Quiz 3 Sample Questions 1. In the videos Economic Anthropology and Political Organization, the mode of subsistence of the !

Kung San is linked to the --------- form of political organization. A. B. C. D. Tribe Band Chiefdom State

2. In the reader, Classic Readings in Cultural Anthropology by Gary Ferraro, anthropologist Serena Nanda was informed that arranged marriages in India A. oppress Indian women B. help shift the burden of background check on the suitability of the prospective groom from the prospective bride to her family C. spring from traditional superstitions D. are uniquely Indian and unheard of in the history of humankind 3. Which of the following is NOT an essential element of religion? A. B. C. D. Doctrine Myth Experience Written scriptures

4. Formal economic theory is based on assumptions such as: a. the value of a particular commodity decreases as it becomes more scarce. b. only occasionally do people maximize their material well-being. c. people, when exchanging goods and services, naturally strive to maximize material wellbeing and profits. d. families will compete against each other to assert rights of ownership and allocation. e. in societies where there is formal market exchange (commercialism), the market will determine all economic activities of individuals. 5. In terms of private property rights to land, which statement is true? a. b. c. d. e. Food collectors seldom have the notion of personal land ownership. Only elites in pastoral societies own pasture lands. Only chiefs in horticultural societies own the land that is planted. In food-producing societies all individuals have private land ownership. All state societies have private individual land ownership.

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Land is most likely owned by an extended kinship group among: a. b. c. d. e. food collectors. horticulturalists. pastoralists. intensive agriculturalists. industrial agriculturalists.

7. Western social scientists often speak about the tragedy of the commons. What do they mean by this concept? Most scientists: a. b. c. d. e. believe that common lands will be misused because of human maximization of resources (greed). believe that in large urban areas there is not concern or sense of stewardship exerted over parks and public free spaces. define the commons as the global marketplace today. It is tragic because it destroys small businesses and families. argue that any land which is not owned individually can be appropriated for government use. argue that state lands should be owned by the government because it preserves the land for the use of all citizens.

8. The Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islanders is an example of: a. b. c. d. e. 9. generalized reciprocity. balanced reciprocity. negative reciprocity. redistribution. market exchange.

The type of social solidarity based on an increase in the complexity of labor specialization is known as: a. b. c. d. e. mechanical solidarity. organic solidarity. industrial solidarity. reciprocal solidarity. mechanistic solidarity.

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The potlatch, as practiced by the Northwest Coast Indians, served to do all of the following except: a. b. c. d. e. show preservation of physical resources. confer status on generous givers. distribute material goods to a wide range of people. maintain regional stability. measure prestige of the host.

11. What is the major prerequisite of market exchange? a. b. c. d. e. 12. that the value of a good is based on supply and demand that exchange be based on currency that exchange occurs within a commercial environment that the goods and services are culturally relevant that distribution occurs among a minimum of two parties

What is the basic premise that drives the process of globalization? a. b. c. d. e. Formal economy is much better than informal economy. Economies worldwide will improve if we utilize the lessons of the Industrial Revolution and focus solely on import and export. Economies will be healthier and will grow better if we operate with free markets with free trade and competition. Global trade will increase cultural homogeneity and decrease incidence of warfare and intolerance. Economies should be left alone because no country can actually regulate them.

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The textbook defines marriage as a socially-approved union between two adults that has all of the following characteristics except: a. b. c. d. e. sexual rights and obligations between them. the explicit establishment of a contract. the assumption that it is not permanent. economic rights and obligations. A marriage union has all of these characteristics.

14. The Nayar of southern India: a. b. c. d. e. have no marital institutions at all. live together as husband and wife only for the first several years of marriage. have no children unless they marry a member of another group. neither cohabit nor economically cooperate as married couples. visit each other, but the woman lives in her own independent household alone.

15. According to the family disruption theory, mating within the nuclear family would do all of the following except: a. b. c. d. e. disrupt the familys function as a unit of economic cooperation. disrupt the familys function as a unit of socialization. create role ambiguity. create competition between families. create intense jealousies within the nuclear family.

