-2007]
: Sol
n
Let
). 4 , 2 , 1 ( C , ) 1 , 1 , 2 ( B , ) 3 , 2 , 1 ( A
. k 4 j 2 i OC , k j i 2 OB , k 3 j 2 i OA + = + = + + =


k 2 j 3 i k 3 j 2 i k j i 2 ) k 3 j 2 i ( k j i 2 OA OB AB = + = + + + = =


k 7 k 3 j 2 i k 4 j 2 i ) k 3 j 2 i ( k 4 j 2 i OA OC AC = + = + + + = =



j 7 i 21 ) 0 0 .( k ) 0 7 .( j ) 0 21 .( i
0 0
3 1
. k
7 0
2 1
. j
7 0
2 3
. i
7 0 0
2 3 1
k j i
AC x AB
+ = + =

=

10 7 490 49 441 | AC x AB | = = + =


Area of triangle =
2
10 7
10 7 x
2
1
| AC x AB | x
2
1
= =

sq units.
39. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are given by the vectors
k 3 j 3 i & k 2 j 2 i 3 , k j i 2 + + . [M-2007]
: Sol
n
Let, . k 3 j 3 i c & k 2 j 2 i 3 b , k j i 2 a = + = + =


Volume =
3 1
2 3
. 1
3 1
2 3
. 1
3 3
2 2
. 2
3 3 1
2 2 3
1 1 2
c c c
b b b
a a a
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

=
. units cubic 42 7 11 24 ) 7 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 12 ( 2 ) 2 9 ( 1 ) 2 9 ( 1 ) 6 6 ( 2 = + + = = + + =
40. Prove by vector method that the medians of a triangle are concurrent. [M-2007]
: Sol
n

41. If the vectors k 2 j i 3 a + =

and k 3 j i b + =

are perpendicular then find . [M-2006]

: Sol
n
Let, k 2 j i 3 a + =

and k 3 j i b + =

0 ) 3 ).( 2 ( ) ).( 1 ( ) 1 ).( 3 ( 0 b . a b a = + + =


. 9 0 9 0 6 3 = = + = + +
42. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are k 3 j 2 i a + + =

, k j 2 i b + =

and k j 2 i 3 c + + =

. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
Let, . k j 2 i 3 c & k j 2 i b ,. k 3 j 2 i a + + = + = + + =


Volume =
2 3
2 1
. 3
1 3
1 1
. 2
1 2
1 2
. 1
1 2 3
1 2 1
3 2 1
c c c
b b b
a a a
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

= =
. units cubic 24 24 4 4 ) 8 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2 ) 4 ( 1 ) 6 2 ( 3 ) 3 1 ( 2 ) 2 2 ( 1 = + + = + = + + =

43. IF k j i a + + =

, k 3 j 2 i b + + =

and k 4 j i 2 c + + =

then find unit vector in the direction of

) c x b ( x a

. [M-2006]
: Sol
n

44. If cos , cos and cos are the direction cosines of the vector k 2 j i 2 + then prove that
1 cos cos cos
2 2 2
= + + . [M-2006]
: Sol
n

45. Prove that
2
c b a b x a , a x c , c x b
(

=
(

. [M-2006]
: Sol
n

46. Find the direction cosines of the vector k 2 j 6 i 3 + . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

47. Find the volume of parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are k 4 j 3 i , k j i 3 + and k 3 i 2 + .
[J-2006]
: Sol
n
Let, . k 3 i 2 c & k j i 3 b ,. k 4 j 3 i a + = + = =


Volume =
0 2
1 3
. 4
3 2
1 3
. 3
3 0
1 1
. 1
3 0 2
1 1 3
4 3 1
c c c
b b b
a a a
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1

=

=
. units cubic 10 8 21 3 ) 2 ( 4 ) 7 ( 3 ) 3 ( 1 ) 2 0 ( 4 ) 2 9 ( 3 ) 0 3 ( 1 = + = + = + + =

48. Prove that
(

=
(

+ + +

c b a . 2 a c , c b , b a
[J-2006]
: Sol
n

49. Find the sine of the angle between the vectors k j 2 i a + =

and k 6 j 3 i 2 b + =

. [J-2006]
: Sol
n
Let, k 6 j 3 i 2 b . & k j 2 i a + = + =



3 2
2 1
. k
6 2
1 1
. j
6 3
1 2
. i
6 3 2
1 2 1
k j i
b b b
a a a
k j i
b x a
3 2 1
3 2 1

= =


k j 4 i 9 ) 4 3 .( k ) 2 6 .( j ) 3 12 .( i + = + + + =
Now, 2 7 98 1 16 81 ) 1 ( ) 4 ( ) 9 ( | b x a |
2 2 2
= = + + = + + =


7 49 36 9 4 ) 6 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( | b |
2 2 2
= = + + = + + =

3
1
3 . 2
2
6
2
6 . 7
2 7
| b | . | a |
| b x a |
sin = = = = = u




50. If k 3 j 2 i a =

, k j i 2 b + =

and k 2 j 3 i c + =

then find a unit vector perpendicular to

a and
the same plane as

b and

c . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

51. Find the value of ) k 2 j i ( x ) k 3 j ( + . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

52. Prove by vector method that B sin . A cos B cos . A sin ) B A sin( + = + . [J-2007]
: Sol
n






INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Find the value of
(

)
`

4
3
tan sin
1
[J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. If
2

y sin x sin
1 1
= +

then prove that 1 y x
2 2
= + . [J-2010]
: Sol
n
2

y sin x sin E . G
1 1
= + =

x sin
2

x sin E . G
x sin then x sin , Let
1 1
1
= = + =
= =

1 y x y 1 x sides both on Squaring
y 1 sin 1 x . e , i cos x
2 2 2 2
2 2
= + =
= u = u =

4. Evaluate :
(

)
`

5
4
cos
2
1
sin
1
[M-2010]
: Sol
n
5
4
cos then
5
4
cos Let
1
= =
)
`

10
1
2
sin , Hence
10
1
2
5
1
2
5
4
1
2
cos 1
2
sin cos
2
sin 2 1
2
sin
5
4
cos
2
1
sin E . G
2 2
1
=
)
`

u
= =

=
u
=
)
`

u
u =
)
`

)
`

u
=
(

)
`

=


5. Prove that
2

5
12
tan
5
1
tan 2
1 1
=
)
`

+
)
`

. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

6. If z cos y cos x cos
1 1 1
= + +

then prove that . 1 xyz 2 z y x
2 2 2
= + + + [M-2010]
: Sol
n
A cos x A ) x ( cos , Let
1
= =

2 2 1 1 1
1
1
x 1 A cos 1 A sin ) z ( cos ) y ( cos ) x ( cos , Given
C cos z C ) z ( cos and
B cos y B ) y ( cos , Let
= = t = + +
= =
= =

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
y x y x 1 xyz 2 z y x . e , i
) y 1 ).( x 1 ( ) z xy ( sides both on squaring Now
y 1 . x 1 z xy z y 1 . x 1 xy . e , i
C cos B sin . A sin B cos . A cos . e , i
) C cos( ) B A cos( Now
y 1 B cos 1 B sin C B A C B A . e , i
+ = + +
= +
= + =
=
t = +
= = t = + t = + +

1 xyz 2 z y x
2 2 2
= + + +
7. Find the value of
(

) 1 ( cos .
2
1
sin
1
. [M-2009]
: Sol
n
. 1 .
2
1
sin ) 1 ( cos .
2
1
sin
1
=
(

t =
(

8. Solve :
6
5
x tan 2 x cot
1 1
= +

. [M-2009]
: Sol
n
Given, 1
6
5
x tan 2 x cot
1 1
>
t
= +



W.K.T. 2
2
x tan x cot
1 1
>
t
= +



3
3
tan x
3 6
2
6
3 5
2 6
5
x tan
6
5
x tan
2 6
5
x tan x tan x cot
1
1 1 1 1
=
)
`

t
=
t
=
t
=
t t
=
t

t
=
t
= +
t

t
= + +

9. If z tan y tan x tan
1 1 1
= + +

then prove that . 0 xyz z y x = + +
[M-2009,J-2010]
: Sol
n
z tan y tan x tan , Given
1 1 1
= + +


. xyz z y x 0 xyz z y x . e , i
xyz z y x 0 )]. zx yz xy ( 1 [ 0
) zx yz xy ( 1
xyz z y x
0 tan
) zx yz xy ( 1
xyz z y x

) zx yz xy ( 1
xyz z y x
tan . e , i
1
= + + = + +
+ + = + + =
)
`

+ +
+ +

= =
)
`

+ +
+ +
=
)
`

+ +
+ +

10. Evaluate : )] 130 [sin( sin
0 1
. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

11. Solve :
)
`

)
`

=

3
1
cot
2
1
sin x tan
1 1 1
[J-2009]
: Sol
n

12. If
2

z sin y sin x sin

1 1 1
= + +

then prove that 1 xyz 2 z y x
2 2 2
= + + + . [J-2009,M-2006]
: Sol
n
A sin x A ) x ( sin , Let
1
= =

1 xyz 2 z y x y x y x 1 xyz 2 z y x . e , i
) y 1 ).( x 1 ( ) z xy ( sides both on squaring Now
y 1 . x 1 z xy z xy y 1 . x 1 . e , i
C sin B sin . A sin B cos . A cos . e , i C
2

cos ) B A cos( Now

y 1 B sin 1 B cos C
2

B A
2

C B A . e , i
x 1 A sin 1 A cos
2

) z ( sin ) y ( sin ) x ( sin , Given

C sin z C ) z ( sin and
B sin y B ) y ( sin , Let
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 1 1 1
1
1
= + + + + = + +
= +
= + =
=
)
`

= +
= = = + = + +
= = = + +
= =
= =

13. Find the value of )} 2 {sec( sec ) 3 tan(tan
1 1
+

. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
. 5 2 3 ] 2 [sec sec ) 3 tan(tan )] 2 [sec( sec ) 3 tan(tan
1 1 1 1
= + = + = +


14. Find the value of x if
)
`

+
+
)
`

=

2 2
1 3
cos
2
1
sin x tan
1 1 1
. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
. 1
4
tan x
4 12
3
12
2
12 6
x tan
1
=
)
`

t
=
t
=
t
=
t + t
=
t
+
t
=

15. Prove that 0
ab
) c b a ( c
tan
ca
) c b a ( b
tan
bc
) c b a ( a
tan
1 1 1
=
)
`

+ +
+
)
`

+ +
+
)
`

+ +

. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
z
ab
) c b a ( b
tan , y
ca
) c b a ( b
tan , x
bc
) c b a ( a
tan Let
1 1 1
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +


)
`

+ +
+ +
= + + =
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
=


) zx yz xy ( 1
xyz z y x
tan z tan y tan x tan
ab
) c b a ( b
tan
ca
) c b a ( b
tan
bc
) c b a ( a
tan LHS
1 1 1 1
1 1 1

ca . bc . ab
) c b a ( abc
ab
) c b a ( c
ca
) c b a ( b
bc
) c b a ( a
xyz z y x , Now
3
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
= + +
. RHS 0
abc
) c b a ( c b a
c b a
abc
c b a
ab
c
ca
b
bc
a
c b a
abc
c b a
ab
c
ca
b
bc
a
c b a
= =
(

+ + + +
+ + =
(

+ +
+ + + + =
(

+ +
+ + + + =


16. Find the value of )] 330 [sin( cos
0 1
. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

)
`

= = =

2
1
cos ] 30 sin [ cos )] 30 360 [sin( cos ) 330 (sin cos
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1


3
2
3

2
1
cos
1
= =
)
`

=


17. If
2

z tan y tan x tan

1 1 1
= + +

then prove that 1 zx yz xy = + + . [J-2008]
: Sol
n
2

z tan y tan x tan , Given

1 1 1
= + +



0 ) xyz z y x ( 0 ) zx yz xy ( 1
0
1
) zx yz xy ( 1
xyz z y x
2
cos
2
sin
2
tan
) zx yz xy ( 1
xyz z y x
2 ) zx yz xy ( 1
xyz z y x
tan . e , i
1
= + + = + + =
)
`

+ +
+ +

)
`

t
)
`

t
=
)
`

t
=
)
`

+ +
+ +

t
=
)
`

+ +
+ +

1 zx yz xy 0 ) zx yz xy ( 1 . e , i = + + = + +

18. Prove that
2 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
tan 2 sin =
(

. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

19. Find the value of
(
(

)
`

2
3
sin
2

sin
1
. [M-2007]
: Sol
n

20. Prove that
2

5
3
sin
2
1
tan 2
1 1
=
)
`

+
)
`

. [M-2007]
: Sol
n
5
3
sin then
5
3
sin Let
1
= =
)
`

. RHS
2 3
4
cot
3
4
tan
4
3
tan
3
4
tan
4
3
tan
4
3
1
tan
4
3
tan
4
1
1
2
1
. 2
tan
4
3
tan
2
1
tan 2
5
3
sin
2
1
tan 2 LHS
4
3
tan
5
3
sin
4
3
tan
4
3
tan , figure the From
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
=
t
=
)
`

+
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

=
)
`

=
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

=
)
`

+
)
`

=
)
`

=
)
`

)
`

= u
= u






21. If 0 x > and 0 y > then prove that ] x 1 y y 1 x [ sin y sin x sin
2 2 1 1 1
=

. [M-2007]
: Sol
n 2 2 1
x 1 A sin 1 A cos x A sin A ) x ( sin Let = = = =

) B A sin( , consider Now
y 1 B sin 1 B cos y B sin B ) y ( sin Let
2 2 1

= = = =

| |
2 2 1
2 2 2 2
x 1 y y 1 x sin ) B A (
x 1 y y 1 x y . x 1 y 1 . x
B sin . A cos B cos . A sin ) B A sin( . e , i
=
= =
=

=
2 2 1 1 1
x 1 y y 1 x sin ) y ( sin ) x ( sin , Hence
22. Find the value of ) 2 ( sec
1

. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
3
2
3 2
1
cos
2
1
cos ) 2 ( sec
1 1 1
t
=
t
t =
)
`

t =
)
`

=


. 1 x 1 x 2 x 2 . e , i
2
x
2
2
) x 1 ( 1
2
. e , i
) 2 ( tan
) x 1 )( x 1 ( 1
x 1 x 1
tan ) 2 ( tan ) x 1 ( tan ) x 1 ( tan
] 2006 M [ ) 2 ( tan ) x 1 ( tan ) x 1 ( tan ). 23
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
= = =
=
)
`

=
)
`

=
)
`

+
+ +
= + +
= + +



25. Find the value of
(

)
`

2
1
sin
3

sin
1
. [J-2006]
: Sol
n
1
2
sin
6
3
sin
6 3
sin
2
1
sin
3
sin
2
1
sin
3
sin
1 1
=
)
`

t
=
)
`

t
=
(

t
+
t
=
(

)
`

+
t
=
(

)
`

t


26. If
4

y tan x tan
1 1
= +

then prove that 1 xy y x = + + . [J-2006]
: Sol
n
4

y tan x tan Given

1 1
= +

1
4

tan
xy 1
y x
4

xy 1
y x
tan . e , i
1
=
)
`

+
=
)
`

O M
P
4
3
X
Y
5
1 xy y x xy 1 y x 1
xy 1
y x
. e , i = + + = + =

+


: Sol
n
2 x 3 ] x cos x sin[sin ) 2 x 3 ( sin x cos x sin
1 1 1 1 1
= =



2
1
x or 1 x 0 1 x 2 or 0 1 x
0 ) 1 x 2 )( 1 x ( 0 1 x x 2 x 2 0 1 x 3 x 2
x B cos B x cos Let and 2 x 3 ) x 1 ( x
x A sin A x sin , Let 2 x 3 x 1 . x 1 x . x
2 2
1 2 2
1 2 2
= = = =
= = + = +
= = =
= = =

2
1
) 60 cos( ) 60 90 sin( ) 150 sin(
6
5
sin
6
2 3
sin
3

sin
2
3
sin
2

sin
2
3
sin
2

sin
] 07 A [
2
3
sin
2

sin ). 28
1 1
1
= = + = =
)
`

=
(

+
=
(

+ =
(
(

)
`

+ =
(
(

)
`

(
(

)
`

29. If 0 x sin x cos
1 1
=

then prove that
2
1
x = . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

30. If
2

y tan x tan
1 1
= +

then prove that 1 xy = . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

31. Prove that
2 2
2
1
2
1
x 1
x 2
x 1
x 1
cos .
2
1
x 1
x 2
sin .
2
1
tan

=
(

)
`

+
)
`

+

. [J-2007]
: Sol
n
(

)
`

+
)
`

+
=

2
2
1
2
1
x 1
x 1
cos
2
1
x 1
x 2
sin
2
1
tan E . G
x tan tan x Put
1
= =

2 2
1 1
2
2
1
2
1
x 1
x 2
tan 1
tan 2
) 2 tan( 2 .
2
1
2 .
2
1
tan
] 2 [cos cos
2
1
] 2 [sin sin .
2
1
tan
tan 1
tan 1
cos
2
1
tan 1
tan 2
sin
2
1
tan E . G

=
u
u
= u =
(

u + u =
(

u + u =
(
(

)
`

u +
u
+
)
`

u +
u
=










GENERAL SOLUTIONS
1. Find the general solution of . 1 x tan x 2 tan = + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Find the general solution for the trigonometric equation 0 x 3 cos x 2 cos x cos = + + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Find the general solution of the equation 2 2 cos cos
2
= + [M-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Find the general solution of 2 x sin ) 1 3 ( x cos ) 1 3 ( = + + . [M-2010]
: Sol
n
| | | | 1 2 x sin . 1 3 x cos . 1 3 is equation Given > = + +
| | | |
| | | |
2
1
2 2
2
x sin .
2 2
1 3
x cos .
2 2
1 3
get we then 2 2 8 1 3 1 3 by ) 1 ( equation dividing Now
2 c and 1 3 b , 1 3 a Now
2 2
= =
+
+

= = + +
= + = =

I n :
12
5
3
n 2 x I n : 75
3
n 2 x
3
n 2 75 x . e , i
3
cos
2
1
) 75 x cos(
2
1
x sin . 75 sin x cos . 75 cos . e , i
0 0
0 0 0
e
t
+
t
t = e +
t
t =
t
t =
t
= = = +


5. Find the general solution of the equation x 2 cot x 4 tan = . [M-2009]
: Sol
n
Given equation is
x 2 cot x 4 tan =


x 2 sin
x 2 cos
x 4 cos
x 4 sin
x 2 cot x 4 tan = =
I n :
12 3
n
x I n :
2
n 2 x 6
2
) 0 ( cos x 6 0 x 6 cos
0 x 2 sin . x 4 sin x 2 cos . x 4 cos x 2 cos . x 4 cos x 2 sin . x 4 sin
1
e
t

t
= e
t
t =
t
= = =
= =

6. Find the general solution of the equation 1 sec 2 tan 3 = . [M-2009]
: Sol
n
Givenequation is
1 sec 2 tan 3 =
1 2 sin 3 cos cos 2 sin 3
1
cos
2 sin 3
1
cos
2
cos
sin 3
1
cos
2
cos
sin 3
1
cos
1
. 2
cos
sin
. 3
> = u + u u = u
=
u
u
=
u

u
u

u
=
u
u

u
=
u
u

Now dividing equation nor (1) by 2 4 1 3 = = + then we get

2
1
3
cos
2
1
3
sin . sin
3
cos . cos
2
1
2
3
. sin
2
1
. cos
2
1
2
2
2
sin 3
2
cos
=
)
`

t
u =
)
`

t
u +
)
`

t
u
= u + u = =
u
+
u

I n :
4
n 2
3 4
2
1
cos
3
1
e
t
t =
t
u
t
=
)
`

=
)
`

t
u


I n :
3 4
n 2 e
t
+
t
t = u
This is the general solution.

