MATH34011 Solutions to Examples 5

1) Consider
(x + y)y

+ y = 0, y(1) = 1. (1)
Put
y = y
0
+ y
1
+ . . . .
Substituting into the equations and equating coecients of like poweres of to
zero leads to
xy

0
+ y
0
= 0, xy

1
+ y
1
= y
0
y

0
, xy

2
+ y
2
= y

0
y

1
y
1
y

0
.
Solving for y
0
shows that
(xy
0
)

= 0, = y
0
=
A
x
.
Now y
0
(1) = 1 gives A = 1. Hence y
0
= 1/x. Next solving
(xy
1
)

= (
y
2
0
2
)

y(1) = 0
gives
y
1
=
1
2x
_
1
1
x
2
_
.
Similarly
(xy
2
)

= (y
0
y
1
)

, y
2
(1) = 0
leads to
y
2
=
1
2x
3
_
1
1
x
2
_
.
Hence
y =
1
x
+
1
2x
_
1
1
x
2
_
+
2

1
2x
3
_
1
1
x
2
_
+ . . . .
It can be seen that the second and third terms become large when x is small and
the expansion is non-uniform. The expansion becomes disordered when
1
x

1
x
3
= x O(
1/2
).
To solve the equation note that
(x + y)y

+ y = (xy)

+

2
(y
2
)

= 0.
Thus
xy +

2
y
2
= C = 1 +

2
1
after using y(1) = 1. Hence
y
2
+2xy 2 = 0, y =
1

_
x + (x
2
+ (2 + ))
1/2

=
x

+(
x
2

2
+
2

+1)
1/2
,
where we need to choose the + sign.
For x xed and small expanding the solution leads to
y = y
0
+ y
1
+
2
y
2
+ . . . .
as above.
One can re-examine the asymptotic solution in the region of non-uniformity by
putting x =
1/2
X and
y =
1/2
Y
0
+ Y
1
+ . . . .
Substituting into (1) shows that
(X + Y
0
)Y

0
+ Y
0
= 0 = Y
0
= X +

X
2
+ 2.
after matching with the outer solution expanded in terms of X.
2a)
w

+ w

= 0, w(0) = w(1) = 2.
Here the coecient of w

is positive so we expect a boundary layer at x = 0 of

thickness O(). The outer solution expands as
w = w
0
+ w
1
+ . . .
which leads to w
0
= A. Applying the boundary condition at x = 1 gives A = 2.
For the boundary layer set x = X and
W = W
0
+ . . . .
Substituting into the equation gives
W
0XX
+ W
0X
= 0.
Solving and applying the condition W(X = 0) = 1 leads to
W
0
= C + (1 C)e
X
.
Matching as X gives C = 2. So a 1-term uniform solution is
y
unif
= 2 + 2 e
X
2 = 2 e
X
= 2 e
x/
.
2
2b)
w

+ 2w

+ 4w = 0, w(0) = 1, w(1) = 2.
The coecient of w

is positive so we expect a boundary layer at x = 0 and a

dominant balance suggests of thickness . Expand the outer solution as
w = w
0
+ w
1
+ . . . .
Substitution into the equation shows that
2w

0
+ 4w
0
= 0, = w
0
= Ae
2x
.
The boundary condition w(1) = 2 gives A = 2e
2
.
For the inner solution put x = X and
w = W
0
+ W
1
+ . . . .
Substituting into the equation gives
W
0XX
+ 2W
0X
= 0.
Hence
W
0
= B + Ce
2X
.
The boundary condition at x = 0 gives
1 = B + C.
Next matching as X with the outer solution expanded for small x shows
that
B = 2e
2
.
Hence
W
0
= 2e
2
+ (1 2e
2
)e
2X
.
A one term uniform solution is
y
unif
= 2e
22x
+ (1 2e
2
)e
2x/eps
.
2c)
y

+ cosh(x) y

y = 0, y(0) = 1 = y(1).
The outer solution is expanded as
y = y
0
+ . . .
3
and this gives
cosh xy

0
y
0
= 0.
This gives
y
0
= Ae
2 tan
1
(e
x
)
.
The boundary condition at x = 1 gives
1 = Ae
2 tan
1
e
,
and hence
y
0
= e
2[tan
1
e
x
tan
1
e]
.
For the inner solution set x = X and expand y = Y
0
+ . . . . This leads to
Y
0XX
+ Y
0X
= 0.
Hence
Y
0
= A + Be
X
.
Applying the boundary condition x = 0 goves A + B = 1. Next matching as
X gives
A = e
2[tan
1
1tan
1
e]
.
A one-term uniform solution is given by
y
unif
= e
2[tan
1
e
x
tan
1
e]
+ (1 e
2 tan
1
e
)e
x/
.
3a)
y

+ y

+ y = 0, y(0) = A
0
+ A
1
, y(1) = B
0
+ B
1
.
For the outer solution put
y = y
0
+ y
1
+ . . . .
Hence
y

