2/2/2009

Dr. Habib Nasir

Dr.HabibNasir SCME NUST

1

Thislecture

Chapter30 Fundamentalsofanalyticalchemistry
D.A.Skoog,D.M.West,F.J.HollerandCrouch

2/2/2009

Dr. Habib Nasir

Topics

Separatingionsbyionexchange Ionexchangeresins

SeparatingIonsbyIonExchange
Ion exchange is a process by which ions held p , y on a porous, essentially insoluble solid are exchanged for ions in a solution that is brought in contact with the solid. The ionexchange properties of clays and zeolites have been recognized and studied since the late nineteenth century. Synthetic ionexchange resins were fi t S th ti i h i first produced in 1935 and have since found widespread application in water softening, water deionization, solution purification, and ion separation.

2/2/2009

Dr. Habib Nasir

IonExchange
IonExchangecanbesubdividedinto: Cationexchange,inwhichpositivelycharged ionsbindtoanegativelychargedstationary phaseand Anionexchange,inwhichthenegatively chargedionsbindtoapositivelycharged charged ions bind to a positively charged stationaryphase.

IonExchangeResins
Synthetic ionexchange resins are highmolecularweight polymers that contain large numbers of an ionic functional group per molecule. Cationexchange resins contain acidic groups, whereas anionexchange resins have basic groups. Exchangers of the strongacid type have sulfonic acid groups (SO3H+) attached to the polymeric matrix. Strongbase anion exchangers contain quaternary amine [N(CH3)3+OH] groups. xRSO3H+ + Mx+ solid soln xRN(CH3)3+OH + Ax solid soln (RSO3)xMx+ + xH+ solid soln [RN(CH3)3+]xAx + xOH solid soln

2/2/2009

Dr. Habib Nasir

Structureofcrossedlinkedpolystyreneion exchangeresin.Similarresinsareusedinwhich theSO3HgroupisreplacebyCOOH,NH3OH andN(CH3)3OHgroups.

IonExchangeResins
ExamplesofCommonIonexchangeResins
Type T Strongacidcation exchanger Weakacidcation exchanger Strong baseanion exchanger Weakbaseanion exchanger FunctionalGroup F ti lG Sulfonic acid Carboxylic acid Quaternaryamine Amine Examples E l SO3 CH2CH2SO3 COO CH2COO CH2N+(CH3)3 CH2CH2N+(CH2CH3)3 NH3+ CH2CH2NH+(CH2CH3)2

2/2/2009

Dr. Habib Nasir

IonExchangeSelectivity
Approximateorderofselectivity Ag+ >Cs+ >Rb+ >K+ >NH4+ >Na+ >H+ >Li+ Fordivalentcations,theorderis Ba2+>Pb2+>Sr2+>Ca2+>Ni2+>Cd2+>Cu2+>Co2+>Zn2+> Mg2+>UO22+
Highlychargedionsbindmorestronglythanionsoflowercharge

ApplicationsofIonExchangeMethods
Ionexchange resins are used to eliminate ions that would otherwise interfere with an analysis. Another A h valuable application of i l bl li i f ionexchange resins h i involves concentrating ions from a very dilute solution. Thus, traces of metallic elements in large volumes of natural waters can be collected on a cationexchange column and subsequently liberated from the resin by treatment with a small volume of an acidic solution. The total salt content of a sample can be determined by titrating the hydrogen ion released as an aliquot of the sample passes through a cation exchanger in its acidic form. Ionexchange resins are particularly useful for the chromatographic separation of both inorganic and organic ionic species.

2/2/2009

Dr. Habib Nasir

Homework

StudyFeature302onpage919andrelated
problemattheendofthechapter. bl t th d f th h t