7. Find the general solution of the equation 1 x tan . x 2 tan = . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

8. Find the general solution of the equation ) sin .(cos 2 2 cos = . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

9. Find the general solution of the equation 2 sin ) 1 3 ( cos ) 1 3 ( = + + . [M-2008]
: Sol
n
Given equation is 1 2 x sin ) 1 3 ( x cos ) 1 3 ( > = + +
| | | |
| | | |
2
1
2 2
2
x sin .
2 2
1 3
x cos .
2 2
1 3
get we then 2 2 8 1 3 1 3 by ) 1 ( equation dividing Now
2 c and 1 3 b , 1 3 a Now
2 2
= =

+
+
= = + +
= = + =

I n :
12 3
n 2 x I n : 15
3
n 2 x
4
n 2 15 x . e , i
4
cos
2
1
) 15 x cos(
2
1
x sin . 15 sin x cos . 15 cos . e , i
0 0
0 0 0
e
t
+
t
t = e +
t
t =
t
t =
t
= = = +

10. Find the general solution of the equation
4
5
2 cos sin
2
= . [J-2008]
: Sol
n
Given equation is
4
5
x 2 cos x sin
2
= .

2 I n :
3
. ) 1 ( n x or 1 I n :
3
. ) 1 ( n x
3 2
3
sin x or
3 2
3
sin x
2
3
sin or
2
3
x sin
2
3
4
3
x sin
4
3
12
9
x sin 9 x sin 12
0 5 4 x sin 12 5 ) 1 x sin 3 ( 4
4
5
x sin 2 1 x sin
4
5
) x sin 2 1 ( x sin
4
5
x 2 cos x sin
n n
1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
> e
)
`

t
+ t = > e
t
+ t =
t
=

=
t
=

=
= =
= = = = =
= = = +
= =


Equations (1) and (2) are the general solutions.
11. Find the general solution of the equation 0 3 sin 2 sin sin = + + . [J-2008]
: Sol
n
Given equation 0 3 sin 2 sin sin = + + .

2
1
x sin or 0 ) 0 ( sin x 2
0 1 x sin 2 or 0 x 2 sin 0 ) 1 x sin 2 .( x 2 sin
0 x 2 sin x sin . x 2 sin 2 0 x 2 sin
2
x x 3
cos .
2
x x 3
sin 2
0 x 2 sin ) x sin x 3 (sin 0 x 3 sin x 2 sin x sin
1
= = =
= + = = +
= + = +
)
`

)
`

= + + = + +

2 I n :
6
. ) 1 ( n x or
I n :
6
. ) 1 ( n x or 1 I n :
2
n
x
6 2
1
sin x or I n : 0 . ) 1 ( n x 2
n
n
1 n
> e
)
`

t
t =
e
)
`

t
+ t = > e
t
=
t
=
)
`

= e + t =


Equations (1) and (2) are the general solutions.

12. Find the general solution of the equation x 4 sin x 7 cos x cos = . [M-2007]
: Sol
n
Given equation is
x 4 sin x 7 cos x cos =
.

0 1 x 3 sin 2 or 0 x 4 sin
0 ) 1 x 3 sin 2 ( x 4 sin 0 x 4 sin x 3 sin . x 4 sin 2
x 4 sin
2
x 6
sin .
2
x 8
sin 2 x 4 sin
2
x 6
sin .
2
x 8
sin 2
x 4 sin
2
x 7 x
sin .
2
x 7 x
sin 2 x 4 sin x 7 cos x cos
= =
= =
=
)
`

)
`

=
)
`

)
`

=
)
`

)
`

+
=


2
1
x 3 sin or 0 ) 0 ( sin x 4
1
= = =



6 2
1
sin x 3 or 1 I n : 0 . ) 1 ( n x 4
1 n
t
=
)
`

= > e + t =



2 I n :
18
. ) 1 (
3
n
x
I n :
6
. ) 1 ( n x 3
n
n
> e
t
+
t
=
e
t
+ t =

Equation (1) and (2) are the general solutions of the given equation.

13. Find the general solution of the equation 2 x sin x cos 3 = + . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

14. Find the general solution of the equation 1 x 2 tan . x 3 tan = . [M-2006]
: Sol
n
Given equation is
1 x 2 tan . x 3 tan =


. solution general the is I n :
2

n 2 x , Hence
2

) 0 ( cos x 0 x cos
0 ) x 2 x 3 cos( 0 x 2 sin . x 3 sin x 2 cos . x 3 cos . e , i
x 2 cos . x 3 cos x 2 sin . x 3 sin 1
x 2 cos . x 3 cos
x 2 sin . x 3 sin
1
x 2 cos
x 2 sin
.
x 3 cos
x 3 sin
. e , i
1
e =
= = =
= =
= = =

15. Find the general solution of the equation 1 2 sin 3 2 cos = + . [M-2006]
: Sol
n
Given equation is 1 1 2 sin 3 2 cos > = u + u

Now dividing equation nor (1) by 2 4 3 1 ) 3 ( ) 1 ( b a
2 2 2 2
= = + = + = +

I n :
6 6
n
I n :
3 3
n 2 2 I n :
3
n 2
3
2
3 2
1
cos
3
2
2
1
3
2 cos
2
1
2 sin .
3
sin 2 cos .
3
cos
2
1
2 sin
2
3
2 cos
2
1
1
e
t
+
t
t = u
e
t
+
t
t = u e
t
t =
t
u
t
=
)
`

=
t
u =
)
`

t
u
= u
)
`

t
+ u
)
`

t
= u + u

16. Find the general solution of the equation 3 x cot ecx cos 2 = + . [J-2006]
: Sol
n
Given equation 3 x cot ecx cos 2 = + .

1 2 x sin 3 x cos x sin 3 x cos 2
3
x sin
x cos 2
3
x sin
x cos
x sin
2
> = = +
=
+
= +

Now dividing equation nor (1) by 2 4 3 1 = = +

I n :
3 4
3
n 2 x I n :
4
3
n 2
3
x
4
3
4
2
1
cos
2
1
cos
3
x
2
1
3
x cos
2
1
3
sin . x sin
3
cos . x cos
2
1
x sin
2
3
x cos
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
x sin 3
2
x cos
1 2 x sin 3 x cos x sin 3 x cos 2
3
x sin
x cos 2
3
x sin
x cos
x sin
2
1 1
e
t

t
t = e
t
t =
)
`

t
+
t
=
t
t =
)
`

t =
)
`

=
)
`

t
+
=
)
`

t
+ =
t

= = =
> = = +
=
+
= +



17. Find the general solution of the equation 0 5 x sec 4 x tan
2
= + . [J-2006]
: Sol
n
Given equation is 0 5 x sec 4 x tan
2
= +


I n :
3
n 2
3 2
1
cos
2
1
cos 2 sec 0 2 sec
0 ) 2 (sec 0 4 sec 4 sec
0 5 sec 4 1 sec 0 5 sec 4 tan
1
2 2
2 2
e
t
t = u
t
=
)
`

= u
= u = u = u
= u = + u u
= + u u = + u u

18. Find the general solution of the equation nx tan mx tan = . [J-2007]
: Sol
n
Given equation is nx tan mx tan =


0
nx cos
nx sin
mx cos
mx sin
0 nx tan mx tan = =
0 nx sin . mx cos nx cos . mx sin 0
nx cos . mx cos
nx sin . mx cos nx cos . mx sin
= =

. I n : n
) n m (
1
x I n : 0 . ) 1 ( n x ) n m ( . e , i
0 ) 0 ( sin x ) n m ( 0 x ) n m sin(
0 ) nx mx sin( 0 nx sin . mx cos nx cos . mx sin
n
1
e t

= e + t =
= = =
= =

19. Find the general solution of the equation 3 x tan x sec = . [J-2007]
: Sol
n










COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. Find the amplitude of the complex number
)
`

+
)
`

cos i
3

sin . [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Express the complex number i 2 2+ in the polar form. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Find the cube roots of 3 i 1+ and find the continued product of the roots. [J-2010]
: Sol
n
Let, 3 i 1 z + =

Modulus = . 2 4 3 1 ) 3 ( ) 1 ( | z | 3 i 1 z
2 2
= = + = + = + =
.
3

) 3 ( tan
1
3
tan
x
y
tan ) z ( amp
1 1 1
= = = =


Polar form of the complex number 3 i 1 + is
(

+ = +
3

sin i
3

cos . 2 ) sin i .(cos r

2 , 1 , 0 n :
3
n 2 sin i
3
n 2 cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
3
sin i
3
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
3
sin i
3
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
=
(

)
`

t
+ t +
)
`

t
+ t = +
(

t
+
t
= +
(

t
+
t
= +


(

)
`

t
+
)
`

t
= + =
(

)
`

t
+
)
`

t
= + =
(

)
`

t
+
)
`

t
= + =
=
(

)
`

t + t
+
)
`

t + t
= +
=
(

)
`

t
+ t +
)
`

t
+ t = +
9
13
sin i
9
13
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 ( , then 2 n If
9
7
sin i
9
7
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 ( , then 1 n If
9
sin i
9
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 ( , then 0 n If
2 , 1 , 0 n :
9
n 6
sin i
9
n 6
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
2 , 1 , 0 n :
3
n 2
3
1
sin i
3
n 2
3
1
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1

To represent the cube roots of a complex number
3 i 1 + in an Argand diagram a circle is drawn
with O as the centre and radius
3
1
2 .From the centre
O the lines are drawn so that they make the angles

9
13
,
9
7
,
9

with the x-axis. The lines cut the circle

at P,Q,R. Then P,Q,R represent the cube roots of
the given complex number in the Argand diagram.
P,Q,R are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

R
Q
P
Y
X

3 i 1
2
3
i
2
1
2
3

sin i
3

cos . 2
3
7
sin i
3
7
cos 2
9
21
sin i
9
21
cos . 2
9
13
9
7
9

sin i
9
13
9
7
9

cos 2 3 i 1 of product Continued

3
3
1
+ =
(
(

+ =
(

+ =
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
(

)
`

+ + +
)
`

+ +

= +


5. Find the amplitude of ) sin i cos 1 ( + + [M-2010]
: Sol
n
Let, sin i cos 1 z + + =

)
`

=
)
`

=
)
`

=
+ = + = + + + = + + =
2

cos 2
2

cos 4
2

cos 2 . 2
) cos 1 ( 2 cos 2 2 sin cos 2 cos 1 ) (sin ) cos 1 ( | z |
2 2
2 2 2 2


2

tan tan
2

cos
2

sin
tan
2

cos 2
2

cos .
2

sin 2
tan
cos 1
sin
tan
x
y
tan ) z ( amp
1 1
2
1 1 1
=
(

)
`

=
)
`

)
`

=
)
`

)
`

)
`

=
+
= =


Polar form of the complex number is
2

cis .
2

cos 2 cis . r ] sin i .[cos r

)
`

= = +

6. If 4 sin i 4 cos x + = then prove that 2 cos 2
x
1
x = + . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

8. Find the cube roots of the complex number i 3 and represent them in the Argand diagram.
[M-2010]
: Sol
n

9. Find the cube roots of the complex number 3 i 3 and find their continued product.[M-2009]
: Sol
n
Let, 3 i 3 z =
Modulus = 3 2 12 3 9 ) 3 ( ) 3 ( | z |
2 2
= = + = + =

6

3
1
tan
3
1
tan
3 . 3
3
tan
3
3
tan
x
y
tan ) z ( amp
1 1 1 1 1
=
)
`

= =


Polar form of the complex number 3 i 3 is
(

)
`

+
)
`

= +
6

sin i
6

cos . 3 2 ] sin i .[cos r

(

)
`

+
)
`

=
6

sin i
6

cos . 3 2 3 i 3 , Hence

3
1
3
1
3
1
6

sin i
6

cos . ) 3 2 ( ) 3 i 3 ( , Hence
(

)
`

+
)
`

=

(

)
`

+
)
`

= =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= =
=
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
=
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
=
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
=
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
18
23
sin i
18
23
cos . ) 3 2 ( ) 3 i 3 ( then 2 n If
18
11
sin i
18
11
cos . ) 3 2 ( ) 3 i 3 ( then 1 n If
18

sin i
18

cos . ) 3 2 ( ) 3 i 3 ( then 0 n If
2 , 1 , 0 n :
18
n 12
sin i
18
n 12
cos . ) 3 2 ( ) 3 i 3 (
2 , 1 , 0 n :
6
n 12
3
1
sin i
6
n 12
3
1
cos . ) 3 2 ( ) 3 i 3 (
2 , 1 , 0 n :
6

n 2
3
1
sin i
6

n 2
3
1
cos . ) 3 2 ( ) 3 i 3 (
2 , 1 , 0 n :
6

n 2 sin i
6

n 2 cos . ) 3 2 ( ) 3 i 3 (
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1


To represent the cube roots of a complex number
3 i 3 in an Argand diagram a circle is drawn
with O as the centre and radius 3 2 .From the centre O the lines are drawn so that they make the angles
18
23
,
18
11
,
18

with the x-axis. The lines cut the circle at P,Q,R. Then P,Q,R represent the cube roots of
the given complex number in the Argand diagram. P,Q,R are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
. 3 i 3
2
1
. i
2
3
. 3 2 )] 330 sin( i ) 330 .[cos( 3 2
6
11
sin i
6
11
cos . 3 2
18
33
sin i
18
33
cos . 3 2
18
23
18
11
18

sin i
18
23
18
11
18

cos . ) 3 2 (
3 i 3 of product Continued
0 0
3
3
1
=
(
(

= + =
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
(

)
`

+ + +
)
`

+ +

=


10. If
2
, , 1 are the cube roots of unity then find the value of
6 2
) 1 + . [M-2009]
: Sol
n

11. Find the least positive integer n for which . 1
i 1
i 1
n
=
)
`

+
[M-2009]
: Sol
n
Given
. 1
i 1
i 1
n
=
)
`

+


4 n i 1 i 1
i 1
i 1
, Given
i
2
i 2
1 1
i 2 1 1
) i 1 ).( i 1 (
) i 1 (
i 1
i 1
.
i 1
i 1
i 1
i 1
4 n
n
2
= = = = =
)
`

+
= =
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+

+
=

+

12. If 0 cos 3 cos 2 cos = + + and 0 sin 3 sin 2 sin = + + then prove that
R
Q
P
Y
X
i. ) cos( 18 3 cos 27 3 cos 8 3 cos + + = + +
ii. ) sin( 18 3 sin 27 3 sin 8 3 sin + + = + +
[M-2009]
: Sol
n
Given, 2 0 sin 3 sin 2 sin and 1 0 cos 3 cos 2 cos > = + + > = + +

Now multiplying equation (2) by i and adding it to the first equation then we get

)]. sin( i ) .[cos( 18
3 sin 27 i 3 cos 27 3 sin i 8 3 cos 8 3 sin i 3 cos . e , i
). ( cis . 18 ) 3 sin i 3 (cos 27 ) 3 sin i 3 (cos 8 3 sin i 3 cos . e , i
). ( cis . 18 ) sin i (cos 27 ) sin i (cos 8 ) sin i (cos . e , i
cis . cis . cis . 18 cis 3 . cis 2 . cis . 3 ) cis 3 ( ) cis 2 ( ) cis ( . e , i
. xyz 3 z y x then 0 z y x if t . k . W
0 z y x . e , i 0 cis 3 cis 2 cis then
z cis 3 and y cis 2 , x cis , Let
0 ] sin 3 i cos 3 [ ] sin 2 i cos 2 [ ] sin i [cos . e , i
0 ] sin 3 sin 2 [sin i ] cos 3 cos 2 [cos
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
+ + + + + =
+ + + + +
+ + = + + + + +
+ + = + + + + +
= = + +
= + + = + +
= + + = + +
= = =
= + + + + +
= + + + + +

Now equating real and imaginary parts then we get

). cos( 18 3 sin 27 3 sin 8 3 sin
and ) cos( 18 3 cos 27 3 cos 8 3 cos
+ + = + +
+ + = + +

13. Find the least positive integer n for which 1
i 1
i 1
n
=
)
`

. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

14. Show that the real and imaginary parts of
)
`

3
4
tan i
1
e 5 are 3 and 4 respectively. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

15. Using D M Theoremit prove that
5 tan i
1 z
1 z
10
10
=
+

if sin i cos z + = . [J-2009]

