BLUE BRAIN

A bstract

Toda y sc i e nt i s t s a r e i n r e s e a rc h t o c re a t e a n a rt i c i a l b ra i n t h a t c a n t hi n k, r e spo nd, t a ke de c i si on, a n d ke e p a ny t hi n g i n me mor y. Th e ma i n a i m i s t o upl oa d human brain into machine. So that man can think, take decision without any effort. After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man. So, even after the death of a person we will not loose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities, feelings and memories of that man that can be used for the development of the human society IB M i s n o w i n r e se a rc h t o c r e a te a vi r tu a l b ra i n, ca l le d Bl ue bra i n . If pos si bl e , t hi s wo u l d be t he r s t vi rt ua l b ra i n of t he wo r l d. IB M , in pa r t ne r s h ip wi t h sc i e nt i s t s a t Swi t z e r la nd s (EPFL) Brain and Mind Institute will begin simulating the brains biological systems and output the data as a working 3-dimensional model that will recreate the high-speed electro-chemical interactions that take place within the brains interior. These include cognitive functions such as language, learning, perception and memory in addition to brain malfunction such as psychiatric disorders like depression and autism

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Ta bl e of c o nt e nt

1. I NT R O D U C T I O N 2. B L U E BR AI N 3. V I R T U AL B R A I N 4. B L U E G E N E S UP E R C O M P UT E R 5. B R A I N S I M U L AT I O N 6. U P L O AD I N G H U M A N BR AI N 7. S OF T W AR E AN D H A R D W AR E R E Q U IR E M E NT S 8. A P P L I C A T I O N 9. B L U E BR AI N A N D H UM A N C O N S C I O U S N E S S 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. C UR R E N T R E S E A R C H A D V A N T A G E S A N D D I S A D V A NT A G E S C O N C L US I O N B I B I L O G R AP H Y

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Chapter1
Introducti on
Human brain , the most valuable creation of God. The man is called intelligent because of the brain .Today we are developed because we ca n think, that other a n i m a l s c a n n o t d o . B u t w e l o s s t h e k n o w l e d g e o f a b r a i n w h e n t h e b o d y i s destroyed aft er the death of man. That knowledge might ha ve been used for the development of the huma n societ y. What happen if we creat e a brain and up loa d the contents of natural brain into it. Blue brain The na me of the worlds first virtual brain. That means a machine that can function a huma n brain. The main aim is to upload human brain into machine. So that man can think, take decision without any effort. After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man .So, even after the death of a person we will not loose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities, feelings and memories of that man that can be used for the development of the human society. No one has ever understood the c o m p l e x i t y of hu m a n br a i n. I t i s c o m p l e x t ha n a n y c i r c u i t r y i n t h e w o r l d. S o, question may aris e Is it really possible t o create a huma n brain? The answer is Y es . B e c a u s e w h a t e v e r ma n ha s cr ea t e d t o da y a l w a ys h e ha s f ol l o w e d t h e nature. When man does not ha ve a device called computer, it was a big question for all .But today it is possible due to the technology. Technology is growing faster than every thing. IBM is now in research to create a virtual brain. It is called Blue brain .If possible, this would be the first virtual brain of the world

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Chapter2
Wha t i s bl ue b r a i n
The IBM is now developing a virtual brain known as the Blue brain. It would be the worlds first virtual brain. With in 30 years, we will be able to scan ourselves into the computers. The Blue Brain Project is an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering the mammalian brain down to the molecular level.The aim of the project, founded in May 2005 by the Brain and Mind Institute of the cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne (Switzerland) is to study the brain's architectural and functional principles. The project is headed by the Institute's director, Henry Markram. Using a Blue Gene supercomputer running Michael Hines's NEURON software, the simulation does not consist simply of an artificial neural network, but involves a biologically realistic model of neurons. It is hoped that it will eventually shed light on the nature of consciousness.

Is this the beginning of eternal life?

