Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion

Adam Panagos, Ph.D. Dynetics, Inc. Huntsville, AL

References

18 November 2009

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

Introduction
Goal: Introduce Basic Concepts and Key Results of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Communications MIMO Systems Have Multiple Transmit and Receive Antennas

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

Figure 1: MIMO System

May Sound Similar to Other Systems: Antenna Arrays, Smart Antennas, Transmit/Receive Diversity, etc. Why Are We Interested in MIMO Systems?

Why MIMO?

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model

Signicant Increase in Number of Wireless Users New Services Demand Higher Data Rates (Wireless Video, Internet, etc) Available Spectrum Relatively Fixed MIMO is a Spectrally Ecient Approach To Communication

Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

MIMO Channel Capacity

Adding Antennas Increases Channel Capacity
20 18

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

16 M=1 M=4 M=8 M=16

Spectral Efficiancy (bits/s/Hz)

14

12

10

0 5

0 Eb/No (dB)

10

Figure 2: MIMO Capacity

Example Calculations
Assume a 100kHz bandwidth and desired data rate of 400kbps. With M = 1 antennas, require Eb /No = 5.7dB. For xed SNR and bandwidth, we could achieve a spectral eciency of 16bps/Hz with M = 4 antennas, i.e. a data rate of 1600kbps. A data rate 4 times that of the SISO system. For xed data rate and bandwidth, we could achieve the desired 400kbps with only Eb /No = 0dB for the M = 4 system. For xed data rate and SNR, we could achieve the desired 400kbps with only 24kHz bandwidth.

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

A Simple Channel Model

Assume i.i.d. Rayleigh Fading This is The Rich Multipath Environment Often Mentioned in the Literature Channel Coecients Between Transmit and Receive Antennas Are Independent Channel Coecients Are Independent in Time In Complex Baseband Notation y = Hx + n y1 h11 h1Nr x1 n1 . . . . + . (1) .. . . . . = . . . . . . . yNt hNt 1 hNt Nr xNr nNt

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

A Simple Channel Model

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results

Channel Coecients Are Distributed hij CN (0, 1) i.e. complex circularly symmetric Gaussian random variables with variance 1/2 per dimension Channel Matrix Easily Generated in Matlab
H = sqrt(0.5) randn(Nt, Nr) + sqrt(0.5) randn(Nt, Nr);

(2)

Other Considerations Conclusion References

Key Theoretical Results [1]

Capacity of Multi-Antenna Gaussian Channels by E. Telatar Capacity of MIMO Channel (Theorem 1) C = EH log2 det INr = EH log2 det INt HH + Nt + HH Nt (3) (4)

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

for Nr < Nt and Nr Nt respectively Closed Form Capacity Equation for Rayleigh Fading Involving Laguerre Polynomials (Theorem 2) Demonstrated Importance of Wishart Eigenvalue Distribution (i.e. W = HH , W = H H)

Key Theoretical Results [2]

On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment When Using Multiple Antennas by G.J. Foschini and M.J. Gans Capacity of MIMO Rayleigh Fading Channel (Eq. (4)) C = log2 det InR + HH nT (5)

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

Capacity Can Scale Linearly with SNR, Not Logarithmically (Eq. (5), i.e. spatial multiplexing) Both [1, 2] Demonstrated that Fading was Good If Taken Advantage Of But Made Key Assumptions: Independent Fades, No Correlation, Receiver Knows the Channel, etc.

Results from [2]

Complementary CDF of Capacity: nt=nr=1 1 0.99 0.98 0.97 Complementary CDF 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.9 0

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

4 5 6 Capacity (bps/Hz)

10

Figure 3: Channel Capacity CCDF, Nt = Nr = 1. SNR stepped from 0 dB to 21 dB in steps of 3 dB.

Results from [2]

Complementary CDF of Capacity: nt=nr=2 1 0.99 0.98 0.97 Complementary CDF 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.9 0

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

4 5 6 Capacity (bps/Hz)

10

Figure 4: Channel Capacity CCDF, Nt = Nr = 2. SNR stepped from 0 dB to 21 dB in steps of 3 dB.

Results from [2]

Complementary CDF of Capacity: nt=nr=4 1 0.99 0.98 0.97 Complementary CDF 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.9 0

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

10 12 14 Capacity (bps/Hz)

16

18

20

22

Figure 5: Channel Capacity CCDF, Nt = Nr = 4. SNR stepped from 0 dB to 21 dB in steps of 3 dB.

MIMO Channel Decomposition I

With Multiple Transmit and Receive Antennas Independent Data Streams Can Be Supported With Nt Transmit and Nr Receive Antennas, Recall the Narrowband System Can Be Described by y = Hx + n (6)

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion

Let UDVH = H be the Singular Value Decomposition of the Channel Our Channel Model is Then y = UDVH x + n Assume The Channel Is Known: Transmit Precoding and Receive Shaping Can Be Performed (7)

References

MIMO Channel Decomposition II

We Want to Transmit Symbols , Precode with V x x = V x Upon Receiving y, We Shape with UH y=U y With This Scheme Our Channel is Now y = UH (Hx + n) = UH UDVH x + UH n = IDVH V + n = D + n x x y = D + n x where D = diag (1 , 2 , . . . , rank(H) ) The MIMO Channel is Just A Set of Parallel Fading Channels! (10) (11) (12)
H

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline

(8)

Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results

(9)

Other Considerations Conclusion References

Channel Decomposition Diagram

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

Figure 6: Block Diagram of Transmit Precoding and Receive Shaping [3, Fig. 10.2]

Parallel Channel Diagram

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

Figure 7: Block Diagram of Parallel Channels [3, Fig. 10.3]

Other Considerations
Just The Tip of the Iceberg Still Need to Talk About
How can you measure H? What if you cant measure H? What if H changes with time? How many bits/sec can we get through the channel, with dierent H, and dierent knowledge about what H is? What is the complexity of the transmitter and receiver, especially as the number of antennas grow? What if there are multiple users? What if there is bandlimiting / intersymbol interference? How does the spacing of the antennas eect performance? What do real-world channels (H) look like? How does one use error correcting codes on these channels?

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

Summary
' MIMO Systems Use Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing to Provide Robust Performance in Fading Environments MIMO Techniques Provide Design Tradeos For Fixed Data Rate, MIMO Systems Require Less Bandwidth For Fixed Data Rate and Bandwidth, MIMO Systems Accommodate More Users For Fixed Data Rate and Bandwidth, MIMO Systems Require Less Power Channel Knowledge Plays Key Roll in Capacity and Approach to Communicating/Coding Over the Channel &

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

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Outline Introduction A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References

References I

Introduction To MIMO Wireless Communications

Outline Introduction

E. Telatar, Capacity of multi-antenna gaussian channels, AT&T Bell Laboratories Internal Tech. Memo., June 1995. G. Foschini and M. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 311335, Mar. 1998. A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications. University Press, 2006. Cambridge

A Simple Channel Model Key Theoretical Results Other Considerations Conclusion References