: Sol
n

16. Find the fourth roots of
)
`

cos . 16 . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

17. Write the multiplicative inverse of i. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

16. Prove that e e e
3
i
1
3
i
1
= +

+
. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

18. Find the cube roots of the complex number i 1+ and represent them in the Argand diagram.
[M-2008]
: Sol
n
Let, i 1 z + =
Modulus = 2 1 1 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( | z |
2 2
= + = + =
.
4

) 1 ( tan
1
1
tan
x
y
tan ) z ( amp
1 1 1
= = = =


Polar form of the complex number ( i 1+ ) is
(

)
`

+
)
`

= +
4

sin i
4

cos . 2 ) sin .(cos r

Hence,
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
(

)
`

+
)
`

= +
4

sin i
4

cos . 2
4

sin i
4

cos . 2 i 1
2 , 1 , 0 n :
4

n 2 sin i
4

n 2 cos . ) 2 (
4

sin i
4

cos . ) 2 ( ) i 1 (
3
1
6
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
=
(

)
`

+ +
)
`

+ =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= +

(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
=
(

)
`

+
+
)
`

+
= +
=
(

)
`

+
+
)
`

+
= +
=
(

)
`

+ +
)
`

+ = +
12
17
sin i
12
17
cos . ) 2 ( ) i 1 ( , then 2 n If
12
9
sin i
12
9
cos . ) 2 ( ) i 1 ( , then 1 n If
12

sin i
12

cos . ) 2 ( ) i 1 ( , then 0 n If
2 , 1 , 0 n :
12
n 8
sin i
12
n 8
cos . ) 2 ( ) i 1 (
2 , 1 , 0 n :
4
n 8
3
1
sin i
4
n 8
3
1
cos . ) 2 ( ) i 1 (
2 , 1 , 0 n :
4

n 2
3
1
sin i
4

n 2
3
1
cos . ) 2 ( ) i 1 (
6
1
3
1
6
1
3
1
6
1
3
1
6
1
3
1
6
1
3
1
6
1
3
1

To represent the cube roots of a complex number 3 i 1 in an Argand diagram acircle is drawn
with O as the centre and radius
3
1
2 . From the centre O the lines are drawn so that they make the
angles
9
10
,
9
4
,
9
2
with the x-axis. The lines cut the circle at P,Q,R. Then P,Q,R represent the cube
roots of the given complex number in the Argand diagram. P,Q,R are the vertices of an equilateral
triangle. Hence P,Q,R are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Their continued product =
(

)
`

+ + +
)
`

+ +

= +
12
17
12
9
12

sin i
12
17
12
9
12

cos . ) 2 ( ) i 1 (
3
6
1


| | ) 405 sin( i ) 405 cos( . 2
12
27
sin i
12
27
cos . ) 2 (
12
17
12
9
12

sin i
12
17
12
9
12

cos . ) 2 ( ) i 1 (
0 0
2
1
3
6
1
+ =
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
(

)
`

+ + +
)
`

+ +

= +


| | | |
. i 1
2
i 1
. 2
2
1
. i
2
1
. 2
) 45 sin( i ) 45 cos( . 2 ) 45 360 sin( i ) 45 360 cos( . 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ =
)
`

+
=
)
`

+ =
+ = + + + =

19. If
2
, , 1 are the cube roots of unity then find the value of
2 2
) 1 ( + . [J-2008]
: Sol
n 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) .( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 1 ( LHS = = = + =
. RHS . 4 ) . .( 4 . 4
3 4
= = = =
20. If 0 cos cos cos = + + and 0 sin sin sin = + + then prove that
0 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos = + + and 0 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin = + + also
2
3
cos cos cos
2 2 2
= + + and
2
3
sin sin sin
2 2 2
= + + . [J-2008,J-2010]
: Sol
n
Given, 0 z y x and sin i cos z , sin i cos y , sin i cos x = + + + = + = + =
R
Q
P
Y
X

0 0 0 0 . i 0 ) sin sin (sin i ) cos cos (cos
) sin i (cos ) sin i (cos ) sin i (cos
z
1
y
1
x
1
, Now
) sin sin (sin 0 ) cos cos (cos , Hence
0 ) sin sin (sin i ) cos cos (cos
0 ) sin i sin i sin i ( ) cos cos (cos
0 ) sin i (cos ) sin i (cos ) sin i (cos gives 0 z y x , Now
= = = + + + + =
+ + = + +
+ + = = + +
= + + + + +
= + + + + +
= + + + + + = + +


0 ) 2 sin 2 sin 2 (sin i ) 2 cos 2 cos 2 (cos . e , i
0 ) 2 sin i 2 (cos ) 2 sin i 2 (cos ) 2 sin i 2 (cos . e , i
0 ) sin i (cos ) sin i (cos ) sin i (cos . e , i
0 z y x ) 0 ( 2 z y x ) 0 (
) zx yz xy ( 2 z y x ) z y x ( , consider Now
0 zx yz xy . e , i
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
= + + + + +
= + + + + +
= + + + + +
= + + + + + =
+ + + + + = + +
= + +

Now equating real and imaginary parts then we get
0 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos = + +

3 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 0 3 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 . e , i
0 1 cos 2 1 cos 2 1 cos 2 . e , i
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
= + + = + +
= + +


2
3
cos cos cos 3 ] cos cos [cos 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + = + +

2
3
sin sin sin 3 ] sin sin [sin 2
3 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 0 3 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 . e , i
0 sin 2 1 sin 2 1 sin 2 1 . e , i
0 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin , Now
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
= + + = + +
= = +
= + +
= + +


21. Prove that i 16 16 ) i 1 (
9
= . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

22. Find the cube roots of a complex number i 3 and represent them in the Argand diagram.
[J-2008]
: Sol
n

23. Find the modulus of the complex number
i 5
i 2
. [M-2007]
: Sol
n

24. If sin i cos z & sin i cos y , sin i cos x + = + = + = then prove that ) 2 3 cos( 2
y
x
x
y
3
2
2
3
= + .
[M-2007]
: Sol
n
Given, sin i cos y and sin i cos x + = + =

) 2 3 cos( . 2 ) 2 3 sin( i ) 2 3 cos( ) 2 3 sin( i ) 2 3 cos(
y
x
x
y
) 2 3 sin( i ) 2 3 cos(
y
x
) 2 3 sin( i ) 2 3 cos(
2 sin i 2 cos
3 sin i 3 cos
x
y
2 sin i 2 cos ) sin i (cos x then sin i cos x If
3 sin i 3 cos ) sin i (cos y then sin i cos y If
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
2 2
3 3
= + + = +
=
+ =
+
+
=
+ = + = + =
+ = + = + =

25. Find all the cube roots of the complex number i 3 + . Represent them in the Argand diagram
Also find their continued product. [M-2007]
: Sol
n
Let, i 3 z + =
Modulus = 2 4 1 3 ) 1 ( ) 3 ( | z |
2 2
= = + = + =

6

3
1
tan
x
y
tan ) z ( amp
1 1
= = =


Polar form of the complex number i 3 + is
(

)
`

+
)
`

= +
6

sin i
6

cos . 2 ] sin i .[cos r

(

)
`

+
)
`

= +
6

sin i
6

cos . 2 i 3 , Hence

2 , 1 , 0 n :
6
n 12
3
1
sin i
6
n 12
3
1
cos . 2 ) i 3 (
2 , 1 , 0 n :
6

n 2 sin i
6

n 2 cos . 2 ) i 3 (
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
=
(

)
`

+
+
)
`

+
= +
=
(

)
`

+ +
)
`

+ = +


(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
=
(

)
`

+
+
)
`

+
= +
18
25
sin i
18
25
cos . 2 ) i 3 ( then 2 n If
18
13
sin i
18
13
cos . 2 ) i 3 ( then 1 n If
18

sin i
18

cos . 2 ) i 3 ( then 0 n If
2 , 1 , 0 n :
18
n 12
sin i
18
n 12
cos . 2 ) i 3 (
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1


To represent the cube roots of a complex number
i 3 + in an Argand diagram a circle is drawn
with O as the centre and radius 1 .From the centre
O the lines are drawn so that they make the
angles
18
25
,
18
13
,
18

with the x-axis. The lines cut the circle at P,Q,R. Then P,Q,R represent the cube
roots of the given complex number in the Argand diagram. P,Q,R are the vertices of an equilateral
triangle.
their continued product is
R
Q
P
Y
X

(

t
+
)
`

t
=
(

)
`

t
+
t
+
t
+
)
`

t
+
t
+
t
=
(

)
`

t
+
)
`

t
(

)
`

t
+
)
`

t
(

)
`

t
+
)
`

= +
18
39
sin i
18
39
cos . 2
18
25
18
13
18
sin i
18
25
18
13
18
cos . 2
18
25
sin i
18
25
cos .
18
13
sin i
18
13
cos .
18
sin i
18
cos . ) 2 ( i 3
3
3
1


| |
| |
| | . i 3
2
i 3
. 2
2
1
. i
2
3
. 2 ) 30 sin( i ) 30 cos( . 2
) 30 360 sin( i ) 30 360 cos( . 2
) 390 sin( i ) 390 cos( . 2
6
13
sin i
6
13
cos . 2
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
+ =

+
=

+ = + =
+ + + =
+ =
(

t
+
)
`

t
=


26. Express
i 3
) i 1 (
2

+
in the form of iy x + . [M-2006]
: Sol
n
5
3
. i
5
1
10
6
. i
10
2
10
i 6 2
1 9
2 i 6
i 3
i 3
.
i 3
i 2
i 3
i 2
i 3
i 2 1 1
i 3
) i 1 (
2
+ = + =
+
=
+

=
+
+

+
=

+

27. Show that
) n tan( i 1
) n tan( i 1
tan i 1
tan i 1
n

+
=
)
`

+
. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
(

+
=
(

+
=
(
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(
(

+
=
(

+
=
n sin i n cos
n sin i n cos
sin i cos
sin i cos
cos
sin i cos
cos
sin i cos
cos
sin
i 1
cos
sin
i 1
tan i 1
tan i 1
LHS
n
n n
n

Now dividing both numerator and denominator by n cos then we get
. RHS
n tan i 1
n tan i 1
n cos
n sin
i
n cos
n cos
n cos
n sin
i
n cos
n cos
=
(

+
=
(
(
(
(

+


28. Find the fourth roots of the complex number 3 i 1+ and represent them in the Argand
diagram. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
Let, 3 i 1 z + =
Modulus = . 2 4 3 1 ) 3 ( ) 1 ( | z |
2 2
= = + = + =

3
2
3

) 3 ( tan 3 tan
1
3
tan
x
y
tan ) z ( amp
1 1 1 1
= = = =

= =


Polar form of ( 3 i 1 + ) is
(

)
`

+
)
`

= +
3
2
sin i
3
2
cos . 2 ) sin i .(cos r
Hence,
(

)
`

+
)
`

= +
3
2
sin i
3
2
cos . 2 3 i 1

(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
(

)
`

+
)
`

= + =
=
(

)
`

+
+
)
`

+
= +
=
(

)
`

+
+
)
`

+
= +
=
(

)
`

+
+
)
`

+
= +
=
(

)
`

+ +
)
`

+ = +
(

)
`

+
)
`

= +
12
20
sin i
12
20
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 ( then 3 n If
12
14
sin i
12
14
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 ( then 2 n If
12
8
sin i
12
8
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 ( then 1 n If
12
2
sin i
12
2
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 ( then 0 n If
3 , 2 , 1 , 0 n :
12
2 n 6
sin i
12
2 n 6
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
3 , 2 , 1 , 0 n :
3
2 n 6
4
1
sin i
3
2 n 6
4
1
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
3 , 2 , 1 , 0 n :
3
2 n 6
sin i
3
2 n 6
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
3 , 2 , 1 , 0 n :
3
2
n 2 sin i
3
2
n 2 cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
3
2
sin i
3
2
cos . 2 ) 3 i 1 (
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1

To represent the fourth roots of a given complex number in an Argand
diagram, a circle is drawn with O as centre and radius
4
1
2 . From O, the lines are drawn so that they
make the angles
12
20
,
12
14
,
12
8
,
12
2
with the x-axis. These lines cut the circle at P,Q,R and S. Then
P,Q,R and S represent the fourth roots of the given complex number is the Argand diagram. The points
P,Q,R and S form a square.

. 3 i 1
2
3 i 1
. 2
2
3
. i
2
1
. 2 )] 60 sin( i ) 60 .[cos( 2
)] 60 720 sin( i ) 60 720 .[cos( 2 )] 660 sin( i ) 660 .[cos( 2
3
11
sin i
3
11
cos . 2
12
44
sin i
12
44
cos . 2
12
20
12
14
12
8
12
2
sin i
12
20
12
14
12
8
12
2
cos . ) 2 ( product Continued
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
4
4
1
=

= =
+ = + =
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
(

)
`

+
)
`

=
(

)
`

+ + + +
)
`

+ + +

=


29. Find the amplitude of
2
3
i
2
1
+ . [J-2006]
: Sol
n
Let,
2
3
i
2
1
z + =

S
R
Q
P
Y
X

3
2
3

) 3 ( tan 3 tan
2
1
2
3
tan
x
y
tan ) z ( amp
1 1 1 1
= = = =

= =


because

=
2
3
,
2
1
) y , x ( lies in the second quadrant.

30. If is an imaginary cube root of unity, then P.T. 32 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
5 2 5 2
= + + + . [M-2006]
: Sol
n
Given
5 2 5 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( + + +

. RHS 32 ) 1 .( 32 ) .( 32 . . 32 . . 32 ) .( ) 2 ( . ) 2 (
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 9 2 3 10 5 5 5
5 2 5 5 2 2 5
5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2
= = = + = = + =
+ = + =
+ + + = + + +

31. State and prove the De Moivers theorem.
[J-2006,M-2008,J-2009,M-2010]
: Sol
n
Statement:- If n is an integer, (+ve or -ve) then . n sin i n cos ) sin i (cos
n
+ = + If n is a
fraction, (+ ve or - ve), then one of the values of . n sin i n cos ) sin i (cos
n
+ = +

Proof : Case I:- Let n be a positive integer. To prove by mathematical induction
that 1 n sin i n cos ) sin i (cos
n
> + = +
The statement (1) is true for n = 1.
Because u + u = u + u = u + u sin i cos 1 sin i 1 cos ) sin i (cos
1

Let the statement (1) be true for some value of n say n = m.
Where m is a positive integer.
m sin i m cos ) sin i (cos
m
+ = +
Now multiplying both the sides by ) sin i (cos + then we get
) 1 m sin( i ) 1 m cos( ) m sin( i ) m cos(
) sin . m cos cos . m (sin i ) sin . m sin cos . m (cos
sin . m sin i sin . m cos i sin . m sin i cos . m cos ) sin i (cos
) sin i )(cos m sin i m (cos ) sin i .(cos ) sin i (cos
2 1 m
m
+ + + = + + + =
+ + =
+ + + = +
+ + = + +
+

Hence the statement (1) is true for 1 m n + =
Hence by the method of mathematical induction on n, for all the positive integral
Values of n. Hence, . n sin i n cos ) sin i (cos
n
+ = +
Case II:- Let n be the negative integer.
, Then . eger int positive a is m where m n Put =
. n sin i n cos ) sin i (cos then , ve is n if Hence
] n m [ n sin i n cos ) m sin( i ) m cos( m sin i m cos
m sin i m cos
m sin m cos
m sin i m cos
m sin i m cos
m sin i m cos
.
m sin i m cos
1
m sin i m cos
1
sin i cos
1
sin i cos sin i cos
n
2 2
m
m n
+ = +
= + = + = =
=
+

+
=
+
=
+
= + = +

Case III:- Let n be a fraction, (positive or negative)
Let
q
p
n = where p is any integer & q is a positive integer. Since q is a +ve integer,

| |
q
p
p
th
p
q
sin i cos of values the of one is
q
p
sin i
q
p
cos
get we the roots q the taking Now
) sin i (cos p sin i p cos
q
p
q sin i
q
p
q cos
q
p
sin i
q
p
cos
+ +
+ = + = + = +

Because
th
q root of a quantity has q distinct values
Hence one of the values of
q
p
sin i
q
p
cos is sin i cos
q
p
+ +
Since n
q
p
= one of the values of ). n sin i n (cos is ) sin i (cos
n
+ +
Hence the value or one of the values of ). n sin i n (cos is ) sin i (cos
n
+ +
According as n is an integer or fraction.

32. Find the amplitude of 4 i 2 . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

33. Find the fourth roots of the complex number
3
) i 3 ( and also find their continued product.

[J-2007
: Sol
n






CIRCLES
1. Find the length of tangent to the circle 0 1 y 3 x 3 y x
2 2
= + + + from the point (1,2). [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Find the equation of the circle passing through the ends of the diameter whose end points are
(2,3) and (3,2). [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Derive the equation of tangent to the circle 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
= + + + + at the point ) y , x (
1 1
on it.
[J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Find the radical centre of the circles 0 y 6 x 2 y x
2 2
= + + , 0 6 y 2 x 4 y x
2 2
= + + and
0 30 y 2 x 12 y x
2 2
= + + + . [J-2010]
: Sol
n

5. Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle 0 12 y 6 x 4 y x
2 2
= + + + and the line
0 2 y 4 x 3 = + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

6. Find the values of h and k for the equation 0 7 y 3 x 2 y 4 hxy 2 kx
2 2
= + + + to represent a circle.
[M-2010]
: Sol
n

7. Show that the two circles 0 13 y 8 x 2 y x & 0 1 y 2 x 6 y x
2 2 2 2
= + + + = + + touch each other
Externally. [M-2010]
: Sol
n
The two given circles are 1 0 1 y 2 x 6 y x
2 2
> = + +

and 2 0 13 y 8 x 2 y x
2 2
> = + + +

2 4 13 16 1 r is ) 2 ( of Radius
and 3 9 1 1 9 r is ) 1 ( of Radius
) 4 , 1 ( ) f , g ( B is ) 1 ( of centre 13 c , 4 f , 1 g ) 2 ( From
) 1 , 3 ( ) f , g ( A is ) 1 ( of centre 1 c , 1 f , 3 g ) 1 ( From
2
1
= = + =
= = + =
= = = = =
= = = = =

5 25 9 16 ) 4 1 ( ) 1 3 ( AB and 5 3 2 r r Now
2 2
2 1
= = + = + + = = + = +
Hence, sum of radii of the two circles is equal to distance between their centres.
Hence the two circles touch each other externally.