0
+ y
0
= 0, y
0
(1) = B
0
, = y
0
= Be
1x
.
Next
y

1
+ y
1
= y

0
= B
0
e
1x
, y
1
(1) = B
1
.
Solving
y
1
= B
0
xe
1x
+ (B
0
+ B
1
)e
1x
.
Hence a two-term outer solution is
y = B
0
e
1x
+ [B
0
xe
1x
+ (B
0
+ B
1
)e
1x
] + O(
2
).
4
For the inner solution put x = X and
y = Y
0
+ Y
1
+ . . . .
The equation gives
Y
0XX
+ Y
0X
= 0, Y
1XX
+ Y
1X
= Y
0
.
Solving we obtain
Y
0
= A + Be
X
,
Y
1
= C + De
X
AX + BXe
X
.
Applying the conditions on X = 0 with Y
0
(0) = A
0
, Y
1
(0) = A
1
gives
A + B = A
0
, C + D = A
1
.
To match we note that the outer solution expanded for x small is
y = B
0
e(1 x + . . . ) + [B
0
xe + (B
0
+ B
1
)e(1 x) + . . . ]
which written in terms of X becomes
y y
match
= B
0
e + [B
0
eX + (B
0
+ B
1
)e] + O(
2
).
For X 1 the inner solution must match to y
match
. For large X the inner
solution is
y A + [C AX] + . . . .
Hence to match we require A = B
0
e and C = (B
0
+ B
1
)e. A two-term inner
solution is
y = B
0
e+(A
0
B
0
)e
X
+[(B
0
+B
1
)e+(A
1
B
0
eB
1
e)e
X
B
0
eX+X(A
0
B
0
e)e
X
]+O(
2
).
A two term inner solution is
y
unif
= B
0
e
1x
+ (A
0
B
0
e)e
x/
+
_
B
0
xe
1x
+ (B
0
+ B
1
)e
1x
+ (A
1
B
0
e B
1
e)e
x/
+
x

(A
0
B
0
e)e
x
_
+O(
2
).
3b)
y

+ xy

+ y = 0, y(0) = 1, y(1) = 2.
Look for an outer solution with x = O(1), 0 in the form
y = y
0
(x) + y
1
(x) + . . . .
5
Substitution into the equation shows that
xy

0
+ y
0
= 0, xy

1
+ y
1
+ y

0
= 0.
The coecient of y

is x and for 0 < x < 1 we expect a boundary layer at x = 0.

Hence we can apply the boundary condition at x = 1. Solving for y
0
we obtain
(xy
0
)

= 0, = xy
0
= A.
Now y
0
(1) = 2 and so A = 2. Next
(xy
1
)

+ y

0
= 0, = xy
1
+ y

0
= B.
Using y
1
(1) = 0 gives B = 2. Thus
y
0
=
2
x
, y
1
=
2
x
3

2
x
.
The expansion is non-uniform as x 0 in a region x = O(
1/2
). In fact if we put
x =

X then from the equation

12
d
2
y
dX
2
+ X
dy
dX
+ y = 0,
and balancing the dominant terms gives = 1/2. Note that the outer solution
written in terms of X suggests that in the region with x =
1/2
X with X =
O(1), 0 we have
y =
1/2
Y
0
(X) +
1/2
Y
1
(X) + . . . .
Substitution into the equation shows that
Y
0XX
+ XY
0X
+ Y
0
= 0, Y
1XX
+ XY
1X
+ Y
1
= 0.
We also require
Y
0
(X = 0) = 1, Y
1
(X = 0) = 0,
together with matching with the outer solution as X . The solution for Y
0
and Y
1
can be in terms of parabolic cylinder functions. Put Y
0
= e
x
2
/4
W(X)
and W satises
W
XX
+ W(
1
2

X
2
4
) = 0.
Two linearly independent solutions are W = D
0
(X) and W = D
1
(iX). Hence
Y
0
= e
X
2
/4
(A
0
D
0
(X) + B
0
D
1
(iX)), Y
1
= e
X
2
/4
(A
1
D
0
(X) + B
1
D
1
(iX)).
Applying the boundary condition on X = 0 and using D

(0) =

2
/(
1
2

2
)
gives
A
0
+
_

2
B
0
= 1, A
1
+
_

2
B
1
= 0.
6
Next to match as X we require the behaviours of D
0
(X), D
1
(iX) for
large X. In fact
D
0
(X) e
X
2
/4
as X ,
D
1
(iX) e
X
2
/4
1
iX
_
1 + O(
1
X
2
)
_
X .
Hence as X we nd
Y
0

B
0
iX
, Y
1

B
1
iX
X .
Matching with the outer solution written in terms of X shows that
B
0
= 2i, B
1
= 2i.
So
Y
0
(X) = e
X
2
/4
_
(1 i

2)D
0
(X) + 2iD
1
(iX)
_
,
Y
1
(X) = e
X
2
/4
_
i

2D
0
(X) 2iD
1
(iX)
_
.
Note that y
match
= y
0
(x) + y
1
(x) and so a two term uniform approximation to
the solution is
y
unif
=
1/2
Y
0
(
x

) +
1/2
Y
1
(
x

).
7