1.

INTRODUCTION
Typical situations where it is necessary to consider more precisely the response produced by dynamic loading are vibrations due to equipment or machinery, impact load produced by traffic, snatch loading of cranes, impulsive load produced by blasts, earthquakes or explosions. So it is very important to study the dynamic nature of structures. As the significance of dynamic behavior of engineering structures is better appreciated, it becomes important to design them with proper consideration of dynamics. To determine the dynamic characteristics of existing structures, the vibration analysis and testing can be performed. Experimental modal analysis (EMA) or modal testing is a non-destructive testing strategy based on vibration responses of the structures. In the past two decades, modal analysis has become a major technology in the quest for determining, improving and optimizing dynamic characteristics of engineering structures. Not only has it been recognized in mechanical and aeronautical engineering, but modal analysis has also discovered profound applications for civil and building structures, biomechanical problems, space structures, acoustical instruments, transportation and nuclear plants. Modal analysis is a process whereby we describe a structure in terms of its natural characteristics which are the frequency, damping and mode shapes - it's dynamic properties. The modal testing has become an effective means for identifying, understanding, and simulating dynamic behavior and responses of structures. One of the techniques widely used in modal analysis is based on an instrumented hammer impact excitation. By using signal analysis, the vibration response of the structures to the impact excitation is measured and transformed into frequency response functions (FRFs) using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) technique. Subsequently, the series of FRFs are used to extract such modal parameters as natural frequency, damping, and corresponding mode shape. It is well known that structures can resonate, i.e. that small forces can result in important deformation, and possibly, damage can be induced in the structure. The majority of structures can be made to
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resonate, i.e. to vibrate with excessive oscillatory motion. Resonant vibration is mainly caused by an interaction between the inertial and elastic properties of the materials within a structure. Resonance is often the cause of, or at least a contributing factor to many of the vibration and noise related problems that occur in structures and operating machinery. To better understand any structural vibration problem, the resonant frequencies of a structure need to be identified and quantified. Today, modal analysis has become a widespread means of finding the modes of vibration of a machine or structure. In recent years, experimental modal analysis has received wide acceptance in structural engineering application, particularly for identification of modal properties of bridges, damage detection of structures using modal data, structural health monitoring, dynamic FEM updating, active vibration control, dynamic buckling of structures etc.

2. OBJECTIVE

Experimental modal analysis ultimately arrives at the modal model of a dynamic system. Compared with the FRF or the vibration response, the modal model explicitly portrays the dynamic characteristics of a system. Therefore, applications of modal analysis are closely related to utilizing the derived modal model in design, problem solving and analysis. Experimental modal analysis obtains the modal model from measured FRF data or measured free vibration response data. Thus, it is a path from response data to modal model. Once the modal model is derived, a number of applications can be instigated. Some applications of modal analysis involve direct use of modal data from measurement while others use these data for further analysis. Troubleshooting using experimental modal analysis is to gain an insight into a dynamic structure which is problematic. This is a most popular application of experimental modal analysis since its emergence. It also often heralds further applications of modal analysis. Troubleshooting relies on experimentally derived natural frequencies, damping factors and mode shapes of the structure. Structural modification analysis, sensitivity analysis, reduction of mathematical model, force identification, response prediction, substructure coupling, structural damage detection and active vibration control are the applications of modal parameters and the derived model from thereof.

3. PARAMETER OF MODAL ANALYSIS

VIBRATION
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Vibrations are basically the response of the physical systems to dynamic forces. The response of systems depends upon the strength of the dynamic forces as well as system characteristics. System characteristics referred to here are mass, stiffness and damping. Different system behaves in different ways for a given excitation. Figure1: shows block diagram of a system which is producing a (vibratory) response to a dynamic force applied to it.
System (Black box)