8. Find the radical axis of the two circles 0 1 y 6 x 9 y 3 x 3
2 2
= + + and 0 3 y 16 x 8 y 2 x 2
2 2
= + + .
[M-2010]
: Sol
n

9. Find the equation of the chord of the circle 0 9 y 6 x 4 y x
2 2
= + + bisected at (0,1). [M-2010]
: Sol
n

10. If the radius of the circle 0 k y 2 x 4 y x
2 2
= + + is 4 units, then find the value of k. [M-2009]
: Sol
n
Equation of the circle is 1 0 k y 2 x 4 y x
2 2
> = + +
k c & 1 f , 2 g = = =

11 5 16 k
16 k 5 4 k 5 4 k 1 4 c f g Radius
2 2
= =
= + = + = + + = + =

12. Derive the condition for the circles 0 c y f 2 x g 2 y x
1 1 1
2 2
= + + + + and 0 c y f 2 x g 2 y x
2 2 2
2 2
= + + + +
to cut orthogonally. [M-2009,J-2009]
: Sol
n












The two given circles are 1 0 c y f 2 x g 2 y x
1 1 1
2 2
> = + + + +
and 2 0 c y f 2 x g 2 y x
2 2 2
2 2
> = + + + +
Let A and B be the centres of the two circles (1) and (2) and let P be a point of intersection.
) f , g ( B and ) f , g ( A
2 2 1 1
= =
AP = Radius of the first circle =
1
2
1
2
1
c f g +
And BP = Radius of the second circle =
2
2
2
2
2
c f g +
Now by distance formula
2
2 1
2
2 1
) f f ( ) g g ( AB + =
If the two circles cut orthogonally, then . 90 APB
0
= Z

2 2 2
) BP ( ) AP ( ) AB ( + = ) c f g ( ) c f g ( ) f f ( ) g g (
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
+ + + = +
A B
P

2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1
c c f f 2 g g 2
c c f f 2 g g 2 0 c c f f 2 g g 2
0 c f g c f g f f 2 f f g g 2 g g
) c f g ( ) c f g ( ) f f ( ) g g (
+ = +
= = + +
= + + + + +
+ + + = +



13. Show that the radical axis of the two circles 0 1 y 3 x 2 y 2 x 2
2 2
= + + + & 0 2 y x 3 y x
2 2
= + + +
is perpendicular to the line joining the centres of the circles. [M-2009]
: Sol
n
Two given circles are 1 0
2
1
y
2
3
x y x
2 2
> = + + +
and 2 0 2 y x 3 y x
2 2
> = + + +
Now from the first circle
2
1
c &
4
3
f ,
2
1
g = = =
A
4
3
,
2
1
) f , g ( Centre =
)
`

= = .
Now from the second circle 2 c &
2
1
f ,
2
3
g = = = , B
2
1
,
2
3
) f , g ( Centre =
)
`

= =

1
m
8
5
2
4
5
2
1
2
3
4
3
2
1
is Slope = =

=
+


Radical axis of first and second circles is 0 2 y x 3 y x
2
1
y
2
3
x y x
2 2 2 2
= + + + +
2 0 3 y 5 x 8 0
2
3
y
2
5
x 4 > = =
Slope of (2) is
2
m
5
8
5
8
= =

Hence, 1
5
8
.
8
5
m . m
2 1
= =
Hence the radical axis of the two given circles are perpendicular to their centres.

14. Find the length of the chord of the circle 0 5 y 2 x 6 y x
2 2
= + + intercepted by the line
. 0 1 y x = +
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

15. Given two circles with radii
2 1
r & r respectively and having d as the distance between their
centres. Write the condition for them to touch each other externally. [M-2009]
: Sol
n

16. Find the equation of the circumcircle of the triangle formed by the points (0,0) , (3,0) , (0,4).
[J-2009]
: Sol
n

18. (1,2) is the radical centre of three circles. One of the circles is 0 y 3 x 2 y x
2 2
= + + . Examine
whether the radical centre lies inside or outside all the three circles. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

19. Given the circles 0 10 y 4 x 12 ) y x ( 2
2 2
= + + and 0 16 y 13 x 5 y x
2 2
= + + + , find the length of
their common chord. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

20. Write the condition for the circle 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
= + + + + to touch both the axes. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

21. Find the area of the circle whose parametric equations are sin 2 1 y & cos 2 3 x + = + = .
[M-2008]
: Sol
n

22. Find the equation of the circle which cuts the two circles 0 1 y 6 y x
2 2
= + + & 0 1 y 4 y x
2 2
= + +
Orthogonally and whose centre lies on the line 0 5 y 4 x 3 = + + . [M-2008]
: Sol
n
Let equation of the circle be 1 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
> = + + + +
The two given circles are 2 0 1 y 16 y x
2 2
> = + +
and 3 0 1 y 4 y x
2 2
> = + +
Given line is 4 0 5 y 4 x 3 > = + +
From the first circle, c c and f f , g g
1 1 1
= = =
From the second circle, 1 c , 8 f , 0 g
2 2 2
= = =
Equation (1) and (2) cut orthogonally, then . c c f f 2 g g 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ = +
5 1 c f 16 1 c ) 8 .( f 2 ) 0 ( g 2 > + = + = +
From the first circle, c c and f f , g g
1 1 1
= = =
From the second circle, 1 c , 2 f , 0 g
2 2 2
= = =
Equation (1) and (2) cut orthogonally, then . c c f f 2 g g 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
+ = +
6 1 c f 4 1 c ) 2 .( f 2 ) 0 ( g 2 > + = + = +
Now solving the equations (5) and (6) then we get . 1 c and 0 f = =
Radius of the circle (1) is c f g
2 2
+
Now length of perpendicular from the centre (-g , -f) to the line is equal to radius.
c f g
5
5 f 4 g 3
c f g
16 9
5 ) f ( 4 ) g ( 3
2 2 2 2
+ =
+
+ =
+
+ +

Now put 1 c and 0 f = =
25 g 25 g 30 g 9 25 1 g
5
g 3 5
2 2 2
+ = + + =

8
15
g or 0 g 0 ) 15 g 8 ( g
0 g 15 g 8 0 g 30 g 16
2 2
= = = +
= + =

Taking 1 c and 0 f , 0 g = = = then equation of the circle is 0 1 y x
2 2
= +
Taking 1 c and 0 f ,
8
15
g = = = then equation of the circle is . 0 4 x 15 y 4 x 4
2 2
= +

23. Find the equation of the circle having (4,2) and (-5,7) as end points of the diameter. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
) y , x ( ) 7 , 5 ( B and ) y , x ( ) 2 , 4 ( A Let
2 2 1 1
= = = =

0 ) 7 y )( 2 y ( ) 5 x )( 4 x ( . e , i
0 ) y y )( y y ( ) x x )( x x ( is circle the of equation quired Re
) y , x ( ) 7 , 5 ( B and ) y , x ( ) 2 , 4 ( A Let
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
= + +
= +
= = = =

0 14 y 2 y 7 y 20 x 4 x 5 x
2 2
= + +
. circle the of equation is Which . 0 34 y 9 x y x
2 2
= + +

24. Find the length of the chord intercepted by the circle 0 y 6 x 8 y x
2 2
= + & the line 0 8 y 7 x = .
[M-2008]
: Sol
n

25. Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (a,0) and touching the y-axis. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

27. Find the equation of tangent to the circle 0 4 y 4 x 2 y x
2 2
= + which are perpendicular to the
given line 0 6 y 4 x 3 = + . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

28. Find the equation of the circle passing through the origin having its centre on the line y = x and
cutting orthogonally the circle 0 10 y 6 x 4 y x
2 2
= + + . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

29. Write the condition in terms of g,f,c under which 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y 2 x
2 2
= + + + + becomes a point
circle. [M-2007]
: Sol
n

30. Examine whether the point (1,5) lies outside, inside or on the circle 0 3 y 2 x 4 y x
2 2
= + + + + .
[M-2007]
: Sol
n
Equation of the circle is ). 5 , 1 ( ) y , x ( and 1 0 3 y 2 x 4 y x
1 1
2 2
= > = + + + +
. Positive 43 3 40 3 10 4 25 1 : ) 5 , 1 ( P = = + = + + + +
Hence ) 5 , 1 ( P lies outside the circle.
31. Fid the equation of the circle which passes through the point (2,3), has its centre on the line
4 y x = + and cuts orthogonally the circle 0 3 y 2 x 4 y x
2 2
= + + . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

32. Find the radical centre of the circles 0 4 x 2 y x
2 2
= + + , 0 4 y 4 y x
2 2
= + + , 0 5 x 2 y x
2 2
= +

[M-2007]
: Sol
n

33. Find the centre of the circle 0 1 y 2 x 4 y 4 x 4
2 2
= + + + + . [M-2006]
: Sol
n
Given equation of the circle is 1 0 1 y 2 x 4 y 4 x 4
2 2
> = + + + +
Now dividing equation nor (1) by 4 then we get
2 0
4
1
y
2
1
x y x
2 2
> = + + + +
Now comparing equation nor (2) with 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
= + + + + then we get
.
4
1
c and
4
1
f
2
1
f 2 ,
2
1
g 1 g 2 = = = = =
Now .
4
1
,
2
1
) f , g ( centre
)
`

= =
34. Find the value of k for which the circles 0 7 y 6 x 18 y 2 x 2
2 2
= + + and 0 3 ky x 4 y 3 x 3
2 2
= + + + +
Intersect orthogonally. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
Two given circles are 1 0 7 y 6 x 18 y 2 x 2
2 2
> = + +
And 2 0 3 ky x 4 y 3 x 3
2 2
> = + + + +
Now dividing equation nor (1) by 2 then we get 3 0
2
7
y 3 x 9 y x
2 2
> = + +
Now dividing equation nor (2) by 3 then we get 4 0 1 y
3
k
x
3
4
y x
2 2
> = + + + +
From the third equation
2
7
c ,
2
3
f ,
2
9
g
1 1 1
= = =
Now from the fourth equation 1 c ,
6
k
f ,
3
2
g
2 2 2
= = =

. 7 k 12 5 k 5 k 12
2
5
2
k 12
2
2 7
2
k
6
1
2
7
6
k
2
3
2
3
2
2
9
2 c c f . f 2 g . g 2 is Condition
2 1 2 1 2 1
= + = = +

=
+

+
= +
+ =
)
`

)
`

+
)
`

)
`

+ = +

35. Find the equation of tangent to the circle 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
= + + + + at the point ) y , x (
1 1
on it.
[M-2006]
: Sol
n
Equation of the given circle is 1 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
> = + + + +
Let A be the centre of the circle and
) y , x ( P
1 1
be the point on the circle
Now join AP. Now from the point P
Draw PB perpendicular to AP. Then
PB is the tangent to the circle at the
point ) y , x ( P
1 1
.

)
`

+
+
=
)
`

=
g x
f y
) g ( x
) f ( y
AP of Slope
1
1
1
1

Since PB is perpendicular to AP.
m
f y
g x
PB of Slope
1
1
=
)
`

+
+
=
Now equation of the tangent PB is ) x x ( m ) y y (
1 1
=
) x x .(
f y
g x
) y y ( . e , i
1
1
1
1

)
`

+
+
=

1 1
2
1
2
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
fy gx y x fy gx yy xx . e , i
0 ) y y ).( f y ( ) x x ).( g x (
+ + + = + + +
= + + +

Now adding c fy gx
1 1
+ + to both the sides then we get

2 c fy 2 gx 2 y x c ) y y ( f ) x x ( g yy xx . e , i
c fy gx fy gx y x c fy gx fy gx yy xx . e , i
1 1
2
1
2
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
2
1
2
1 1 1 1 1
> + + + + = + + + + + +
+ + + + + + = + + + + + +

Since, ) y , x (
1 1
lies on the circle i,e. get we then ) 1 ( equation in y y & x x
1 1
= =
3 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
1 1
2
1
2
1
> = + + + +
Now using this in (2) then we get 0 c ) y y ( f ) x x ( g yy xx
1 1 1 1
= + + + + + +
Which is known as equation of the tangent to the circle 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
= + + + +
at the point ) y , x (
1 1
on it.
36. Find the equation of the circle two of whose diameters 6 y x = + and 4 y 2 x = + and whose radius
is 10 units. [M-2006,M-2009]
: Sol
n
2 4 y 2 x & 1 6 y x are diameters given Two > = + > = +
) 2 ( and ) 1 ( equations two the solving Now

0 32 y 4 x 16 y x . e , i
10 ) 2 y ( ) 8 x ( is circle the of Equation
) 2 , 8 ( centre the , Hence 8 x get we then ) 1 ( in 2 y Put
2 y 0 2 y 0 4 y 2 x 6 y x gives ) 2 ( ) 1 (
2 2
2 2 2
= + +
= +
= = =
= = = + +

) y , x ( p
1 1
A(-g,-f)
37. Find the radical axis of the circles 0 7 x 4 y x
2 2
= + + and 0 12 y 8 y x
2 2
= + + + . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

38. Find the equation of the circle having the centre at (6,1) and touching the straight line
0 3 y 12 x 5 = + . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

39. Derive an expression for the length of tangent form ) y , x (
1 1
to the circle 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
= + + + + .
[J-2006,J-2008]
: Sol
n
Equation of the circle is 1 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
> = + + + +



Let A be the centre of the circle and l
Let ) y , x ( p
1 1
be any point out side the circle.
Now draw PT tangent to the circle and
join AP and AT.
AT = Radius of the circle = c f g
2 2
+ .
) y , x ( P and ) f , g ( A
1 1
= =
Now by distance formula
2
1
2
1
) f y ( ) g x ( AP + + + =
Since . 90 ATP
0
= Now by Pythagoras theorem
2 2 2
PT AT AP + =
Hence,
2 2 2
AT AP PT + =

. c fy 2 y gx 2 x PT
c f g fy 2 f y gx 2 g x PT
) c f g ( ) f y ( ) g x ( PT
c f g ) f y ( ) g x ( PT
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
2 2
1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
2
2 2 2
1
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
+ + + + =
+ + + + + + =
+ + + + =
(

+
(

+ + + =

Hence, . c fy 2 y gx 2 x PT
1
2
1 1
2
1
+ + + + =
Hence, Length of tangent from the point ) y , x (
1 1
to the circle 0 c fy 2 gx 2 y x
2 2
= + + + +
is . c fy 2 y gx 2 x PT
1
2
1 1
2
1
+ + + + =


40. Find the value of for which the circles 0 1 y 8 x 2 y x
2 2
= + + + and 0 y x 6 y 2 x 2
2 2
= + + +
intersect orthogonally. [J-2006]
: Sol
n
Two given circles are 1 0 1 y 8 x 2 y x
2 2
> = + + +
And 2 0 k y x 6 y 2 x 2
2 2
> = + + +
Now dividing equation (2) by 2 then (2) becomes 3 0
2
k
2
y
x 3 y x
2 2
> = + + +
From (1) 1 c and 4 f , 1 g
1 1 1
= = = and from (3)
2
k
c and
4
1
f ,
2
3
g
2 2 2
= = =
Equation (1) and (3) cuts orthogonally then
2 1 2 1 2 1
c c f . f 2 g . g 2 + = +
. 12 k
2
k
1 2 3
2
k
1
4
1
). 4 .( 2
2
3
). 1 .( 2 = = + =
)
`

+
)
`

) y , x ( p
1 1
T
) f , g ( A
41. Find the centre of the circle passing through the points (0,0) , (3,0) and (0,5). [J-2007]
: Sol
n


CONIC SECTIONS
1. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse . 1
4
y
9
x
2 2
= + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Find the focus of the parabola 0 y 16 x
2
= + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Find the equation of the parabola having vertex at (3,5) and focus at (3,2). [J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Prove that the sum of the focal distances from any point on the ellipse ) b a ( 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
> = + is equal
to 2a. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

6. Write the eccentricity of the conic section represented by the parametric equations

2
at x = and at 2 y = . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

7. Find the centre of the parabola 0 31 y 8 x 18 y 4 x 9
2 2
= + . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

8. Derive the condition for the line c mx y + = to be a tangent to the circle
2 2 2
a y x = + in the form
of ) m 1 .( a c
2 2 2
+ = . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

9. Find the equations of the parabolas whose directrix is 0 2 x = + , axis is y = 3 and the length of latus
rectum is 8 units. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

10. Define ellipse and derive its equation in the standard form . 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= + [M-2010]
: Sol
n

11. Find the equation of the parabola if its focus is (2,3) and the vertex is (4,3). [M-2009]
: Sol
n

12. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse (a>b) if the distance between the directrices is 5 and distance
between the foci is 4. [M-2009]
: Sol
n

13. Find the ends of the latus rectum & directrix of the parabola 0 4 x 10 y 4 y
2
= +
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

14. Find the value of k such that the line 0 k y 2 x = + be a tangent to the ellipse . 12 y 2 x
2 2
= +

[M-2009]
: Sol
n
Vertices of the ellipse are ) 4 , 2 ( ' A and ) 2 , 2 ( A = =

Centre = Mid point of ) 1 , 2 (
2
4 2
,
2
2 2
' AA =
)
`

+ +
=
Length of the major axis is . 6 36 36 0 ) 4 2 ( ) 2 2 ( ' AA
2 2
= = + = + =
16. Find the sum of the focal distances of any point on 36 y 9 x 4
2 2
= + . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

17. Given the equation of the conic 0 11 y 16 x 18 y 4 x 9
2 2
= + + , find its centre and the area of its
auxiliary circle. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

18. Find the equation of the directrix of the parabola
2
t 2 x = and t 4 y = . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

19. Derive the condition for the line c mx y + = to be a tangent to the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= . Also
find the point of contact. Using the condition derived. Find the equations of tangents to the ellipse
1
12
y
16
x
2 2
= + which are parallel to the line 0 5 y x = + . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

20. Find the equations of the parabola having (1,5) & (1,1) as the ends of latus rectum. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

21. Find the co-ordinates of the end points of the latus rectum of the parabola x 12 y
2
= . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

22. Find the equation of the hyperbola in the form of 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= given that the transverse axis is 10
and eccentricity is 2. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

23. Find the condition for the line c mx y + = to be a tangent to the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= .[M-2008]
: Sol
n
Equation of hyperbola is 1 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
> =
And the given line is 2 c mx y > + =
Now assume that the line c mx y + = is a tangent to the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= at ) y , x (
1 1

Equation of the tangent at ) y , x (
1 1
to the hyperbola 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= is
) 3 ( 1
a
xx
b
yy
a
xx
1
b
yy
. e , i 1
b
yy
a
xx
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
> = =

=
The equations (2) and (3) represent the same line. [i,e. the tangent at ) y , x (
1 1
]
So, the coefficients in the equations (2) and (3) must be proportional.