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Chapter3

What is vir tual bra in

We can say Virtual brain is an artificial brain, which is not actually the natural brain, but can act as the brain .It can think like brain, take decisions based on the past experience, and response as the natural brain can. It is possible by using a super computer, with a huge amount of storage capacity, processing power and an interface between the human brain and this artificial one .Through this interface the data stored in the natural brain can be up loaded into the computer .So the brain and the knowledge, intelligence of anyone can be kept and used for ever, even after the death of the person.

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Chapter Blue Gene supercomputer

Blue Gene is an IBM project aimed at designing a supercomputer that can reach an operating speeds in the PFLOPS (petaFLOPS) range, with low power consumption.The project created three generations of supercomputers, Blue Gene/L, Blue Gene/P, and Blue Gene/Q. Blue Gene systems have led for several years the Top500 ranking of the most powerful supercomputers and have been deployed in many supercomputing centers.

Major features The Blue Gene/L supercomputer was unique in the following aspects:[9]


   

Trading the speed of processors for lower power consumption. Blue Gene/L used low frequency and low power embedded PowerPC cores with floating point accelerators.While the performance of each chip was relatively low, the system could achieve better computer to energy ratio, for applications that could use larger numbers of nodes. Dual processors per node with two working modes: co-processor mode where one processor handles computation and the other handles communication; and virtualnode mode, where both processors are available to run user code, but the processors share both the computation and the communication load. System-on-a-chip design. All node components were embedded on one chip, with the exception of 512 MB external DRAM. A large number of nodes (scalable in increments of 1024 up to at least 65,536) Three-dimensional torus interconnect with auxiliary networks for global communications (broadcast and reductions), I/O, and management Lightweight OS per node for minimum system overhead (system noise).

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Chapter
Brain simulation
INPUT
In a similar wa y the artificial nervous system can be created. The scientist has already cr ea t e d a r t i f i c i a l n e u r o n s b y r e p l a c i n g t h e m w i t h t h e s i l i c o n c hi p . I t ha s a l s o b e e n t es t e d that these neurons can receive the input from the sens ory cells.So, the electric implus e through these artifical neurons and send to a super computer for interpretation

INTERPRETATION
The interpretation of the electric impulse s received by the artificial neuron can be done by means of a set of register .The different values in thes e register will repres ent different states of the brain.

Memory
It is not impossible to store t he data perma nently by using the secondary memor y .In the similar way the required states of the registers can be stored per ma nently. And when required these information can be retrieved and used.

PROCESSING
In a similar way the decision making can be done by t h e c o m p u t er b y u s i n g s o m e s t or e d s t a t e s a n d t h e received input and by perfor ming some arithmetic and logical calculations .

OUTPUT
Similarly based on the states of the register the output signals can be given t o t h e a r t i f i c i a l neurons in the body which will be received by the sensory cell.

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Chapter

UP LO AD IN G H UMAN BRA IN

T he u p l oa d i n g i s p os s i b l e b y t h e u s e o f s ma l l r o b o t s k n o w n a s t h e na n ob ot s . T h es e r o b ot s a r e s ma l l e n o u g h t o t r a v e l t h r ou g h o u t o u r c i r c u l a t or y s ys t e m. T r a v e l i n g i nt o t h e s p i n e a n d br a i n, t h e y w i l l b e a b l e t o mo ni t or t h e a ct i v i t y a n d s t r u c t ur e of o u r c e nt r a l n e r v ou s s ys t e m. T h e y wi l l b e a b l e t o pr o v i d e a n i nt er fa c e w i t h c o m p u t er t ha t i s a s c l os e a s ou r mi n d c a n b e w h i l e w e s t i l l r e s i d e i n ou r b i ol o g i c a l f or m . N a n ob o t s c o u l d a l s o c a r ef u l l y s c a n t h e s t r u c t ur e of ou r b r a i n, pr o vi d i n g a c o mp l et e r e a d ou t of t h e c o n n e c t i o n. T hi s i n f or ma t i o n , w h e n e nt er e d i n t o a c o mp u t e r , c ou l d t h e n c o nt i n u e t o f u nc t i o n a s u s . T hu s t h e da t a s t or e d i n t h e e n t i r e br a i n wi l l b e u p l oa d e d i nt o t h e c o mp u t er .