Figure1: shows block diagram of a system

MODE SHAPE Oscillating system is a pattern of motion in which all parts of the system move sinusoidally with the same frequency and in phase. Modes are inherent properties of a structure. They don't depend on the forces or loads acting on the structure. Modes will change if the material properties (mass, stiffness, damping properties), or boundary conditions(mountings) of the structure change. Mode shapes don't have unique values, and hence don't have units associated with them. However, mode shapes are unique. That is, the motion of one point relative to another at resonance is unique. DAMPING The process by which vibration steadily diminishes in amplitude is called damping. Damping may be because of different factors. The amount of force (energy) taken away from the vibrating system is called damping force. In traditional analytical vibration analysis, the damping is assumed as viscous even though it is not really viscous in reality. This assumption makes the analytical treatment of vibration problem simpler. The damping force in a vibrating system (assuming viscous damping) is proportional to vibration velocity. Damping

in most of the mechanical system is due to friction between the joints. In the absence of friction, the damping is due to intermolecular friction during vibration of the structure. FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION The characteristic of the system is defined by the Frequency Response Function (FRF) of the system. It is determined from the measurement of response to the excitation as the frequency is varied. The frequency response function is represented graphically by plotting the ratio Response/F against frequency . The abscissa can be either or ratio of /n. COHERANCE The Coherence is a function of the averaged crosspowers and autopowers. The coherence tells us how linearly dependent the output is with the input. For randomized inputs, the coherence indicates the confidence level of the quality of the measurements. Any noise source that results in a response not linearly related to the input causes incoherence. Examples of such noise sources include nonlinearities, leakage, rattling cables, loose stringers, and loose or improperly mounted transducers. For a deterministic input, such as that used in impact testing, leakage and nonlinearities may be coherent with the input signal. This means we excite them in the same manner for every average. We could have leakage or nonlinearities in the data and coherence would not indicate it. The coherence is a scalar quantity as a function of frequency, with values between 0 and 1. The coherence always reaches the expected value of the function from the upper side. Unless we remove the incoherent noise sources during the averaging process, the coherence will not increase in value with averaging. Ideally, the coherence should be 1 across the frequency range of interest.

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
MODAL ANALYSIS
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The modal analysis was carried out using oros analyzer. It consists of an input device as well as an output device. There will be a central unit which receives the signal from the input devices and sends to the computer for further analysis. All the data will be stored in the computer connected which can be retrieved in any form as per the requirement the frf obtained from oros analyzer was fed into smart office package- NV solutions10 to obtain the required output. The basic elements of oros analyzer can be listed as follows.

a. Equipments used:
1. Input device (Impact hammer)
2. Response capturing device (Accelerometer)

3. Central unit
4. Analyzing software

a. METHODS OF CONDUCTING MODAL ANALYSIS There are two methods of conducting Modal Analysis
1. Roving impact: In this method the accelerometer is fixed at a particular point of the

marked grid and the specin1en is excited using an impact hammer at any grid point and the corresponding FRF is recorded at that grid point. This is orderly repeated for all the grid points without moving the accelerometer from the initial point. Since the impact hammer is only moved keeping the accelerometer at a constant point, it is called roving impact.
2. Roving accelerometer: In this method instead of moving the impact hammer from

one point to another, accelerometer is sequentially moved to each grid point giving the excitation by the impact hammer at any given fixed point.

c. Testing procedure:
All test specimens were tested under free-free condition, the dimensions and masses of the test beams are tabulated in Table 1.The excitation points were marked
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on the top surface of the beams along the length. It should be noted that the number of these positions should be sufficient to represent the vibration modes of interest. In this case, an accelerometer had a fixed position whilst an instrumented impact hammer was roved along the excitation points. The measurement set up for the present experimental work is shown schematically in Figure.1, The force is applied to the structure by an impact hammer and the response is measured by a suitable response transducer.Figure.2 shows the experimental setup of beams in free-free condition. The beams were suspended by soft jute thread having zero stiffness to simulate free-free boundary condition.
Material wood steel Length (cm) 1.08 1.14 Breadth(cm) 0.01 0.01 Depth(cm) 0.01 0.01 Mass(kg) 0.104 0.833

Table.1 Dimensions and masses of the test beams

After passing the force and response signals through signal conditioning equipment, including appropriate amplifiers and anti alias filters, the signals are digitized. The digitized signals are then Fourier transformed, the appropriate sample windows are applied, and the cross spectrum and the two power spectra are computed and averaged. Finally, the frequency response and coherence functions are computed from the averaged power spectrum and cross spectrum. The details of the impact hammer and accelerometer used are given below in Table 2. The mass and tip hardness of the impact hammer are varied to give the desired magnitude and duration of the force pulse at all test locations on the beams. In this study hard plastic tip was used for all beams.