1
c
x
ma
y
b
,
1
c
a
x
m
b
y
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
= =

=
)
`

=
)
`

Now taking second and third ratios then we get
c
ma
x or ma c x
2
1
2
1
= =
Now taking the first and third ratios then we get

c
b
y b cy
2
1
2
1

= =
Hence,
)
`

=
c
b
,
c
ma
) y , x (
2 2
1 1

Since, ) y , x (
1 1
lies on the hyperbola (1) then we get ) 4 ( 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
1
2
2
1
> =
Now substituting the values of ) y , x (
1 1
in (4) then we get
1
b c
b
a c
a m
. 1
b
c
b
a
c
ma
2 2
4
2 2
4 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
)
`

)
`

. b m a c c b a m 1
c
b
c
a m
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2
= = =
This is the condition for the line c mx y + = to be a tangent to the hyperbola . 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
=
24. Find the focus of the parabola 0 32 x 8 y
2
= . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

25. Define an ellipse. Derive the equation of the ellipse in the standard form 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= + . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

26. Find the equation of directrix of the parabola ) 3 y ( 4 ) 1 x (
2
= + . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

27. Find the focus and equation to the directrix of the ellipse 0 4 y 10 x 36 y 5 x 9
2 2
= + + .[J-2008]
: Sol
n

28. Find the equation to the hyperbola in the standard form 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= given that the length of latus
rectum is
3
14
and eccentricity is
3
4
. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

29. Find the area of the ellipse 144 y 16 x 9
2 2
= + . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

31. Find the equation of parabola whose focus is (3,2) and its directrix is x = 1. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

32. Find the equation of directrix of the parabola x 8 y
2
= . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

33. The two ends of the major axis of an ellipse are (5,0) and (-5,0) . If the line 0 9 y 5 x 3 = is a
focal chord, then find the eccentricity of the ellipse. [M-2007]
: Sol
n

34. Find the centre and the eccentricity of the hyperbola 0 11 y 6 x 4 y 3 x
2 2
= . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

35. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex (-4,2), axis y = 2 and passing through the point (0,6).
[M-2007]
: Sol
n

36. Define ellipse as the locus of the point. Derive the equation of ellipse in the form of 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= +

[M-2007]
: Sol
n

37. If the line 0 2 y x = + + touches the parabola x 8 y
2
= then find the point of contact. [M-2007]
: Sol
n

38. Find the eccentricity of the ellipse if the minor axis is equal to the distance between foci.[M-2007]
: Sol
n

39. Find the eccentricity & equations to directrices of ellipse 0 4 y 36 x 8 y 4 x 4
2 2
= + + + .[M-2006]
: Sol
n

40. Find the equations of the asymptotes of the hyperbola 36 y 4 x 9
2 2
= . A-lso find the angle
between them. [M-2006]
: Sol
n

41. Define ellipse and derive the standard equation to the ellipse 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= + .
[M-2006.2007,M-2008]
: Sol
n
Ellipse is the locus of the point which moves such that the ratio of its distance from the
focus to its distance from the directrix is less than one.

42. If in the parabola kx 8 y
2
= the length of the latus rectum is 4, then fin d the value of k.[J-2006]
: Sol
n

43. Find the length of latus rectum of the ellipse 0 4 y 36 x 8 y 9 x 4
2 2
= + +
[J-2006]
: Sol
n

44. Derive the condition for the straight line c mx y + = to be a tangent to the parabola ax 4 y
2
= .
[J-2006]
: Sol
n
Equation of the parabola is 1 ax 4 y
2
> = and
Equation of the line is 2 c mx y > + =
Now we assume that the line (2) is a tangent to the parabola (1) at the point ) y , x (
1 1

Now equation of the tangent at ) y , x (
1 1
to the parabola ax 4 y
2
= is
3 ax 2 ax 2 ) x x ( a 2 yy
1 1 1
> + = + =
Now equation (2) and (3) are representing the same line. [The tangent at the point ) y , x (
1 1
].
Hence the coefficients in the two equations (2) and (3) are proportional.
1 1
ax 2
c
a 2
m
y
1
= = Now taking the first two ratios then we get
m
a 2
y a 2 my
a 2
m
y
1
1 1
1
= = =
Now taking the second and third ratios then we get
m
c
x c mx ac 2 amx 2
ax 2
c
a 2
m
1 1 1
1
= = = =
)
`

=
m
a 2
,
m
c
) y , x (
1 1
.
Since ) y , x (
1 1
lies on the parabola (1) : ) 1 ( in y y , x x put
1 1
= = then we get
m
a
c c
m
a
m
ac 4
m
a 4
m
c
a 4
m
a 2
) 4 ( in
m
a 2
y &
m
c
x put Now 4 ax 4 y
2
2
2
1 1 1
2
1
= = =
)
`

=
)
`

= = > =

This is the condition for the line c mx y + = to be a tangent to the parabola ax 4 y
2
= .
45. Find the equation of the ellipse in the form of 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= + given that the distance between the
directrices is 2 10 and the eccentricity is
2
1
. [J-2006]
: Sol
n
Given, 2 5 2 a 2 5
2
1
a
2 5
e
a
2 10
e
a 2
= = = =

2 a 2 a
2
= =
1
2
1
. 2
2
1
1 . 2 ) e 1 ( a b
2
1
e
2 2 2 2
= =
)
`

= = =
Equations of ellipse is . 1
1
y
2
x
2 2
= +
45. Define hyperbola as a locus and derive the standard equation of the hyperbola in the form of
1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= . [J-2006,2008,2010,M-2009]
: Sol
n
Hyperbola is the locus of the point which moves so that the ratio of its distance from the
focus to its distance from the directrix is greater than one.
























Let S be the focus and l be the directrix. Draw SZ perpendicular to the directrix l. On SZ, mark
the two points A and A such that
1
e
Z A
SA
AZ
SA
'
'
= = .
Now taking the I and III ratios then we get 1 AZ . e SA
1
e
AZ
SA
> = =
' Z
P(x,y)
'
Y
'
S
'
A
M
'
X
l
a a
K
X
Y
N
A
Z S
C
Now taking the II and III ratios then we get 2 Z ' A . e ' SA
1
e
Z ' A
' SA
> = =
Bisect ' AA at C. Take C as the origin, CS produced as x-axis and CY perpendicular to CS as y-
axis. Let ) y , x ( P be any point on the hyperbola. Now join PS. Draw PM perpendicular to the
directrix and draw PN perpendicular to the x-axis.
Now take . a ' CA CA = =
Now adding equations (1) and (2) then we get ) Z ' A AZ ( e Z ' eA eAZ ' SA SA + = + = +
) ' AA .( e ) ' CA CS ( ) CA CS ( = + +
. ae CS a 2 . e CS 2 ' AA . e CA CS CA CS = = = + +
This means that the co-ordinates of S are ). 0 , ae ( Hence, ). 0 , ae ( S =
Now (2) (1) gives ) AZ Z ' A .( e eAZ Z ' eA SA ' SA = =

e
a
CZ CZ 2 . e a 2 )] CZ CA ( ) ' CA CZ .[( e ' AA = = + =
This means that the co-ordinates of Z are
)
`

0 ,
e
a
. Hence,
)
`

= 0 ,
e
a
Z

)
`

= = 0 ,
e
a
Z and ) y , x ( P
Now by distance formula,
2 2 2 2
y ) ae x ( ) 0 y ( ) ae x ( PS + = + =
From the figure,
e
a
x PM
e
a
x CZ CN NZ PM = = = =
Since, P is a point on the hyperbola, by definition, PM . e PS e
PM
PS
= =
.
e
a
x . e ) 0 y ( ) ae x (
2 2
)
`

= +
a ex y ) ae x (
2 2
= + Now squaring on both the sides then we get

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
e a a y x e x 0 aex 2 a x e y aex 2 e a x
aex 2 a x e y aex 2 e a x ) a ex ( y ) ae x (
= + = + + +
+ = + + = +

1 ) e 1 ( a y ) e 1 ( x
2 2 2 2 2
> = +
Now multiplying equation nor (1) by -1 then we get
) 1 e ( a y ) 1 e ( x ) e 1 ( a y ) e 1 ( x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= =
Now dividing through out this equation by ) 1 e ( a
2 2
then we get

] b ) 1 e ( a [ 1
b
y
a
x
1
) 1 e ( a
y
a
x
1
) 1 e ( a
y
a
x
) 1 e ( a
) 1 e ( a
) 1 e ( a
y
) 1 e ( a
) 1 e ( x
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
= = =

This is equation of hyperbola in the standard form.

46. Find the vertex of the parabola x 8 ) 2 y (
2
= . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

47. Find the centre of the ellipse whose vertices are (2,-2) and (2,4). Also find the length of major axis.
[J-2007]
: Sol
n

48. Find the centre and foci of the ellipse 0 11 y 18 x 16 y 9 x 4
2 2
= + + . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

49. Find the focal distance of any point (x,y) on the parabola ax 4 y
2
= . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

50. Define director circle of a huperbola. Derive the equation of the director circle of hyperbola.
[J-2007]
: Sol
n








DERIVATIVES
1. Differentiate
x sin
e
e log with respect to x. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Differentiate
x
a with respect to x from the first principles. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. If 5 y x = + then find
dx
dy
at the point (4,9). [J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. If
x cos m
1
e y

= then prove that 0 y m xy y ) x 1 (
2
1 2
2
= . [J-2010]
: Sol
n

5. If + + + = x sin x sin x sin y then prove that
1 y 2
x cos
dx
dy

= [J-2010]
: Sol
n

6. If
) x sin 1 (
e
e log y
+
= then find
dx
dy
. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

7. If

a
y & a x = = then prove that 0
x
y
dx
dy
= + . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

8. Differentiate sinax with respect to x from the first principles. [M-2010]
: Sol
n
1 ax sin y Let > =
Now changing ) y y ( by y and ) x x ( by x A + A + in equation nor (1)
2 ) x a ax sin( ) x x ( a sin y y > A + = A + = A +
Now (2) (1) gives ax sin ) x a ax sin( y y y A + = A +
x sin a ) x a ax sin( y A + = A
)
`

+
=
)
`

A
)
`

A +
=
)
`

A +
)
`

+ A +
= A
2
D C
sin .
2
D C
cos 2 D sin C sin
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos 2
2
ax x a ax
sin .
2
ax x a ax
cos 2 y

Now dividing by x A then we get
(
(
(
(

A
)
`

A
)
`

A +
=
A
A
x
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos 2
x
y

Now taking the limit 0 x A on both the sides then we get

(
(
(
(

A
)
`

A
)
`

A +
=
(
(
(
(

A
)
`

A
)
`

A +
=
)
`

A
A
A A A
2
x a
. 2
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos a 2
Lim
x
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos 2
Lim
x
y
Lim
0 x 0 x 0 x

=
(
(
(
(

A
)
`

A
(
(
(
(

)
`

A +
=
(
(
(
(

A
)
`

A
(
(
(
(

)
`

A +
=
A A
A A
1
2
x a
2
x a
sin
Lim 1 .
2
2
x a ax 2
cos a 2
Lim
2
x a
2
x a
sin
Lim .
2
2
x a ax 2
cos a 2
Lim
0 x 0 x
0 x 0 x

ax cos a
2
ax 2
cos a 1 .
2
0 ax 2
cos a
dx
dy
=
)
`

=
)
`

+
=
. ax cos a ) ax (sin
dx
d
, Hence =


9. If
)
`

=

x cos 1
x cos 1
tan y
1
then find
dx
dy
. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

10. If
x sin m
1
e y

= then prove that 0 y m xy y ) x 1 (
2
1 2
2
= . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

11. If ) x sec ( log y
5
= then find
dx
dy
. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

12. Differentiate x sinh . 3
x
with respect to x. [M-2009]
: Sol
n

13. If
m 2
) x 1 x ( y + + = then prove that . 0 my
dx
dy
x 1
2
= +
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

14. Differentiate tanx with respect to x from the first principles. [M-2009]
: Sol
n
1 x tan y Let > =
Now changing ) y y ( by y and ) x x ( by x A + A + in equation nor (1)
2 ) x x tan( y y > A + = A +
Now (2) (1) gives x tan ) x x tan( y y y A + = A + x tan ) x x tan( y A + = A

)]. B A sin( B sin A cos B cos A sin [
x cos ). x x cos(
) x sin(
x cos ). x x cos(
) x x x sin(
x cos ). x x cos(
x sin ). x x cos( x cos ). x x sin(
x cos
x sin
) x x cos(
) x x sin(
y
=
A +
A
=
A +
A +
=
A +
A + A +
=
A +
A +
= A

Now dividing through out this equation by x A then we get

)
`

A + A
A
=

A
A +
A
=
A
A
x cos ). x x cos( . x
) x sin(
x
x cos ). x x cos(
) x sin(
x
y

Now taking limit as 0 x A on both the sides then we get

)
`

A + A
A
=

A
A +
A
=
)
`

A
A
A A A
x cos ). x x cos( . x
) x sin(
Lim
x
x cos ). x x cos(
) x sin(
Lim
x
y
Lim
0 x 0 x 0 x


)
`

A
A
)
`

A +
=
)
`

A
A
A +
=
)
`

A
A
A A
A A
x
x sin
Lim .
x cos ). x x cos(
1
Lim
x
x sin
.
x cos ). x x cos(
1
Lim
x
y
Lim
0 x 0 x
0 x 0 x


)
`

A +
=
)
`

A +
=
A A
x cos ). x x cos(
1
Lim 1 .
x cos ). x x cos(
1
Lim
0 x 0 x

x sec
x cos
1
x cos . x cos
1
x cos ). 0 x cos(
1
dx
dy
2
2
= = =
+
=

Hence, x sec ) x (tan
dx
d
2
=

15. If
)
`

+
=

2
2
1
x 2 3
x 3 2
tan y then prove that
4
x 1
x 2
dx
dy
+
=

[M-2009]
: Sol
n

16. If ) x sin p cos( y
1
= then prove that 0 y p xy y ) x 1 (
2
1 2
2
= + . [M-2009]
: Sol
n

17. If
n m n m
) y x ( y x
+
+ = then prove that
x
y
dx
dy
= . [M-2009]
: Sol
n

18. Differentiate ) x 5 sec(
0
with respect to x. [M-2009]
: Sol
n

19. Given the function | x | ) x ( f = then find ) 0 ( ' f . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

20. If
)
`

+
+
)
`

=

1 x
1 x
sec
1 x
1 x
sin y
1 1
then prove that 0
dx
dy
= . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

21. Differentiate x 2 sin with respect to x from the first principles. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

22. Differentiate
x log
) x (sin with respect to x. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

23. Differentiate ) x 3 x 4 ( cos
3 1

with respect to ) x 2 1 ( cos

2 1

. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

24. If ) x cos m sin( y
1
= then prove that 0 y m xy y ) x 1 (
2
1 2
2
= + . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

25. Define the differential coefficient of a continous function ) x ( f y = with respect to x. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

26. If 2
b
y
a
x
n n
=
)
`

+
)
`

then find
dx
dy
at the point (a,b). [M-2008]
: Sol
n

27. Differentiate cosecax with respect to x from the first principles. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
1 ecax cos y Let > =
Now replacing x by ) x x ( by x A + and ) y y ( by y A + in equation nor (1) then we get
2 ) x a ax ( ec cos ) x x ( eca cos y y > A + = A + = A +
Now (2) (1) gives ecax cos ) x a ax ( ec cos y y y A + = A +
) x a ax sin( . ax sin
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos 2
) x a ax sin( . ax sin
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos 2
) x a ax sin( . ax sin
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos 2
) x a ax sin( . ax sin
2
x a ax ax
sin .
2
x a ax ax
cos 2
) x a ax sin( . ax sin
) x a ax sin( ax sin
ax sin
1
) x a ax sin(
1
ecax cos ) x a ax ( ec cos y
A +
)
`

A
)
`

A +

=
A +
)
`

)
`

A +
=
A +
)
`

A
)
`

A +
=
A +
)
`

A
)
`

A + +
=
A +
A +
=
A +
= A + = A

Now dividing through out this equation by x A then we get

) x a ax sin( . ax sin . x
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos 2
x
y
A + A
)
`

A
)
`

A +

=
A
A

Now taking limit as x A tends to zero then we get

A +
A
)
`

A
)
`

A +

=
)
`

A
A
A A
) x a ax sin( . ax sin .
2
x
2 a
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos a 2
Lim
x
y
Lim
0 x 0 x

A
)
`

A +
)
`

A +

A
A +
)
`

A
)
`

A +

=
A A
A
2
x a
2
x a
sin
Lim .
) x a ax sin( . ax sin
2
x a ax 2
cos a
Lim
2
x a
). x a ax sin( . ax sin
2
x a
sin .
2
x a ax 2
cos a
Lim
0 x 0 x
0 x

