RADAR SYSTEMS A.

Syllabus
UNIT I Introduction Nature of Radar, Maximum Unambiguous Range, Radar Waveforms, Simple form of Radar Equation, Radar Block Diagram and Operation, Radar Frequencies and Applications. Related Problems. UNIT II Radar Equation : Prediction of Range Performance, Minimum Detectable Signal, Receiver Noise and SNR, Integration of Radar Pulses, Radar Cross Section of Targets (simple targets - sphere, cone-sphere), Transmitter Power, PRF and Range Ambiguities, System Losses (qualitative treatment). Related Problems. UNIT III CW and Frequency Modulated Radar : Doppler Effect, CW Radar Block Diagram, Isolation between Transmitter and Receiver, Non-zero IF Receiver, Receiver Bandwidth Requirements, Applications of CW radar. UNIT IV FM-CW Radar, Range and Doppler Measurement, Block Diagram and Characteristics (Approaching/ Receding Targets), FM-CW altimeter, Measurement Errors, Multiple Frequency CW Radar. UNIT V MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar : Introduction, Principle, MTI Radar with - Power Amplifier Transmitter and Power Oscillator Transmitter, Delay Line Cancellers Filter Characteristics, Blind Speeds, Double Cancellation, Staggered PRFs. Range Gated Doppler Filters. MTI Radar Parameters, Limitations to MTI Performance. Noncoherent MTI, MTI versus Pulse Doppler Radar. UNIT VI Tracking Radar : Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Monopulse Tracking Radar Amplitude Comparison Monopulse (one- and two- coordinates), Phase Comparison Monopulse. Target Reflection Characteristics and Angular Accuracy. Tracking in Range, Acquisition and Scanning Patterns. Comparison of Trackers. UNIT VII Detection of Radar Signals in Noise : Introduction, Matched Filter Receiver Response Characteristics and Derivation, Correlation Function and Cross-correlation Receiver, Efficiency of Non-matched Filters, Matched Filter with Non-white Noise. UNIT VIII Radar Receivers Noise Figure and Noise Temperature. Displays types. Duplexers Branch type and Balanced type, Circulators as Duplexers. Introduction to Phased Array Antennas Basic Concepts, Radiation Pattern, Beam Steering and Beam Width changes, Series versus Parallel Feeds, Applications, Advantages and Limitations. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Introduction to Radar Systems Merrill I. Skolnik, SECOND EDITION, McGraw-Hill, 1981.

REFERENCES : 1. Introduction to Radar Systems Merrill I. Skolnik, THIRD EDITION, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2001.

B.LESSON PLAN
Subject Faculty Radar Systems Mr. R Mallikharjun

Text Books (to be acquired by the Students) Book 1 Reference Books Book 2 Unit Introduction to Radar Systems Merrill I. Skolnik, THIRD EDITION, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2001. No of Chapters in Book Classes Topic 1 2 Introduction 1 1 7 Introduction to Radar Systems Merrill I. Skolnik, SECOND EDITION, McGraw-Hill, 1981.

II

Radar Equation

III

CW and Frequency Modulated Radar

IV V VI VII VIII

FM-CW Radar MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar Tracking Radar Detection of Radar Signals in Noise Radar Receivers

3 4 5 10 9

5 6

8 6 7 8 8 60 3 2 3 2 67

Contact classes for syllabus coverage Lectures beyond syllabus Special Descriptive Tests Tutorial classes Remedial classes Total No. of classes

A. ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

Questions
1. 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. 2 3 4 5 6 Unit-I Explain the operation of basic RADAR Derive the expression for simple form of RADAR equation Write short note on maximum unambiguous range Write down applications of RADAR Unit-II

How to find the target speed from Doppler frequency? Write the applications of CW Radar What are the factors that limit the amount of isolation between Transmitter and Receiver of CW Radar? Explain how the Radar is used to measure the direction and position of target What are the peak power and duty cycle of a radar whose average transmitter power is 200W, pulse width of 1s and a pulse repetition frequency of 1000Hz? Explain the function of time domain filter with an example. An MTI radar operates at 10GHz with a PRF of 300 pps. Calculate the lowest blind speed?
Unit-III

Draw and explain the radiation pattern of phased array antennas Write notes on various antenna parameters with reference to radar Draw and explain block diagram of Conical-scan tracking radar. Why does a tracking radar have poor accuracy at low elevation angles? Explain Explain how the Radar is used to measure the range of a target? Draw the block diagram of the pulse radar and explain the function of each block
Unit-IV

1. 2 3 4 5 6

Discuss the relation between the matched filter characteristics and correlation detection Explain how a threshold level is selected in threshold detection How to find the number of pulses that returned from a point target as the radar antenna scans through its beam width? Why most of the radar receivers are considered as envelop detectors while calculating the SNR? Discuss in detail about the Amplitude fluctuations and how its effects are minimized. Explain Mono pulse tracking in two angle coordinates
Unit-V

1 2 3 4 5 6

Explain the operation of the two frequency CW Radar How to select the difference between two transmitted signals of CW radar? Draw the structures of balanced duplexer during transmission and reception modes. List out the merits and demerits of phased array antennas Explain how earphones are used as an indicator in CW Radar The transmitter power is 1 KW and safe value of power which might be applied to a receiver is 10mW. Find the isolation between transmitter and receiver in dB. Suggest the appropriate isolator.
Unit-VI

Obtain the SNR at the output of IF amplifier of Radar Receiver for a specified probability of detection without exceeding a specified probability of false alarm.

2 3 4 5

Explain how system losses will affect on the Radar Range? What are the various unwanted signals which cause errors in FM altimeter Explain the two frequency CW technique for measuring the Radar range? A low power, short range radar is solid-state throughout, including a low-noise RF amplifier which gives it an overall noise figure of 4.77dB. If the antenna diameter is 1m, the IF bandwidth is 500kHz, the operating frequency is 8 GHz and the radar set is supposed to be capable of detecting targets of 5m2 cross sectional area at a maximum distance of 12 km, what must be the peak transmitted pulse power The average false alarm time is a more significant parameter than the false alarm probability. Give the reasons.

Why post detection integration is not as efficient as pre-detection integration of radar pulses?
Unit-VII

1 2

What are the different range of frequencies that a radar can operate and give their applications? What are the basic functions of radar? In indicating the position of a target, what is the difference between azimuth and elevation?

3 4 5 6

What is the Doppler effect? What are some of the ways in which it manifests itself? What are its radar applications? Find the relation between bandwidth and the acceleration of the target with respect to radar? Derive the impulse response of a matched filter that is commonly used in a radar receiver. Explain the limitations of MTI radar
Unit-VIII

2 3 4 5 6

Draw and explain the following with respect to Tracking in range: Echo pulse Early-late range gates Difference signal between early and late range gates Limitation of automatic detection and tracking An MTI radar is operated at 9GHz with a PRF of 3000 pps. Calculate the first two lowest blind speeds for this radar. Derive the formula used. Discuss the liminations of non-cohorent MTI Radar systems Why the step error and quantization errors which occur in cycle counter are used for frequency measurement in FMCW Radar? Draw the block diagram of sinusoidally modulated FMCW radar and explain the function of each block.