16. Incest avoidance can have positive social advantages by forcing people to marry outside of their immediate family, thereby: a. b. c. d. e. developing a stronger set of relationships within their own family than a wider network of interfamily alliances. creating relationships with people with whom they are likely to cooperate. creating relationships with more people with whom they are likely to become hostile. creating a smaller gene pool. increasing the incidence of recessive traits.

17. Castes in India provide a good example of: a. b. c. d. e. caste endogamy. caste exogamy. free selection of spouses. polyandry. polygamy.

18. All of the following are reasons that societies practice the levirate except: a. b. c. d. e. it is a form of social security for the widow. it is a form of social security for the children of the marriage. it preserves the rights of the deceased husbands family to his children. it preserves the rights of the deceased husbands family to the widows future children. it is associated with societies that place the highest value on female heirs.

19. Polyandry: a. b. c. d. e. is one of the most common forms of marriage in the world today. allows a society to avoid the division of small plots of land among sons. leads to competition and especially sexual jealousy among husbands. is practiced widely in Africa and South America. leads to significantly higher birth rates in families.

20. Bridewealth: a. b. c. d. e. 21. is the price a man pays for a wife in a commercial exchange. increases the likelihood of a marriage ending in divorce. tends to create bad relations between the families of the bride and groom. legitimizes marriages and transfers rights over children to the fathers family. creates a network of strong alliances between the kinsmen of the brides family.

The nuclear family is based on _____ ties and the extended family is based on _____ ties. a. b. c. d. e. blood; marital marital; blood inheritance; marital marital; residence bridewealth; dowry

22. Which of the following is not a reason kinship systems are important to every society? a. b. c. d. e. They establish patterns of cooperation between men and women and a basis for rearing children. They extend ones relationships to a larger group of people. They help people adapt to interpersonal and environmental challenges. They provide a way to share certain pieces of property that cannot be divided. They allow outsiders to identify individuals within a cultural and social setting.

23. In all human societies, kinship is tied to the biological relationships created by human reproduction. However: a. b. c. d. e. how different societies sort and categorize kinship relationships is as much a matter of culture as it is of biology. bilateral descent systems are less influenced by culture than others. unilineal descent systems are seldom influenced by cultural definitions of social relationships. ambilateral descent systems are the least influenced by culture than others. how different societies classify kin is a direct interpretation and representation of biology and biological relationships.

24. Cross-culturally, most kinship systems: a. b. c. d. e. provide few links between successive generations. provide few ties across a single generation. provide links between successive generations and ties across a single generation. only link successive generations and do not tie across generations. provides links and ties to all members of a family regardless of biology.

25. A kinship diagram of EGO and all of her children and her cousins would include: a. b. c. d. e. the lineal relatives which belong to a clan. collateral relatives. a lineage. lineal relatives. vertical relatives.

26. Unilineal descent systems: a. b. c. d. e. are very rarely found today in the world. comprise the majority of the worlds kinship designations. are found only among hunters and gatherers. are found today, but were not utilized in the past. are no longer used today in any society.

27. In matrilineal descent systems: a. b. c. d. e. women have greater power and authority than men. men control the inheritance and determine the matriline of their children. property and political office pass from one man to another, but through women. women and men have similar power and authority. women control property and political office.

28. Which statement about Finkelsteins study of homeless youth is true? a. b. c. d. e. There are about 50,000 run away youth in the U.S. every year. Most of the youth in this study were from wealthy homes. Homeless youth tend to find a city they like and then stay there. Homeless youth have extensive networks of friends who substitute for family. All homeless youth were teenagers who had dropped out of school because of low grades.

29. In northeast Brazil, Scheper-Hughes found all of the following major social challenges except: a. b. c. d. e. low wages low life expectancy poor diet high risk of death low levels of fertility

30. New reproductive technologies challenge: a. b. c. d. e. ethical norms legal challenges vocabulary of kinship moral standards all of these choices

31. The text defines gender as: a. b. c. d. e. the biological differences in males and females. the way members of the two sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave. the differences in males and females due to the greater strength of males. universally-recognizable male aggressiveness and female maternalism. a continuum of biological sexual characteristics.