Hence, a log . a ] a [
dx
d
x x
=

ecax cos . ax cot a
ax sin . ax sin
ax cos a
) 0 ax sin( . ax sin
2
0 ax 2
cos a
) x a ax sin( . ax sin
2
x a ax 2
sin a
Lim . a 1 .
) x a ax sin( . ax sin
2
x a ax 2
cos a
Lim
0 x 0 x
=

=
+
)
`

A +
)
`

A +

A +
)
`

A +

=
A A

Hence, ax cot . ecax cos a ) ecax (cos
dx
d
=

28. Differentiate sinx with respect to logx. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

31. If
y x y x
e e e
+
= + then prove that
x y
e
dx
dy

= . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

29. If
t 1
t 1
tan x
1
+

=

and ) t 3 t 4 ( cos y
3 1
=

then prove that 6
dx
dy
= . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

30. If
)
`

+
=

x 1
x 1
cot sin y
1 2
then prove that
2
1
dx
dy
= . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

31. If x cos log y = then find
dx
dy
. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

32. Differentiate
x
a with respect to x from the first principles. [j-2008]
: Sol
n
1 a y Let
x
> =
Now changing ) 1 ( in ) y y ( by y and ) x x ( by x A + A + then we get
2 a . a a y y
x x x x
> = = A +
A A +

Now equation (2) (1) gives
x x x
a a . a y y y = A +
A

) 1 a ( a a a . a y
x x x x x
= = A
A A
Now dividing by x A then we get

x
) 1 a ( a
x
y
x x
A

=
A
A

A
Now taking limit as 0 x A then we get

)
`

A

=
)
`

A
A

A
A A
x
) 1 a ( a
Lim
x
y
Lim
x x
0 x 0 x
Hence, a log . a
dx
dy
e
x
=

(
(

=
)
`

A
A
a log
x
1 a
Lim
e
x
0 x





33. If
)
`

=

2
1
x 4
x 4
tan y then prove that
2
x 4
4
dx
dy
+
=
[j-2008]
: Sol
n

34. If
2 1 2 1
) x (cos ) x (sin y

+ = then prove that 0 4 xy y ) x 1 (
1 2
2
= . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

35. If 2 cos 3 3 cos 2 y & 3 sin 2 2 sin 3 x = + = then prove that .
2

tan
dx
dy
)
`

=
[J-2008]
: Sol
n

36. If
x x
x e y + = then find
dx
dy
. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

37. If
)
`

=
x cos 1
x cos 1
log y then prove that ecx cos 2
dx
dy
= . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

38. If
2
x 1 log y = then differentiate with respect to x. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

39. If
2
2
x
1
x ) x ( f + = then find the value of ) 1 ( ' f . [M-2007]
: Sol
n
2
2
x
1
x ) x ( f + =

3
3 1 2 2 2
2
2
x
2
x 2 x 2 x 2 x ). 2 ( x 2 x
dx
d
x
dx
d
x
1
x
dx
d
) x ( ' f = = + = + =
)
`

+ =


0 2 2
) 1 (
2
) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( ' f
3
= = =

40. If
x y
a x = then prove that
x log x
y a log x
dx
dy
= . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

41. Differentiate
x log 4
a
a y = with respect to x. [M-2006]
: Sol
n

42. If x cosh . x y = then prove that . 0 x cosh 2 xy y 2 xy
1 2
= +
[M-2007]
: Sol
n

43. If ) cos 1 ( a y & ) sin ( a x = + = then find
dx
dy
and also
2
2
dx
y d
. [M-2007]
: Sol
n

44. Differentiate
x
e with respect to x from the first principles. [M-2007]
: Sol
n
1 e y Let
x
> =
Now changing ) 1 ( in ) y y ( by y and ) x x ( by x A + A + then we get
2 e . e e y y
x x x x
> = = A +
A A +

Now equation (2) (1) gives
| | 1 e e y e e . e y y y
x x x x x
= A = A +
A A

Now divding by x A then we get

| | | |
| | | |

=
)
`

= =
)
`

=
)
`

A
A

)
`

A

=
)
`

A
A

A

=
A
A
A
A
A
A A
A
A A
A
1
x
1 e
Lim e 1 . e
x
1 e
Lim . e
x
y
Lim
x
1 e e
Lim
x
y
Lim
x
1 e e
x
y
x
0 x
x x
x
0 x
x
0 x
x x
0 x 0 x
x x

Hence,
x x
e ] e [
dx
d
=

45. Differentiate ) x (log log
10
with respect to x. [M-2007]
: Sol
n

46. If
x cos
1
x y

= then differentiate with respect to x. [M-2006]
: Sol
n

47. Differentiate x sin
2
with respect to x from the first principles. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
1 x sin y Let
2
> =
Now changing ) 1 ( in ) y y ( by y and ) x x ( by x A + A + then equation (1) becomes
2 ) x x ( sin y y
2
> A + = A +
Now (2) (1) gives x sin ) x x ( sin y y y
2 2
A + = A +

)] B A sin( ). B A sin( B sin A sin [ ) x x x sin( ). x x x sin( y
x sin ) x x ( sin y
2 2
2 2
+ = A + + A + = A
A + = A

) x sin( ). x x 2 sin( y A A + = A
Now dividing this equation by x A then we get
x
) x sin( ). x x 2 sin(
x
y
A
A A +
=
A
A

Now taking limit as x A tends to zero then we get

)
`

A
A A +
=
)
`

A
A
A A
x
) x sin( ). x x 2 sin(
Lim
x
y
Lim
0 x 0 x


x cos . x sin 2 x 2 sin ) 0 x 2 sin(
dx
dy
1 )]. x x 2 [sin( Lim
x
) x sin(
Lim )]. x x 2 [sin( Lim
x
y
Lim
0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x
= = + =
A + =
)
`

A
A
A + =
)
`

A
A
A A A A


48. If

=
x
x
x y then find
dx
dy
. [M-2006]
: Sol
n

49. If
2 1
) x (sinh y

= then prove that 0 2 xy y ) x 1 (
1 2
2
= + +
[M-2006]
: Sol
n

50. If ) cos 1 ( a y & ) sin ( a x = + = then prove that
dx
dy
)
`

tan . [M-2006]
: Sol
n

51. If
x 5
5 . x y = then find
dx
dy
. [J-2006]
: Sol
n

52. If
)
`

=

2
2
1
x 1
x 1
cos y then prove that
2
x 1
2
dx
dy
+
= . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

53. Differentiate
ax
e with respect to x from the first principles. [J-2006]
: Sol
n
1 e y Let
ax
> =
Now changing ) 1 ( in ) y y ( by y and ) x x ( by x A + A + then we get
2 e y y
) x x ( a
> = A +
A +

Now equation (2) (1) gives
ax ) x x ( a
e e y y y = A +
A +

) 1 e ( e e e . e e e y
x a x a x a x a x a x a ) x x ( a
= = = A
A A A +

Now dividing by x A then we get
x
) 1 e ( e
x
y
x a x a
A

=
A
A
A

Now taking limit as x A tends to zero then we get

ax
x a
0 x
ax
x a
0 x
ax
0 x
x a x a
0 x
x a x a
0 x 0 x
e . a
dx
dy
1
x . a
) 1 e (
Lim 1 . e . a
x . a
) 1 e (
Lim e . a
x
y
Lim
x . a
) 1 e ( e . a
Lim
x
) 1 e ( e
Lim
x
y
Lim
=
(
(

=
)
`

=
)
`

=
)
`

A
A
)
`

A

=
)
`

A

=
)
`

A
A
A
A
A
A A
A
A
A
A A

Hence,
ax ax
e . a ] e [
dx
d
=

54. Differentiate x sinh
1
with respect to
2
x 1+ . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

55. If ) x sin(log b ) x cos(log a y + = then prove that 0 y xy y x
1 2
2
= + + . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

56. If
y x y x
e e e
+
= + then proe that
x y
e
dx
dy

= . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

57. If
x
3 y

= then find
dx
dy
. [J-2007]
30. Differentiate cosec4x with respect to x from the first principles. [J-2007]
: Sol
n
1 x 4 ec cos y Let > =
Now replacing x by ) x x ( by x A + and ) y y ( by y A + in equation nor (1) then we get
2 ) x 4 x 46 ( ec cos ) x x ( 4 ec cos y y > A + = A + = A +
Now (2) (1) gives x 4 ec cos ) x 4 x 4 ( ec cos y y y A + = A +
) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
2
x 4
sin .
2
x 4 ) x 4 ( 2
cos 2
) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
2
x 4
sin .
2
x 4 ) x 4 ( 2
cos 2
) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
2
x 4
sin .
2
x 4 ) x 4 ( 2
cos 2
) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
2
x 4 x 4 x 4
sin .
2
x 4 x 4 x 4
cos 2
) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
) x 4 x 4 sin( x 4 sin
x 4 sin
1
) x 4 x 4 sin(
1
x 4 ec cos ) x 4 x 4 ( ec cos y
A +
)
`

A
)
`

A +

=
A +
)
`

)
`

A +
=
A +
)
`

A
)
`

A +
=
A +
)
`

A
)
`

A + +
=
A +
A +
=
A +
= A + = A

Now dividing through out this equation by x A then we get

) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin . x
2
x 4
sin .
2
x 4 ) x 4 ( 2
cos 2
x
y
A + A
)
`

A
)
`

A +

=
A
A

Now taking limit as x A tends to zero then we get

A +
A
)
`

A
)
`

A +

=
)
`

A
A
A A
) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin .
2
x
) 2 ( 4
2
x 4
sin .
2
x 4 ) x 4 ( 2
cos ) 4 ( 2
Lim
x
y
Lim
0 x 0 x

A
A +
)
`

A
)
`

A +

=
A
2
x 4
). x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
2
x 4
sin .
2
x 4 ) x 4 ( 2
cos 4
Lim
0 x

A
)
`

A +
)
`

A +

=
A A
2
x 4
2
x 4
sin
Lim .
) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
2
x 4 ) x 4 ( 2
cos 4
Lim
0 x 0 x


) 0 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
2
0 x 8
cos 4
) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
2
x 4 ) x 4 ( 2
sin 4
Lim . 4 1 .
) x 4 x 4 sin( . x 4 sin
2
x 4 ) x 4 ( 2
cos 4
Lim
0 x 0 x
+
)
`

A +
)
`

A +

A +
)
`

A +

=
A A


x 4 ec cos . x 4 cot 4
x 4 sin . x 4 sin
x 4 cos 4
=

= Hence, x 4 cot . x 4 ec cos 4 ) x 4 ec (cos

dx
d
=

40. If
(

+
=

x tan 2 5
x tan 5 2
tan y
1
then find
dx
dy
. [J-2007]
: Sol
n




APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
1. Find the length of sub-tangent and sub-normal to the curve 11 x x y
2 3
+ = at (2,1). [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Find the equation of normal to the curve 2 x 4 x y
2
+ = at the point (4,2). [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Water is poured into an inverted conical vessel of which the radius of base is 6 cms and the height
is 12 cms at the rate of
2
1
5 c.c per second. At what rate is the water level rising at the instant.
When the depth is
2
1
3 cm ? Also find the rate of increase in the surface area of the water level at
the instant. [J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. The sum of two numbers is 40. Then find the numbers when their product is maximum.
[J-2010]
: Sol
n

5. A particle is travelling in a straight line whose distance is given by 7 t t 6 t 4 s
2 3
+ = units.
Then find the velocity of the particle after t = 2 seconds. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

6. Find the angle between the two curves x 4 y
2
= and 3 y 2 x
2
= at the point (1,2). [M-2010]
: Sol
n

7. Find the length of sub-normal to the curve
5 2 3
a y x = at any point on it. And also prove that
length of sub-tangent varies directly as abscissa at that point. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

8. Show that the rectangle of maximum perimeter which can be inscribed in a circle of radius a is a
square of the side 2 a . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

9. S.T. for the curve
a
x
e . b y = the sub-normal varies as the square of the ordinate y. [M-2009]
: Sol
n
Given curve is
a
x
be y = . Now D.w.r.t.x we get
a
y
a
1
. be be
dx
d
dx
dy
a
x
a
x
= = =

a
y
a
y
. y
dx
dy
. y N . S of Length
2
= = =
10. Find the equation of normal to the curve 2 x 7 x y
2
+ = at the point where it crosses the y-axis.
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

11. Find the angle between the curves
3
x y 4 = and
2
x 6 y = at (2,2). [M-2009]
: Sol
n
Two given curves are 2 x 6 y and 1 x y 4
2 3
> = > =
Now differentiating equation nor (1) with respect to x then we get

1
) 2 , 2 (
2 3
m 4
4
) 4 ( 3
dx
dy
x 3
dx
dy
4 ) x (
dx
d
) y 4 (
dx
d
= = = = =
Now differentiating equation nor (2) with respect to x then we get

2
) 2 , 2 (
2
m 4 ) 2 ( 2
dx
dy
x 2
dx
dy
) x 6 (
dx
d
dx
dy
= = = = =
.
11
7
tan
11
7
11
7
4 x 3 1
4 3
m m 1
m m
tan
1
2 1
2 1
= u =

+
=
+

= u
12. The volume of the sphere is increasing at the rate of . sec / . c . c 4t Find the rate of increase of the
radius and its surface area when the volume of the sphere is . c . c 288t [M-2009]
: Sol
n
At teme t, let V be the volume of a sphere of radius r and A be its surface area.

. sec / cms . sq
3
4
36
1
. 6 . 8 ] r 4 [
dt
d
dt
dA
then t . t . r . w ) 2 ( Diff
sec / cms
36
1
dt
dr
Hence
dt
dr
. 36 . 4 4
dt
dr
. r 4
dt
dr
. r 3 .
3
4
r
3
4
dt
d
dt
dV
then t . t . r . w ) 1 ( Diff
. cms 6 r , Hence 216
4
3
x 288 r
r
3
4
288 ) 1 ( from 288 V when
. cc 288 V when
dt
dA
and
dt
dr
find To . sec / c . c 4
dt
dV
, Given
2 r A and 1 r
3
4
V Then
2
2 2 3
3
3
2 3
t = t = t =
= t = t
t = =
)
`

t =
= =
t
t =
t = t t =
t = t =
> t = > t =

13. S.T. among all the rectangles of a given perimeter, the square has maximum area. [M-2009]
: Sol
n

14. At any point on the curve
n m n m
a y x
+
= show that the sub tangent varies as the abscissa of the
point. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

15. Show that the curves
2
x x 6 y + = and 2 x ) 1 x ( y + = touch each other at (2,4). [J-2009]
: Sol
n

16. The volume of the sphere increases at the rate of 4 cc./sec. Find the rate of increase of its radius
and surface area when its volume is 288 c.c. Also find the change in volume in 5 seconds and
also find the rate of increase of volume with respect to the radius when the volume is 288 c.c.
[J-2009]
: Sol
n

17. Among all right angled triangles of given hypotenuse show that the triangle which is isosceles has
maximum area. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

18. Find the length of the sub-tangent to the curve 13 y xy x
2 3
= + + at the point (1,3). [M-2008]
: Sol
n
Given curve is 1 13 y xy x
2 3
> = + + and ). 3 , 1 ( ) y , x (
1 1
=
D.w.r.t.x then we get 0 ) 13 (
dx
d
) y (
dx
d
) x (
dx
d
y ) y (
dx
d
x ) x (
dx
d
2 3
= = + + +

7
6
) 3 ( 2 1
) 3 3 (
dx
dy
, Now
y 2 x
) y x 3 (
dx
dy
y x 3 ) y 2 x (
dx
dy
y x 3
dx
dy
. y 2
dx
dy
. x 0
dx
dy
. y 2 y
dx
dy
. x x 3
) 3 , 1 (
2
2
2 2
=
+
+
=
+
+
= = +
= + = + + +

Now length of sub-tangent is .
2
7
2
7
6
21
7
6
3
dx
dy
y
= = =

=
19. Prove that the greatest size rectangle that can be inscribed in a circle of radius a is a square.
[M-2008]
: Sol
n

Let x and y be the length and breadth of the
rectangle inscribed In a right angled triangle OMQ








1 a 4 y x a
4
y
4
x
a
2
y
2
x
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
> = + = + = +
Given that xy is maximum. Let 2 A xy > =
From the two equations (1) and (2) we get
2 2
x a 4 x A =
Differentiating this with respect to x then we get

2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
x a 4
) x a 2 ( 2
x a 4
x a 4 x
x a 4
x a 4 2
) x 2 ( 1
. x
dx
dA

+
= +

= .
Q
P
M
x
a
O
y
For A to be maximum, 2 a x a 2 x 0
dx
dA
2 2
= = =
y x 2 a y then 2 a x When = = =
This means that the rectangle is a square.


