METHODS

Stress Based Failure Criteria Consideration (used for static test situation):
Assumptions Test stand and adaptor will be designed from isotropic and ductile material. When the loads on the test stand or adaptor are found, the deflection of the blade will be neglected. y Torsional effects will be neglected. Maximum Distortion Energy Theory (von Misses Theory) for stress based failure criteria will be used. y y

where Elasticity part; To find the , the load configuration of the blade where it fails should be known. Actually, in tests, the thing searched is the load configuration makes the blade fail. However, now the required things are some results from the test done. Thus, load configurations for static tests will be obtained from the literature research. Although there are many characteristics of the blade such as largest chord, largest chord length position, we deal with only the length of the blades since the root stresses of the blade depend on the load and position of the load applied. Note that critical points on the test stand and adaptor change with respect to how the loads are applied such as edge-wise or flap-wise or both of two. After the stresses on the critical points are found from the load configurations for static tests, by using Mohr s circle principal stresses and maximum shear stresses can be found at that critical points. The expectation is that after the calculations the effect of the shear forces will be less than the bending moments. The selection of the max  from critical points for each blade will be done. Then, by deciding the safety factor, the left hand side of the relation is obtained.


values will be different for different blades. Therefore, the capability of this design should be decided. Material part; From the last equation values can be found and one value for desired capability can be selected. Now, the material which satisfies the value for adaptor should be searched. Since variable adaptor will be designed, all procedure expressed will be done for the root of the adaptor. Material can be selected for the stresses at the root of the adaptor.

Loads on the Blade in Static Loading Test In this schematic, blade is considered as a circular beam.Moreover,for general case, loads are applied at 2 points and each point encounters flap-wise and edge-wise loads.

This load configuration represents the load configuration where the blade fails. Now, consider the loads on the test stand: y

: weight of the blade r: radius of the adaptor AR: total area of the adaptor If only flap-wise loads are considered, then critical stress cubes will be at point A and D. A D C B

Stress Cube at point A:

Top view (2D):

Stress Cube at point D:

Front View (2D):

Required formulas:  ,  ,  ,  ,  , 

Maximum Distortion Energy Theory can be applied: Instead of finding principal stresses and max shear stress, following formula can be used for
 

For point A:


For point D:
  

To define y

, many inputs are required: Experimental Inputs: Applied loads: , , , Application points of the loads: Weight of the blade and center of gravity of the blade: W, Geometric properties of the blade root: D2: outer diameter blade root D1: inner diameter blade root n: number of bolt hole circle a: distance between the centroid of the bolt hole circle and center of the root In Matlab code moment of inertia and area calculations are done. Factor of safety

Output: An interval will be found for from stress-based failure criteria. Thus, by using elasticity part, required material property can be obtained. Remarks 1. When flap-wise and edge-wise loads are applied at the same time, critical points will be different than A and D. It is defined by using the Lagrange Multiplier Concept. 2. By using this methodology, critical points are found on the adaptor. However, bolts are critical part of the design because they carry the loads. Thus, the bolts at the critical points of the adaptor are important. In following parts of the report, bolt mechanics are described.

Moment of Inertia Calculations:

While the stresses on the root of the blade are estimated, the moment of inertia is calculated from the area which is obtained by subtracting the bolt hole circles area and inner circle area from the outer circle area. However, bolts carry the loads. Thus, when the loads are considered on the bolts, moment of inertia is calculated by considering the area of the bolts. In Matlab code, D2 represents outer diameter of the circle. The hexagon seen in the figure is approximated as circle with D2 diameter.

D1: inner diameter of the test stand n: number of bolts d: diameter of the bolt a: distance between the centroid of the bolt hole circle and center of the root theta: angle between the bolts A: area of the bolt hole circle AR: total area of the test stand Ixdc: moment of inertia of the bolt hole circle with respect to their centroids IxD1: moment of inertia of inner diameter of the test stand with respect to x axis IxD2: moment of inertia of outer diameter of the test stand with respect to x axis Tot_Area: total area of the bolt hole circles In this code, Parallel-Axis Theorem is used. When loads are considered on the bolts, the moment of inertia of the bolt hole circle with respect to its centroid is summed with the area of the bolt circle multiplied with the square of distance of the bolt with respect to x axis or y axis (it depends on the calculation of the moment of inertia with respect to which axis).

Fatigue Criteria Consideration (used for fatigue test situation):

In the metal fatigue, there are several types of loading that can be applied. Generally more than one loading with non-zero mean stress can be applied. These are single loading and combined loading. In this design study, from literature research, maximum stresses are defined as the stresses have maximum amplitude. Thus, Modified Goodman Equation is not required. S-N curves can be used to decide the select the material for the test stand. Fatigue load can be assumed to be 70 percent of the static load.

[Atlas of Fatigue Curves, Howard E. Boyer, American Society for Metals] From this S-N Curve, yield strength of the selected material should be compared with the fatigue loads.