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Chapter
Har d wa r e a n d S oft wa r e Re q ui r e me nt s

y A Supe r c ompu t e r. y Me mor y wi th a ve ry l a r ge s to r in g c a pa c i t y. 2 56 MB t o 5 12 MB me mo ry p e r p r oc e s so r. y Pr o c e s s o r wi t h a ve r y h i gh p r o c e s si n g p o we r. 22. 8 TF LOPS pe a k pr o c e s si n g spe e d. 8, 09 6 CP Us a t 7 0 0 M Hz ( d o wn gr a de d to ha nd l e ma s s i ve p a r a ll e l p ro c e s si ng ) . y A p ro g r a m t o c o nve r t t h e e le c t r ic i mpul se s fr o m t h e b ra i n t o i npu t si gn a l, whi c h i s t o be r e c e i ve d b y t he c o mpu t e r a nd v i c e ve r sa . y Av e r y wi de n e t wo r k y Ve r y p o we r f u l Na n o b ot s t o a c t a s th e i nt e r fa c e be t we e n t he na t ur a l b ra i n a n d t he c o mp ut e r . 1 00 k i l owa tt s po we r c o n su mp ti on y The Bl ue Bra i n h a s s o me 8, 0 00 pr o c e s so r s whi c h ma p o ne o r t wo s i mul a t e d b ra i n ne ur o ns to e a c h pr oc e s s or , ma ki ng t h e c o mp u t e r a re p l ic a of 10, 00 0 ne ur on s .

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Chapter
The "B l ue Br a i n" & H u ma n Con sc i ous ne s s

" Bl u e Br a in " of fe r a be t t e r u nde r s ta nd i n g of hu ma n c on sc i ou s ne s s. It s a n a c t ua l c omp u t e r b ra i n t ha t ma y e ve n t ua l l y ha ve t h e a b i l it y t o t hi n k f o r i t se l f. Whe n it wa s fi r st f e d e l e c t r i c a l i mpu l se s , s t r a n ge pa t t e r ns be ga n t o a ppe a r wi t h l i ght n in g - l i ke f l a she s pr oduc e d by c e l l s t ha t t h e s c i e nt i st s re c o gn i z e d f r om l i vi n g h uma n a n d a ni ma l pro c e s se s. " It h a p pe n e d e nt ir e l y o n i t s o wn, " T h i s he lp e d t h e sc i e n ti s t s t o u nde r st a nd th e a c tua l p ro c e s s i n g o f th e bra i n whic h a ri s e d t h e c onc e pt of Bl ue b r a in . Bl ue br a i n a c t s a s a c o mpu te r tha t woul d o pe ra t e a t i nc onc e i va bl e sp e e d s so me t h in g f a s t e no u gh t o s i mu l a t e t h e h u ma n bra i n. A Bl u e br a i n a i ms t o unl oc k t he s e c r e t s o f bra i n b y us i n g t he br ut e po we r of a s u pe r c o mp u te r .

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Chapter Current Research Work

1. IBM, in partnership with scientists at Switzerland's Ecole Polytechnique Federalede Lausanne's (EPFL) Brain and Mind Institute will begin simulating the brain'sbiological systems and output the data as a working 3-dimensional model that willrecreate the high-speed electro-chemical interactions that take place within theb ra i n 's i n te r io r . The s e i nc l ude c o gn it i ve fun c t i on s su c h a s l a n gua ge , l e a rn in g, p e rc e p t i o n a n d me mor y i n ad d i t io n t o bra i n ma l fu n c t io n suc h a s ps yc h i a t r i c d i s o rde r s l i ke d e p re s si on a nd a u t i s m. F ro m t he re , t he mode li n g wi l l e x pa n d t oother regions of the brain and, if successful, shed light on the relationships betweengenetic, molecular and cognitive functions of the brain. NEWS: The EPFL Blue Gene was the8thfastest supercomputer in the world