20. Prove that in the curve
a
x
e y = the sub normal varies as the square of the ordinate and sub tangent
is constant. [J-2008]
: Sol
n
Given curve is
a
x
e y = . Now D.w.r.t.x we get
a
y
a
1
. e e
dx
d
dx
dy
a
x
a
x
= = =

a
y
a
y
. y
dx
dy
. y N . S of Length . t tan Cons a
a
y
y
dx
dy
y
T . S of Length
2
= = = = = = =
21. Find the point on the curve x y
2
= the tangent at which makes an angle of
0
45 with the x-axis.
[J-2008]
: Sol
n
Given curve is 1 x y
2
> = Differentiating (1) with respect to x then we get

)
`

= = =
)
`

=
= = = = =
= = = = =
4
1
,
2
1
) y , x (
4
1
x x
2
1
) 1 ( in
2
1
y Put
2
1
y 1 y 2 1
y 2
1
1 ) 45 tan( m
m Slope
y 2
1
dx
dy
1
dx
dy
y 2 ) x (
dx
d
) y (
dx
d
2
0
2

22. The surface area of the sphere is increasing at the rate of 8 sq cm/sec. Find the rate at which the
radius and the volume of the sphere are increasing when the volume of the sphere is
3
500
c.c.
[J-2008]
: Sol
n





23. The sum of the lengths of a hypotenuse and another side of a right angled triangle is given. Show
that the area of the triangle is maximum when the angle between these sides is
3

. [J-2008]

: Sol
n
Let 1 k y x and x Bc and y AC > = + = =
Area of the triangle ABC is given by

) x y ( x
4
1
A and x y x
2
1
AB . BC
2
1
A
2 2 2 2 2 2
= = =
] kx 2 k [ x
4
1
] x ) x k .[( x
4
1
A
2 2 2 2 2
= =
Let, ] kx 2 k x [
4
1
A z
3 2 2 2
= =
B
x
y
A
C


3
k
x or 0 x min or max for 0 ) x 3 k )( kx 2 (
4
1
)] x 3 ( k 2 xk 2 .[
4
1
dx
dz
2 2
= = = = =
0 x = is not admissible hence
3
k
x =
For this x, 0 ) k 2 (
4
1
]
3
k
. k 12 k 2 [
4
1
] kx 12 k 2 [
4
1
dx
z d
2 2 2
2
2
< = = =
Hence, z is maximum and hence A is maximum when
3
k
x =
Also,
3
k 2
3
k
k x k = = =
3

C
2
1
3
k 2
3
k
y
x
C cos = = = =














24. Find the length of the sub-tangent to the curve 1 x x y
2
+ + = at the point ) 3 , 1 ( on it.[M-2007]
: Sol
n
Given curve is 1 1 x x y
2
> + + = ) 3 , 1 ( ) y , x (
1 1
=
D.w.r.t.x then we get
1 x x 2
1 x 2
) 1 x x (
dx
d
.
1 x x 2
1
1 x x
dx
d
dx
dy
2
2
2
2
+ +
+
= + +
+ +
= + + =

2
3
3 2
3
1 1 1 2
1 2
dx
dy
) 3 , 1 (
= =
+ +
+
=
Length of sub-tangent is . 2
3
3 2
2
3
3
dx
dy
y
= = =
25. Prove that the function
x
x has minimum value at
e
1
x = . [M-2007]
: Sol
n x
x y Let =
) x log 1 ( x
dx
dy
, Hence x log 1 x log
x
1
. x
dx
dy
y
1
x log . x y log
x
+ = + = + = =

e
1
x at imum min is y , Hence
0 x log 1 , Because ve 0
e
1
e ) e (
dx
y d
and
0 ) 1 1 ( ) e ( ) e log 1 ( ) e (
dx
dy
then e
e
1
x When
) x log 1 (
x
1
. x )} x log 1 ( x ).{ x log 1 (
x
1
. x
dx
y d
1
1 1
2
2
e 1 1 e 1 1
2 x x x
2
2
1 1
=
= + + =
)
`

+ =
= = + = = =
)
`

+ + = + + + =

26. A stone is through up vertically and the height x feet reached by it in time t seconds is given by
2
t 16 t 80 x = . Find the time for the stone to reach its maximum height. Also find the maximum
height reached by the stone. [M-2007]
: Sol
n 2
t 16 t 80 s =
t 32 80 ) t (
dt
d
. 16 ) t (
dt
d
80 ) t 16 (
dt
d
) t 80 (
dt
d
dt
ds
v
2 2
= = = =
= velocity of the stone after t seconds.
At maximum height . s sec
2
5
32
80
t 80 t 32 0 t 32 80 0
dt
ds
= = = = =
Stone reaches the maximum height after
2
5
seconds.
. 100 100 200
4
25
. 16 200
2
5
. 16
2
5
. 80 s
2
= = =
)
`

)
`

=
Maximum height reached by the stone is 100 ft.
27. A man 6 feet tall moves away from a source of light 20 feet above that ground level and his rate of
walking being 4 miles/hour. At what rate, is the length of shadow changing?. At what rate is the
tip of the shadow moving ? [M-2007]
: Sol
n

28. Show that ) x cos 1 .( x sin y + = is maximum when
3

x = . [M-2006]
: Sol
n

29. Show that the curves x 5 x y 2
3
+ = and 1 x 2 x y
2
+ + = touch each other at the point (1,3). Also
find the equation of the common tangent. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
The two given curves are 1 x 5 x y 2
3
> + = and 2 1 x 2 x y
2
> + + =
Diff (1) with respect to x then we get

1
) 3 , 1 (
2
2
m 4
2
5 3
dx
dy
2
5 x 3
dx
dy
5 x 3
dx
dy
2 = =
+
=
+
= + =
Differentiate (2) with respect to x then we get

2
) 3 , 1 (
m 4 2 2
dx
dy
2 x 2
dx
dy
= = + = + =

2 1
m m = Hence, the two curves touch each other at (1,3).
Equation of common tangent is . 0 1 y x 4 ) 1 x ( 4 3 y = =
30. An inverted circular cone has depth 12 cms and base radius 9 cms. Water is poured into it at the
rate of
2
1
1 cc/sec. Find the rate of rise of water level and the rate of increase of the surface area
when the depth of water is 4 cms. [M-2006]
: Sol
n
Given, base radius = CB = 9 and depth = OC = 12
Let V,r,A be the volume, radius and area of the water cone OPQR at any instant t.
Given,
2
3
dt
dv
= Required to find . cms 4 h when
dt
dA
and
dt
dh
=
Now from the similar triangles OPQ and OBC

4
h 3
r h
12
9
r
9
r
12
h
BC
PQ
OC
OQ
= = = =

16
h 3
h
r
h 3
3
1
h r
3
1
V
2
2
2
t
=
)
`

t = t =

dt
dh
. h 3 .
16
3
dt
dv
2
t
=
When h = 4 then
dt
dh
. 4 . 3 .
16
3
2
3
2
t
=
sec / cm
16
1
16 . 3 . 3 . 2
16 . 3
dt
dh
=
t
=

2
2
2
h
16
9
4
h 3
r A
t
=
)
`

t = t =

)
`

t
=
dt
dh
. h 2 .
16
9
dt
dA

When h = 4 then sec / cm . sq
4
3
6
1
. 4 . 2 .
16
9
dt
dA
=
t
t
=

31. A right circular cone has the depth of 12 cms and a base radius of 9 cms. Water is poured into it
at the rate of
2
1
1 cc/sec. Find the rate of rise of water level and the rate of increase of water
surface when the depth of water level of 4cms. [J-2006]
: Sol
n

32. Show that in the parabola ax 4 y
2
= the sub-tangent at any point is twice the abscissa.[J-2006]
: Sol
n
Given curve is ax 4 y
2
= . Now differentiating this with respect to x we get

y
a 2
dx
dy
a 4
dx
dy
y 2 ] ax 4 [
dx
d
] y [
dx
d
2
= = =
x 2
a 2
ax 4
a 2
y
y
a 2
y
dx
dy
y
T . S of Length
2
= = = = =
Hence, the sub-tangent is double the abscissa of the point.
33. Product of two numbers is 16. Find the numbers when their sum is minimum. [J-2006]
: Sol
n

34. Show that the curves
2 2 2
a 2 y x = + and
2
a xy = touch each other at the point (a,a). [J-2006]
: Sol
n

35. A point moves on a straight line. Its distance S feet from a fixed point on the line at a time t is
t 2 cos 5 S = . Find its acceleration in terms of S. [J-2006]
: Sol
n
Given, t 2 cos 5 s =
C
O
R P
B
Q

. s 4 t 2 cos 5 . 4 a
t 2 cos . 20 t 2 cos 2 . 10 ) t 2 (sin
dt
d
. 10 ) t 2 sin 10 (
dt
d
dt
dv
a
t 2 sin 10 ) t 2 sin 2 .( 5 ) t 2 (cos
dt
d
. 5 ) t 2 cos 5 (
dt
d
v
= =
= = = = =
= = = =

36. Prove that
x
x is minimum at
e
1
x = . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

37. A circular blot of ink in a blotting paper increases in area in such a way that the radius r cm at
time t seconds is given by
4
t
t 2 r
3
2
= . Find the rate of increase of area when t = 2. [J-2007]
: Sol
n

38. Show that the height of a right circular cylinder of the greatest volume which is inscribed in a
sphere of radius a is
3
a 2
. Then find the radius of the right circular cylinder. [J-2007]
: Sol
n







INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
1. Evaluate :
}
dx . x log . x [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Evaluate :
}
+ x cos 4 5
dx
[J-2010]
: Sol
n

3 Evaluate : dx .
x tan 1
x tan 1
}
+

[J-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Evaluate :
}
+ + 9 x 4 x
dx
2
[J-2010]
: Sol
n

5. Evaluate :
}
dx .
x
x log
2
. [M-2010]
: Sol
n


6. Evaluate : dx .
e
) x tan 1 .( x sec
x
}

+
[M-2010]
: Sol
n

8. Evaluate :
}
+ x cos 12 13
dx
. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

9. Evaluate :
}

2
x 9 x 6 8
dx
[M-2010]
: Sol
n

10. Evaluate : dx . ) x 2 ( sec
3
}
[M-2010]
: Sol
n

11. Evaluate : dx .
x 2 cos 1
x 2 cos 1
}
+

[M-2009]
: Sol
n
c ) x log(sec dx . x tan dx . x tan dx .
x cos 2
x sin 2
dx .
x 2 cos 1
x 2 cos 1
2
2
2
+ = = = =
+

} } } }

12. Evaluate : dx .
x cos
x tan 3
e
x
)
`

+
}
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

13. Evaluate :
}

2
x x 6 7
dx
. [M-2009]
: Sol
n
(
(

)
`

)
`

+ = + =
2 2
2 2
6 .
2
1
7 6 .
2
1
x . 1 ] 7 x 6 x [ x x 6 7
| | | | | |
2 2 2 2 2 2
) 3 x ( 4 4 ) 3 x ( . 1 16 ) 3 x ( . 1 9 7 ) 3 x ( . 1 + = + = + = + =
c
x 1
7 x
log .
8
1
c
) 3 x ( 4
) 3 x ( 4
log .
4 . 2
1
) 3 x ( 4
dx
x x 6 7
dx
I
2 2 2
+
)
`

+
= +
)
`

+
+ +
=
+
=

=
} }


14. Evaluate :
}
+ dx )]. x cos(log ) x [sin(log
[J-2009]
: Sol
n

15. Evaluate : dx .
) 1 x ( x
1
2
}
+
[J-2009]
: Sol
n

16. Evaluate : dx .
x cos 4 x sin 3
x cos 18 x sin
}
+
+
[J-2009]
: Sol
n

17. Evaluate : dx .
x 1
x 1
}
+

. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

18. Evaluate : dx .
x sin
x cos 1
2
}

. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

19. Evaluate : dx .
x cos x sin
1
2 2
}
[M-2008]
: Sol
n
dx .
x cos . x sin
x cos
dx .
x cos . x sin
x sin
dx .
x cos . x sin
x cos x sin
dx .
x cos . x sin
1
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 } } } }
+ =
+
=

c x cot x tan c ) x cot ( x tan
dx . x ec cos dx . x sec dx
x sin
1
dx
x cos
1
2 2
2 2
+ = + + =
+ = + =
} } } }

20. Evaluate : dx .
x sin 1
x sin
}
+
. [M-2008]
: Sol
n
dx
x sin 1
1
x sin 1
x sin 1
dx
x sin 1
1 x sin 1
dx
x sin 1
x sin
} } }
)
`

+
+
=
+
+
=
+


c x sec x tan x c ] x sec x [tan x
dx ]. x tan . x sec x [sec x dx
x cos . x cos
x sin
x cos
1
x dx
x cos
x sin 1
x
dx
x sin 1
x sin 1
x dx
x sin 1
x sin 1
.
x sin 1
1
x dx
x sin 1
1
dx . 1
2
2 2
2
+ + = + =
=
)
`

+
=
+
=
} } }
} } } }

21. Evaluate : dx .
4 x sin 3 x sin 2
x cos
2
}
+ +
. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

22. Evaluate : dx .
4 x
x
2 }

. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

23. Evaluate :
}
dx . x tan
4
[M-2008]
: Sol
n
} } }
= = dx ). 1 x .(sec x tan dx . x tan . x tan dx . x tan
2 2 2 2 4


c x x tan
3
) x (tan
c x x tan
3
t
dx . 1 dx . x sec dt . t
dt dx . x sec then x tan t put dx ). 1 x (sec dx . x sec . x tan
dx . x tan dx . x sec . x tan dx ]. x tan x sec . x [tan
3 3
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ = + = =
= = =
= =
} } }
} }
} } }

24. Evaluate : dx .
x tan 2 1
x tan 3 2
}
+

. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

25. Evaluate : dx .
) e 1 ).( e 1 (
1
x x
}

+
[J-2008]
: Sol
n

26. Evaluate : dx .
x cos
x tan 1
. e
x
}
)
`

+
[J-2008]
: Sol
n

27. Evaluate : dx . ) x 3 ( cos
4
}
[J-2008]
: Sol
n

28. Evaluate :
}
dx . x cos . x 3 sin
[M-2007]
: Sol
n
} }
+ = dx )]. x 2 sin( ) x 4 [sin(
2
1
dx . x cos . x 3 sin
c
2
x 2 cos
4
x 4 cos
2
1
dx . x 2 sin dx . x 4 sin
2
1
+
(

=
(
(

+ =
} }

29. Evaluate : dx .
1 x
1 x
2
2
}
+

[M-2006]
: Sol
n

30. Evaluate : dx
) x 2 (
x 1
. e
2
x
}
)
`

+
+
[M-2006]
: Sol
n
dx .
) x 2 (
1
x 2
1
. e dx .
) x 2 (
1 ) x 2 (
. e dx .
) x 2 (
x 1
e
2
x
2
x
2
x
} } } (

+
+
=
(

+
+
=
)
`

+
+

c
x 2
e
c
x 2
1
. e c ) x ( f . e dx )]. x ( ' f ) x ( f .[ e
x
x x x
+
+
= +
+
= + = + =
}

31. Evaluate : dx . x . 4
2 x
3
}
[M-2006]
: Sol
n
3
dt
dx . x dt dx . x 3 x t put
2 2 3
= = =
c
4 log 3
4
c
4 log 3
4
c
4 log
4
.
3
1
dt . 4 .
3
1
3
dt
. 4
3
x t t
t t
+ = + = + = =
} }

32. Evaluate :
}
dx . x sin . [J-2006]
: Sol
n

33. Evaluate : dx .
x cos x sin
x cos
}
+
[J-2006]
: Sol
n

34. Evaluate : dx .
x cos 1
x sin 1
. e
x
}
)
`

+
+
[J-2006]
: Sol
n
} } (

+
+
+
=
+
+
dx
x cos 1
x sin
x cos 1
1
e dx
x cos 1
) x sin 1 ( e
x
x

dx
2
x
tan
2
x
sec
2
1
e dx
2
x
cos 2
2
x
cos
2
x
sin 2
2
x
cos 2
1
e
2 x
2 2
x
} } (

+ =
(
(
(

+ =
c
2
x
tan . e c ) x ( f . e dx )] x ( ' f ) x ( f [ e
) x ( ' f dx
2
x
sec
2
1
. e , i
2
x
tan ) x ( f dx
2
x
sec
2
1
2
x
tan e
x x x
2 2 x
+ = + = + =
= =
(

+ =
}
}


35. Evaluate : dx .
1 e 5
1
x 3
}
+

[J-2007]
: Sol
n

36. Prove that
} }
= dx '. vu uv dx '. uv . [J-2007]
: Sol
n

38. Evaluate : dx .
x 1
x sin . x
2
1
}

[J-2007]
: Sol
n

39. Evaluate : dx .
x 4 x 4 1
1
2 }


[J-2007]
: Sol
n









DEFININTE INTEGRALS
1. Evaluate :
}
4

0
dx . x tan . x sec [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Evaluate :
}
4

0
2
dx . x sec [M-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Evaluate : dx .
x tan x sec
x tan x

0
}
+
[M-2010]
: Sol
n

4. Evaluate : dx . x log
e
1
e
}
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

5. Evaluate : dx .
x 5 2 x
2 x
3
0
}
+ +
+
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

6. Evaluate : dx .
x x 2
x
2
0
}
+
. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

7. Evaluate : dx .
x sin 1
x cos . x sin
2

0
4
}
+
. [J-2008]
: Sol
n

8. Evaluate :
}
4

0
3
dx . x cos . x sin . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

9. Evaluate : dx .
6 x 4 x
1 x
2
}
+
+
[M-2007]
: Sol
n

10. Evaluate : dx .
) x 1 (
e . x
2
x
}
+
[M-2007]
: Sol
n

11. Evaluate :
}

1
0
3
dx . ) 1 x 3 (
[J-2006]
: Sol
n

12. Evaluate : dx . x 2 cos 1
2

0
}


[J-2007]
: Sol
n
dx . x sin 2 dx . x sin 2 1 1 dx . ] x sin 2 1 [ 1 dx . x 2 cos 1
2

0
2
2

0
2
2

0
2
2

0
} } } }
= + = =
| | 2 ) 0 cos(
2

cos 2 x cos 2 dx . x sin 2 dx . x sin . 2

2

0
2

0
2

0
=
(

= = = =
} }








PROPERTIES OF DEFININTE INTEGRALS
1. Prove that
} }
=
a
0
a
0
dx ). x a ( f dx ). x ( f . [J-2006]
: Sol
n
dt dx
dx
dt
1 , t x a put dx ). x a ( f RHS
a
0
= = = =
}

)] 4 ( prop [ . LHS dx ). x ( f
0 t then a x when )] 2 ( prop [ dt ). t ( f
a t then 0 x when dt ). t ( f ) dt ).( t ( f
a
0
a
0
0
a
0
a

