Lesson 14

Acids are traditionally considered anychemical compoundthat, when dissolved inwater, gives a solution with ahydrogen ionactivitygreater than in pure water, i.e. apHless than 7.0. They also:
Taste sour Are good conductors of electricity (they release H+ ions when they are in water) React with compounds that contain carbonate

 When Ex

Acids are dissolved in water they release H+ HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Acids

are widely used in industry, they are used in many manufacturing processes including; fertilizers, explosives, refining oil, and electroplating materials.

 Table

1 Examples of common acids include Common name Formula Source or use

HC2H3O2 HC6H7O7 HC6H7O6 HC3H5O3 H2SO4 Salad dressing Oranges, lemons Vitamin C Sour milk or tired muscles Car batteries

Vinegar (acetic acid) Citric acid Ascorbic acid Lactic acid Sulfuric acid

 Acids

that that react with metals and glass are described as being Corrosive. These acids can be dangerous to humans and the environment.

base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accepthydrogen ions. bases can commonly be thought of as any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ionactivitylower than that of pure water, i.e. apHhigher than 7.0 at standard conditions.

 They

also:

Taste

bitter Are good conductors of electricity (They release OH- ions when dissolved in water) Break down proteins into smaller molecules May also be called alkaline Feel slippery when handled Turns litmus blue

When bases are released in water they release OH- ions Example NaOH (a ) q

Na+ (aq)

+ OH- (aq)

Common Name Sodium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Aluminum hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide Sodium bicarbonate Potassium sulphite

Formula NaOH KOH Al(OH)3 NH4OH NaHCO3 K2SO3

Source or use Drain cleaner Soap, cosmetics Antacids Window cleaner. Baking soda, used in baking Food preservative

 Bases

that feel slippery to the touch are Corrosive and should be handled carefully with gloves and eye protection.

 Acids

and bases do not exist in nature as raw materials

Raw

materials materials from the earth that can be used to make new products

Acids

and bases are formed when certain elements react with oxygen to form oxides.

 Metals

tend to lose electrons and react with oxygen to form solid metal oxides. When these oxides are mixed with water they react and form bases, many of these bases are very strong when concentrated. Example 2Mg + O 2MgO 2
MgO

+ H2O Mg(OH)2

 Generally

elements from the groups VA, VIA, and VIIA need electrons to complete their valence and are called nonmetals. Nonmetals react with oxygen to form nonmetal oxides which are normally gases. These oxides then form acids when mixed with water. Example S + 8O 8SO 8 2 2
SO

+ H O H SO

Acids Common acids can be recognised because their formula begins with (H) hydrogen. Examples: H SO H CO H PO HCl
2 4 2 3 3 4

Bases Bases are not as easy to recognise, most will contain a hydroxyl group (OH-). Ex: NaOH, Mg(OH) Other compounds can 2 form bases when they react with water to form OH- ions. Compounds that contain carbonate (CO32- ) or bicarbonate (HCO3-) react

 When

an acid and a base are mixed they react to form products that have a pH of near or at 7, this is defined as a neutralization reaction. A Neutralization reaction always produces a salt and water. Acid + Base Salt + water

Example: Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride + water HCl (a ) + NaOH(a ) NaCl + H2O q q

 During

a Neutralization reaction, the hydrogen ion from the acid reacts with the hydroxide ion from the base to form water. H+ + OH- HOH = H O 2
The

salt from the reaction is dissolved in the water to form a salt solution which is neutral.

First-Aid Treatments Use Neutralization: The interpretation of "Danger" and First-Aid labels on household cleaners provides an exercise in the use of acidbase principles.

 Example: A

toilet bowl cleaner - Danger: Corrosive - produces chemical burns. Contains Hydrochloric Acid. Do not get in eyes, on skin. May be fatal if swallowed. Do not breath vapor or fumes. First-Aid: Internal - Call physician. Drink a teaspoon of magnesia, chalk, small pieces of soap, raw egg white, or milk.

External Eyes - Wash with water for 15 minutes. Skin - Wipe acid off gently, flood with water, cover with moist magnesia or baking soda. Solution: The First-Aid consists of either diluting the acid, coating the stomach lining, or neutralizing it. Mg(OH) + HCl --> MgCl + HOH

 Antacids

are examples of the use of a weak base to neutralize excess stomach acid. Antacids can be weak hydroxide bases such as magnesium hydroxide which reacts with excess stomach acid to form water and a salt. Antacids can also be bicarbonates such as sodium bicarbonate which reacts with the excess acid to form water, carbon dioxide and a salt.

Hand in when done