32. While human sexuality varies widely from culture to culture: a. b. c. d. e. most societies are quite permissive about premarital sex. all societies regulate sexual conduct. all societies expect married adults to have very active sex lives. no societies consider sexual activity essential for good health. all cultures contain the same two genders.

33. Which statement about the cross-cultural study of male homosexuality is true? a. b. c. d. e. Sexual preference and sexual activity are the same thing. Approximately 30 percent of all U.S. males prefer homosexuality as a lifestyle. Some societies define male homosexuality as a necessary requirement for heterosexual relationships in adulthood. All societies view male homosexuality as deviant and pathological. Only societies that have a state religion tend to condemn homosexuality.

34. Iranian womens abandonment and subsequent return to the veil and more traditional female roles illustrates that: a. b. c. d. e. the status of women in societies is not static. political change seldom changes womens roles. men are universally dominant. purdah has no place in the modern world. world politics has enormous effect on what women choose to do.

35. Which statement about Dr. Pattens role in the Malawi goat project is false? a. b. c. d. e. She conducted baseline ethnographic information on the local population. She failed to understand the normal relationships between men and women. She helped convince local men to allow women to control the goat herds. She served as a cultural broker between the project team and the local population. She wished to improve nutritional rates in Malawi.

36. According to Ernestine Friedl, women are subordinate to men because men: a. b. c. d. e. are bigger and stronger. control the allocation of scarce resources. have more testosterone. are hunters. tend to have more aggressive social interactions.

37. In the United States, occupational segregation along gender lines: a. b. c. d. e. has disappeared because of the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. is still high, with a number of occupations, such as those with supervisory positions, being primarily reserved for females. has dramatically declined in most areas. has actually become more severe over the last four decades. is aggravated by race.

38. According to Max Weber, the three major criteria used for measuring social inequality are: a. b. c. d. e. wealth, power, and prestige. prestige, education, and religion. power, race, and religion. wealth, religion, and prestige. prestige, wealth, and status.

39. The ability to achieve ones goals and objectives even against the will of others is known as: a. b. c. d. e. prestige. inequality. subordination. exploitation. power.

40. In an egalitarian society: a. b. c. d. e. there are no individuals who are more highly esteemed than others. the most esteemed individuals have the most tools, therefore the most wealth. there are as many positions of prestige as there are persons capable of filling them. there are always a number of positions of power with no one to fill them. there is no such thing as power or prestige.

41. In a rank society, high-status positions: a. b. c. d. e. are available only to the best qualified. often expand to include all qualified candidates. are often filled on the basis of kinship. are constantly expanding. do not exist. Only the chief has a high status position.

42. Members of the same social class share similar economic levels: a. b. c d e. but very different political views and values. and often similar educational backgrounds and political views. but very different occupations and memberships in organizations. but very different job opportunities. and similar types of job mobility and cultural practices.

43. In caste societies: a. b. c. d. e. no caste has a monopoly on certain occupations. marriage between castes is strictly prohibited. all castes have equal access to power, prestige, and wealth. social mobility is virtually unrestricted. there is very little difference in occupational ranking.

44. As a scientific concept, race: a. b. c. d. e. is very significant because it gives us a clearer understanding of human behavior than the concept of culture provides. is seldom, if ever, influenced by peoples beliefs. justifies the exclusion of some groups from the activities of others. is not very significant because it gives us little insight into human behavior. is the basis for distinguishing between different groups of people.

45. According to the Marxist view, capitalists create a false consciousness in workers by leading them to believe that: a. b. c. d. e. God does not exist. work will not lead to a better life. they are actually the owners of the means of production. if they work harder, they will be successful. the owners of business are morally better than they are.

46. Since all societies must maintain social order; they all have: a. b. c. d. e. legislatures. elected officials. mechanisms of social control. permanent armies. standing military.

47. The characteristics of state systems of government include all of the following except: a. b. c. d. e. specialized political roles. large bureaucratic organizations. organizations with a suprakinship basis. minimum surplus of resources. a complex system of internal distribution and foreign trade.