= =
= = =
= = = =
}
}
} }

Hence,
} }
=
a
0
a
0
dx ). x a ( f dx ). x ( f .
i,e. the value of a definite integral is not altered if we change x to (upper limit x) provided the
lower limit is zero.
2. 2 log
8
dx ). x tan 1 log( . T . P
4
0
t
= +
}
t
[M-2006,2009]
: Sol
n
1 dx ). x tan 1 log( I , Let
4
0
> + =
}
t

dx .
x tan .
4
tan 1
x tan
4
tan
1 log dx . x
4
tan 1 log dx ). x tan 1 log( I
4
0
4
0
4
0
} } }
t t t
(
(
(
(

t
+

t
+ =
(

)
`

t
+ = + =

} } }
t t t
(

+
=
(

+
+ +
=
(

)
`

+ =
4
0
4
0
4
0
dx .
x tan 1
2
log dx .
x tan 1
x tan 1 x tan 1
log dx .
x tan 1
x tan 1
1 log I
get we ) 2 ( and ) 1 ( adding Now 2 dx ). x tan 1 log( dx . 2 log I
4
0
4
0
> + =
} }
t t


| | . 2 log .
8
I . 2 log
4
0
4
2 log x . 2 log I 2
dx . 1 2 log dx . 2 log dx ). x tan 1 log( dx . 2 log dx ). x tan 1 log( I 2
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
t
=
t
=
(

t
= =
= = + + + =
t
t t t t t
} } } } }


3. Evaluate :
}

+
4

dx ). x cos x 3 (sin
[J-2009]
: Sol
n

4. Prove that
ab 2

x sin b x cos a
xdx
2
2

0
2 2 2 2
=
+
}
. [J-2007,2009]
: Sol
n
1
x sin b x cos a
dx . x
I , Let

0
2 2 2 2
>
+
=
}

2
x sin b x cos a
dx ). x (
) x ( sin b ) x ( cos a
dx ). x (
I

0
2 2 2 2

0
2 2 2 2
>
+

=
+

=
} }

Now adding the two equations (1) and (2) then we get

} }
t t
+
t
+
+
= +
0
2 2 2 2
0
2 2 2 2
x sin b x cos a
dx ). x (
x sin b x cos a
dx . x
I I
dx .
x sin b x cos a
dx .
x sin b x cos a
) x ( x
I 2
0
2 2 2 2
0
2 2 2 2
} }
t t
+
t
=
+
t +
=
Now dividing both numerator and denominator by x cos
2
then we get
dx .
x tan b a
x sec
2 dx .
x tan b a
x sec
dx .
x cos
x sin
b
x cos
x cos
a
x cos
I 2
2
0
2 2 2
2
0
2 2 2
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
} } }
t
t t
+
t =
+
t =
+
t
=

=
t
= = =
= =
t then
2
x when and 0 t then o x when
dt dx . x sec b then t x tan b put Now
2

)
`

t t
=
t
=
(

)
`

t
=
+
t =

}
0
2 ab
2
)] 0 ( tan ) ( [tan
ab
2
a
t
tan .
a
1
b
2
t a
b
dt
2 I 2
1 1
0
1
0
2 2


ab 2
I , Hence
ab 2 ab
2
I 2
2 2
t
=
t
=
)
`

t t
=

5. Prove that
)
`

+
=
+
}
1 2
1 2
log .
2
1
x cos x sin
dx
2

0
. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

6. Evaluate :
}

1
0
7
dx . ) x 1 .( x . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

7. Prove that
3 3

dx .
x cos x sin 1
x cos
2

0
2
=
+
}
. [J-2008]
: Sol
n
1 dx .
x cos . x sin 1
x cos
I , Let
2
0
2
>
+
=
}
t

2 dx .
x sin . x cos 1
x sin
dx .
x
2
cos . x
2
sin 1
x
2
cos
I
2
0
2
2
0
2
>
+
=
)
`

t
)
`

t
+
)
`

t
=
} }
t t

Now adding the two equations (1) and (2) then we get
dx .
x cos . x sin 1
1
dx .
x cos . x sin 1
x cos x sin
dx .
x cos . x sin 1
x sin
dx .
x cos . x sin 1
x cos
I 2
2
0
2
0
2 2
2
0
2
2
0
2
} } } }
t t t t
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
Now dividing numerator and denominator by x cos
2
then we get
dx .
1 x tan x tan
x sec
dx .
x tan x sec
x sec
I 2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
} }
t t
+ +
=
+
=
dt dx . x sec then x tan t Put
2
= = =
t
= = = t ,
2
x If , 0 t , 0 x If

+
=
)
`

+
)
`

+
=
+ +
=
} }
0
1
0
2
2
0
2
2
3
2
1
t
tan .
2
3
1
2
3
2
1
t
dt
1 t t
dt
I 2

3 3
I
3
.
3
2
6 2
3
2
3
1
tan ) ( tan
3
2
I 2
1 1
t
=
t
=
(

t
=
(

)
`

=


} } }
}
=
)
`

= > =
=
2

0
2

0
2

0
n
2

0
dx ). x log(cos dx . x
2

sin log I 1 dx ). x log(sin I , Let : Sol

] 2007 M [ 2 log .
2

dx ). x log(sin . T . P . 8

Now adding the two equations (1) and (2) then we get
} } }
t t t
+ = + =
2
0
2
0
2
0
dx )]. x log(cos ) x [log(sin dx ). x log(cos dx ). x log(sin I 2
} } }
t t t
)
`

=
)
`

= =
2
0
2
0
2
0
dx .
2
x 2 sin
log dx .
2
x cos . x sin 2
log dx ). x cos . x log(sin I 2
2 dx . 1 2 log I dx . 2 log dx ). x 2 log(sin I 2
2
0
1
2
0
2
0
> = =
} } }
t t t


t =
t
= = =
= = = =
t then
2
x When and 0 t then 0 x When
2
dt
dx dx 2 dt
dx
dt
2 , t x 2 Put I For
1

Now consider, = =
}
t
2
0
1
dx ). x 2 log(sin I
}
t
0
dt ). t log(sin
)] 7 ( prop [ dt ). t log(sin dt ). t log(sin 2 .
2
1
2
0
2
0

} }
t t
= =
2 log .
2
I 2 log .
2
I I 2 ) 2 ( From I dx ). x log(sin I
2
0
1
t
=
t
= = =
}
t

9. Evaluate :
}
t
+
2
0
n n
n
dx .
x cos x sin
x sin
[M-2006]
: Sol
n
Let, 1 dx .
x cos x sin
x sin
I
2
0
n n
n
>
+
=
}
t


) 2 ( & ) 1 ( adding Now
2 dx .
x sin x cos
x cos
dx .
x
2
cos x
2
sin
x
2
sin
I
2
0
n n
n
2
0
n n
n
>
+
=
)
`

t
+
)
`

t
)
`

t
=
} }
t t

| | . RHS
4
I
2
0
2
x I 2
dx . 1 dx .
x cos x sin
x cos x sin
dx .
x cos x sin
x cos
dx .
x cos x sin
x sin
I 2
2
0
2
0
2
0
n n
n n
2
0
n n
n
2
0
n n
n
=
t
=
t
=
t
= =
=
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
t
t t t t
} } } }


10. Evaluate : dx .
x a
x a
a
a
}

[M-2006]
: Sol
n
Let dx .
x a
x a
dx .
) x a ).( x a (
) x a )( x a (
I 1 dx .
x a
x a
I
a
a
2 2
a
a
a
a
} } }
+

=
+

= >
+

=


a
2
. a 2 )] 0 ( sin ) 1 ( .[sin a 2 0
a
x
sin . a 2 I
fun odd an is
x a
x
and fun even is
x a
1
0 dx .
x a
1
a 2 I
dx .
x a
x
dx .
x a
a
dx .
x a
x
x a
a
I
1 1
a
0
1
2 2 2 2
a
0
2 2
a
a
2 2
a
a
2 2
a
a
2 2 2 2
t =
t
= =
(

)
`

=
(

=
(

=

+

}
} } }


.
4 ) x 1 )( x 1 (
dx . x
. T . P . 12
0
2
t
=
+ + }

[J-200,2010]

2
then x When and 0 then 0 x When
dx d . sec then tan x put
) x 1 )( x 1 (
dx . x
I , Let
2
0
2
t
= u = = u =
= u u u =
+ +
=
}

) 2 ( & ) 1 ( Adding 2 d .
cos sin
cos
d .
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
I
1 d .
sin cos
sin
d .
cos
sin cos
cos
sin
d .
cos
sin
1
cos
sin
d .
cos
sin
1
cos
sin
I
tan 1
d . tan
sec ). tan 1 (
d . sec . tan
) tan 1 ).( tan 1 (
d . sec . tan
) x 1 )( x 1 (
dx . x
I , Let
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
> u
u + u
u
= u
)
`

u
t
+
)
`

u
t
)
`

u
t
=
> u
u + u
u
= u
u
u + u
u
u
= u
u
u
+
u
u
= u
u
u
+
u
u
=
u +
u u
=
u u +
u u u
=
u + u +
u u u
=
+ +
=
} }
} } } }
} } } }
t t
t t t t
t t t

| |
4
I
2
0
2
I 2
x d . 1 d .
cos sin
cos sin
d .
cos sin
cos
d .
sin cos
sin
I 2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
t
=
t
=
t
=
= u = u
u + u
u + u
= u
u + u
u
+ u
u + u
u
=
t
t t t t
} } } }

13. Prove that
}
t
=
+
+
1
0
2
. 2 log .
8
dx .
x 1
) x 1 log(
[M-2006]
Let,
} +
+
=
1
0
2
dx .
x 1
) x 1 log(
I Put x tan tan x
1
= u u =
Then
}
t
u +
u u u +
=
4
0
2
2
tan 1
d . sec ). tan 1 log(
I and 0 then 0 x When = u =

}
t
u
u u u +
=
4
0
2
2
sec
d . sec ). tan 1 log(
I
4
then 1 x when
t
= u =
} } }
} } }
t t t
t t t
u
(

u +
u + u +
= u
(

u +
u
+ = u
(

u +
u
+ =
u
(
(
(
(

u
)
`

t
+
u
)
`

t
+ = u
(

)
`

u
t
+ = u u + =
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
d .
tan 1
tan 1 tan 1
log d .
tan 1
tan 1
1 log d .
tan . 1 1
tan 1
1 log I
d .
tan .
4
tan 1
tan
4
tan
1 log d .
4
tan 1 log d ). tan 1 log( I

} } }
t t t
u u + = u
(

u +
= u
(

u +
+
=
4
0
4
0
4
0
d )]. tan 1 log( 2 [log d .
tan 1
2
log d .
tan 1
1 1
log I
. 2 log .
8
I , 2 log .
4
0
4
. 2 log d . 1 2 log I 2 I d . 1 2 log I
d ). tan 1 log( d . 2 log I d )]. tan 1 log( 2 [log I
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
t
=
t
=
(

t
= u = u =
u u + u = u u + =
} }
} } }
t t
t t t









APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
2. Find the area of the circle 6 y x
2 2
= + by the method of integration. [M-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Find the area between the curves x 6 y
2
= and y 6 x
2
= using integration. [M-2009,J-2010]
: Sol
n
2 y 6 x and 1 x 6 y are curves given Two
2 2
> = > =

get we then ) 1 ( nor equation in
6
x
y Put
2
=
{ } x 6 y x 6 y dx . x 6 dx . x 6 dx . y A
is a x and 0 x ordinates the and axis x , ) 2 ( between Area
6 x or 0 x 0 6
36
x
x 0 x 6
a
x
x 6
36
x
2
6
0
2
1 6
0
b
a
1
3
2
4 4
= = = = =
= =
= = =
)
`

= =
} } }


| |
is 6 x and 0 x ordinates the
and axis x , ) 2 ( between Area
units . sq 24
3
72
3
6 . 2
6 6 . 6
3
2
x x 6
3
2
6 a x
3
2
6
2
3
x
2
6
0
6
0
6
0
2
3
= =

= = = =
=
(

=
(
(
(
(

=

| |
. units . sq 12
3
36
3
36
24 A A A
. units . sq
3
36
x
) 6 ( 3
1
3
x
6
1
dx .
6
x
dx . y A
2 1
6
0
3
6
0
3
6
0
2
b
a
2
= = = = =
= =
(
(

= = =
} }


6. Find the area of the circle 6 y x
2 2
= + by the method of integration. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

7. Find the area of the ellipse 1
9
y
25
x
2 2
= + by the method of integration. [M-2008]
: Sol
n

8. Find the area bounded by the curves x 9 y 4
2
= and y 16 x 3
2
= . [M-2007]
: Sol
n

9. Find the area bounded between the curves y x
2
= and 2 x y + =
[M-2006]
: Sol
n

10. Find the area of the ellipse 1
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
= + by the method of integration. [J-2006]
: Sol
n
1
b
y
a
x
is ellipse an of Equation
2
2
2
2
= +
) x a (
a
b
y
a
x a
a
x
1
b
y
1
b
y
a
x
dx
a
x a b
4
dx . y 4 a x , 0 x , axis x , 1
b
y
a
x
by bounded Area 4
) CAB of Area ( 4 is 1
b
y
a
x
ellipse an of Area
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
0
2 2
a
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=

= =
= +

=
= = = = + =
= +
}
}
dx d . cos a sin a x put x a
a
b
y dx . x a
a
b
. 4
2 2
a
0
2 2
= u u u = = =
}

x 6 y
2
=
' Y
Y
' X
X
O
6 x =
y 6 x
2
=
2
a x & , 0 , 0 x when d . cos a . sin a a
a
b 4
2
0
2 2 2
t
= u = = u = u u u =
}
t

. units . sq ab 0
2
. ab 2
2
2 sin
ab 2 d ). 2 cos 1 ( ab 2
d .
2
2 cos 1
ab 4 d . cos ab 4
d . cos a
a
b 4
d . cos a . cos a
a
b 4
d . cos a . cos . a
a
b 4
d . cos a . ) sin 1 ( a
a
b 4
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
0
2 2
2
0
2
0
2 2
2
0
2 2
t =
(

t
=
(

u
+ u = u u + =
u
u +
= u u =
u u = u u u =
u u u =
u u u =
t
t
t t
t t
t
t
}
} }
} }
}
}

1. Find the area enclosed between the parabolas ax 4 y
2
= and ay 4 x
2
= . [J-2007]
: Sol
n








DIFFERENTIAL EQUAIOTNS
1. Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant from ax 4 y
2
= . [J-2010]
: Sol
n

2. Solve the differential equation 0 dy . x sin e dx . x cos ) 1 e (
y y
= + + [J-2010]
: Sol
n

3. Find the order and degree of the differential equation
2
3
2
2
2
dx
dy
1
dx
y d
(
(

)
`

+ = . [M-2010]
: Sol
n

Y
' Y
' X X
0 x =
a x =
C
4. Solve by the method of separation of variables . e . x x
dx
dy
. e
y 2 2 y
= + [M-2010]
: Sol
n

5. Find the order and degree of the differential equation
2
2 2
3
2
dx
y d
dx
dy
1 =
(
(

+
[M-2009]
: Sol
n

6. Solve the differential equation ) y x sin( ) y x sin(
dx
dy
. y tan + + = . [M-2009]
: Sol
n

7. Form the differential equation of the family of circles touching y-axis at the origin. [J-2009]
: Sol
n

8. Find the particular solution of 1 y
dx
dy
) x 1 ( xy
2 2
= + given that when 0 y , 1 x = = . [J-2009]
: Sol
n

9. Form the differential equation by eliminating the parameter c , c y sin x sin
1 1
= +

.[M-2008]
: Sol
n
1 c y sin x sin is equation Given
1 1
> = +


2
2
2 2
x 1
y 1
dx
dy
. 0
dx
dy
y 1
1
x 1
1
get we then x to respect with ) 1 ( equation ating Differenti

= =

10. Solve the differential equation
2
) 1 y x (
dx
dy
+ = . [M-2008]
: Sol
n

11. Find the general solution of the differential equation ) x x 1 (
x 1
y 1
dx
dy
xy
2
2
2
+ +
+
+
= . [J-2008]
: Sol
n

12. Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant ) 1 x ( a 4 ) 2 y (
2
+ = .[J-2008]
: Sol
n

13. Form the differential equation of the family of straight lines passing through the origin of
Cartesian plane. [M-2007]
: Sol
n
Family of straight lines passing through the origin is mx y =
y
dx
dy
. x
x
y
m
dx
dy
= = = which is the differential equation.

14. Find the general solution of the differential equation 0 dy ydx log . x log y = + . [M-2007]
: Sol
n
c dy .
y
1
.
y log
1
dx . x log . 1 0 dy
y log y
1
dx . x log = + = +
} }


c ) y log(log x x log . x c t log dx . 1 x log . x
dt dy
y
1
t y log , where c dt
t
1
dx
x
1
. x x log . x
= + = +
(

= = = +
(

}
} }


15. Find the order and degree of the differential equaiotn
2
2 4
3
2
dx
y d
. k
dx
dy
1 =
(
(

)
`

+ . [M-2006]
: Sol
n

16. Solve the differential equation 0 dy ). x x ( dx ). y y (
2 2
= + + +
[M-2006]
: Sol
n
0
) 1 y ( y
1
dx
) 1 x ( x
1
=
+
+
+

) 1 y )( 1 x ( c xy or c log
1 y
y
log
1 x
x
log . e , i
c log ) 1 y log( y log ) 1 x log( x log
c log 0 dy .
1 y
1
y
1
dx
1 x
1
x
1
+ + = =
+
+
+
= + + +
= =
)
`

+
+
)
`

} } }

17. Solve the differential equation
y x
xe 6 1
dx
dy

+ = . [J-2006]
: Sol
n
u y x put xe 6 1
dx
du
1
u
= + =

c x 3 e c x 3 e
c x 3 e dx . x 6 du . e
dx
dy
dx
du
1 dx . x 6 e
dx
du
dx
dy
1 xe 6
dx
du
2 x y 2 ) y x (
2 u u
u
u
+ = + =
+ = =
= =
= =
+

} }

18.- Form the differential equation for the equation 0 ky 2 y x
2 2
= + + [J-2007]

2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
y x
xy 2
x y
xy 2
dx
dy
xy 2 ) y x y 2 (
dx
dy
0
dx
dy
). y x (
dx
dy
y 2 xy 2
0 0
y
dx
dy
). y x (
dx
dy
. y 2 x 2 . y
Diff
0 k 2
y
y x
0 ky 2 y x

=
=
= + +
= +
+
)
`

= +
+
= + +


19. Solve the differential equation ). y x ( tan
dx
dy
2
+ =

[J-2007]
20. Form the differential equation for the equation 0 ky 2 y x
2 2
= + + . [J-2007]
: Sol
n