Fig.2: Schematic Representation of Test Setup

Fig.3: Beam under Free-Free Condition Table 2: Details of Impact Hammer Model 086D05
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Sensitivity Measurement Range Resonant Frequency Sensing Element Sealing Hammer mass Hammer Diameter Tip Diameter Hammer length Extended Mass weight

0.23 mV/N 22,000N pk 22 kHz

Quartz Epoxy 0.32 kg 2.5 cm 0.63 cm 22.7 cm 200gm

SETTINGS REQUIRED TO DONE IN NV SOLUTION Table 3. Input settings Input Channe l Ch. 1 Ch. 2 Range Gain Couplin g Transduc er Sensitivi ty 0.00225 V/N 0.001019 4 V/M/s

Unit

31mV 3,16V

40 dB 0 dB

ICP ICP

N m/S

IMPULSE DYTRAN

Table4. Analyzer settings Frequen cy Range 0-2kHz Overla Analysis p Domai Average n Retrigg er Spectra l Mode Linear Resoluti on WeightW 1 Force W2 Numbe r 3 Refresh 1 Thresh. Trigger Mode Level Channel Ch.1 Externa Tach Mode off Free Arming Generato r1 Generato r2 Mode Mode Mode Run Stoppe d Stoppe d Freq. Freq. Channel -0.100k Hz 0.100k Hz Level Numbe Waterall Mode Single Type Off r 5 --1V Phase 00 Level 1V ------Channel l % Thresh. % 10% 10% Delay Tach/re v. 0.02 S 1.00 0 801 Zoom Witho ut Respon se --Envelo pe OFF

OROS ANALYSER: Modal analysis is a widely used technique in structural test domain. Simulation models and experimental results association lead to a good structure behavior understanding.
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OROS is a comprehensive tool for experiments. Powerful techniques are at your disposal to realize quick and efficient modal analysis. To complete your analysis and go further in your investigation, a simulation tool can be a great help. Typically, true testanalysis correlation and FE model updating can be realized. FEM Tools is software dedicated for these kinds of operations. Indeed interesting modules are proposed to users: especially FEM Tools correlation and FEM Tools updating. By using both experimental and numerical results, implemented functions in this software allow to: Simulate and optimize modal tests, Realize visual and numerical comparison between two sets of data (FEA-Test, FEAFEA, Test-Test), Update parameters to make the structure better match the target responses.

OROS guaranties the compatibility between both software. The experimental results from OROS can be easily imported to FEM Tools. Thereby, all the operations using experimental and simulated results combination are available. Be sure the complete tools panel dedicated to modal analysis is reachable if you use OROS modal solution.

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1. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure4. Frequency response function of steel beam and damping by finite difference method

Figure5. Frequency response function of wood beam and damping by finite difference method

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Table5. Natural frequenciesand damping of steel beam and Wood beam

SDO (%) Beam type

Finite Difference

freque ncy steel wood 328.3 Hz 41.54 Hz

dampin g 3.95% 2.02%

2.

CONCLUSION

The dynamic parameters such as the natural frequency and inherent damping value of their components are very important in compliant structures. Modal testing is a nondestructive testing strategy based on vibration responses of the structural members. In this paper, the application of experimental modal testing to steel beam and wood beam based on the impact hammer excitation is attempted to assess the natural frequency, damping constant. The modal testing has proven to be an effective and nondestructive test method for estimation of dynamic characteristics of beams.

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7. REFERANCES
1. D. Ravi Prasadand D.R. Seshu Structures Division, NIT, Warangal- A study on

dynamic characteristics of Structural materials using modal analysis Asian journal of civil engineering (building and housing) vol. 9, no. 2 (2008) Pages 141-152 2. Shibabrat Naik, Wrik Mallik, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032- Experimental modal testing for estimating the dynamic properties of a cantilever beam
3. OROS OR763/OR773 (For windows) Operating manual, Document F197 804 1

version 4.4. 4. NV Solutions-reporting and structural solutions smart office modal revision 2.5 operating manual.
5. Kenneth A. Ramsey, Structural Measurement Systems, San Jose, California

Experimental Modal Analysis, Structural Modifications and FEM Analysis on a Desktop Computer
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal analysis

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