48. Although there has been a trend toward increasing democracies, in 2009 all of the following were reported except: a. b. c. d. e. in countries that showed a decline in democratization, there was also more persecution of dissidents. in countries that showed a decline in democratization, there was also more persecution of journalists. declines in democratization occurred primarily in Africa. declines in democratization occurred in countries with military and economic power. declines in democratization occurred in countries that, until quite recently, had been moving towards democratization.

49. In an age-graded society, senior elders primary role is as: a. b. c. d. e. adjudicators of crimes. officers in the military. social advisors. mediators of small disputes. foot soldiers in the military.

50. Which of the following is the primary mechanism that corporate lineage societies use to control and manage the marriage process? a. b. c. d. e. residence after marriage degradation ceremonies ancestor worship remarriage compensation bridewealth payment

51. The basic features of law include: a. b. the illegitimate use of physical coercion. allocating official authority to privileged people who are able to use coercion legitimately.

c. the total inability to predict the outcome of disputes because each situation is unique. d. e. the use of both formal and informal means of social control. a high incidence of capriciousness and unpredictability.

52. Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to warfare in small-scale societies? a. b. c. d. e. moral objectives political motivations social problems economic sanctions perceived threats

53. Which of the following is not correct? a. b. c. d. e. Karl Marx suggested that religion was a tool used for the oppression of lower classes. Emile Durkheim argued that religion enables people to see themselves as part of a larger group. Max Weber claimed that religion supported the rise of certain economic systems. Sir Edward Tylor argued that the primary form of religion was animatism. Robert Marett believed that the earliest forms of religion were emotive and intuitive.

54. Which statement is true about the distinction between imitative and contagious magic? a. b. c. d. e. Contagious magic is the belief that being around a magician will cause the victim harm. Contagious magic is the notion that an object having been in contact with a person retains a magical connection to that person. Imitative magic involves doing harm to a person by performing magic on his finger nail clippings. Imitative magic involves such things as voodoo dolls and is found all over the world. Both imitative and contagious magic were early forms of religion that are no longer found today.

55. Religion differs from magic in all of the following ways except: a. b. c. d. e. religion deals with major issues of human existence, while magic is directed toward specific aims. religion uses prayer and sacrifices to appeal to supernatural powers, while magic believes that that it can control circumstances through its own efforts. religion tends to be practiced at irregular times, while magic has a set timetable for practice. religion uses officially-recognized functionaries, such as priests, while magic may not have officially-recognized leaders. religion tends to be group activity, while magic tends to be an individual activity.

56. Myths, which tell stories of the gods, their origins, their activities, and the moral injunctions they teach, are found: a. b. c. d. e. only in large-scale industrialized societies. only in peasant societies. only in food-collecting societies. in every society. in societies where there are multiple religions.

57. Which of the following statements is true? a. b. c. d. e. Belief in the power of supernatural sanctions determines the level of conformity an individual has to socially prescribed behavior. By providing an alternative power structure, religion often increases social hostility and conflict. There is no correlation between social control and religious belief systems. Only a few religious systems prescribe to purely ethical behavior. For those who practice religion, there is a rather moderate increase in stress and frustration that sometimes has an effect on society at large.

58. Individuals benefit psychologically from religion because it: a. b. c. d. e. helps explain the unexplainable. gives them answers based upon scientific authority. provides a rational and logical framework for giving meaning to events and experiences. makes them feel as if their increased stress levels have a function in society. answers all questions regarding their daily lives.

59. Which statement about shamanism is false? a. b. c. d. e. 60. Shamans are full-time specialists. Shamans are thought to have supernatural powers. Shamans contact spirits while in an altered state of consciousness. Shamans use their powers to heal and tell fortunes of their clients. All contemporary societies operate at the shamanistic level.

Rites of solidarity are directed toward the welfare of: a. b. c. d. e. the entire community. individual members of the community. the groups shaman. the groups leader. the family as a unit.

61. Why is religion itself so difficult to define? a. It does not actually exist, so there is nothing tangible to study. b. It cannot be approached through a scientific point of view and is not a subject for scientists. c. It is so varied that there is no way to fully understand another religion. d. It is embedded in the total social structure and difficult to distinguish. e. So much of religion occurs within the individual that it cannot be studied as a single phenomenon.