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2. Researchers at Microsoft's Media Presence Lab are developing a "virtual brain," a PC-based database that holds a record of an individual's complete life experience. Called MyLifeBits , the project aims to make this database of human memories searchable in the manner of a conventional search engine. "By 2047, almost all information will be in cyberspace including all knowledge and creative works, said one of the project's leaders, Gordon Bell. 3. According to the new scientist Magazine report Rodrigo Laje and Gabriel Mindlin of the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina have devised a computer model of a region of the brain called the RA nucleus which controls muscles in the lungs and the vocal folds The model brain can accurately echo the song of a South American sparrow. The bird sing by forcing air from their lungs past folds of tissue in the voice box. The electric impulses from the brain that force the lungs had been recorded and when the equivalent impulses were passed to the computer model of the lungs of the bird it begins to sing like the bird. Mr. Mindlin told the weekly science magazine he was surprised that simple instructions from the brain change a constant signal into a complex series of bursts t o p r o d u c e t h e i n t r i c a c i e s b i r d s o n g . He plans to add more brain power to his model which might reveal how birds improve their songs and learn them from other birds. He ho pe s i t mi gh t one da y b e po s s i bl e t o u se s i mil a r mode l s t o ma p t he neural [brain] circuitry of animals without distressing lab experiments - just by recording their calls and movements, the magazine said.

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Cha pt e r

Advantages and disadvantages

Adva ntages
y y y y y y I t a c t s a s a s u p e r c o mp u t e r . I mp r o v e m e nt s i n pr o c e s s i n g, s p e e d a n d m e mo r y c ou l d ma k e e n t i r e h u ma n br a i n s i mu l a t e d . T hi n gs c ou l d b e r e m e mb er e d wi t h ou t a n y e f f or t . U s e t h e i nt el l i g e n c e of t h e p e r s o n a f t e r de a t h. I t c a n ma k e d e c i s i o ns e n t i r el y of i t s o w n. A l l o w i n g t h e d ea f t o h ea r vi a di r ec t n e r v e s i mu l a t i o n. and also be helpful for many psychological diseas es. By down loading the contents of the brain that was uploaded into the computer, the man can get rid from the madness.

Disa d va n tag e

y W e b e c o m e d e p e n d e nt u p o n t h e c o m p u t er s . y A n ot h er f ea r i s f o u n d w i t h r es p e c t t o h u ma n c l o ni n g. y A v e r y c os t l y pr oc e d u r e o f r e ga i n i n g t h e m e mor y b a c k. y Computer viruses will pose an increasingly critical threat. y The real threat, however, is the fear that people will have of new technologies.That fear may culminate in a large resistance. Clear evidence of this type of fear is found today with respect to human cloning.

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Chapter
Appl ica ti on s o f Blue Bra i n
Gathering and Testing 100 Years of Data The most immediate benet is to provide a working model into which the past100 years knowledge about the microstructure and workings of the neocortical column c a n b e ga t he re d a n d te s ted . The Bl u e Col u mn wi ll t h e re f or e a l s o p r o duc e a vi r t ua l l i br a r y t o e xpl or e i n 3 D t he mi c r o a r c hi t e c t ur e o f t he ne oc o r t e x a n d a c c e s s a ll ke y research relating to its structure and function. Cr a c kin g t h e Ne u r a l Cod e The Ne u r a l Co de re f e r s t o ho w t h e bra i n bu il d s obj ec t s u s i n g e l e c t ri c a l pa t te r n s. In the same way that the neuron is the elementary cell for computing in the brain, the NCC is the elementary network for computing in the neocortex. Creating an accurate replica of the NCC which faithfully reproduces the emergent electrical dynamics of there all microcircuit, is an absolute requirement to revealing how the neocortex processes, stores and retrieves information. Understanding Neocortical Information Processing The p ower o f an acc ur ate si mu lation lie s i n the prediction that can be genertae d a bo u t t he ne o c o rt e x. Inde e d, i te r a t ion s b e t we e n si mu la t i o ns a nd e x pe ri m e n t s a r e e s s e n t i a l t o b u i l d a n a c c u r a t e c o p y of the NCC. These iterati ons are therefore expected to reveal the function of individual elements (neurons, synapses, ion channels,receptors),pathways(monosynaptic)and physiological proc esses (functionalproperties, learning, reward, goal-oriented behavior). A Novel Tool for Drug Discovery for Brain Disorders Understanding the functions of different elements and pathways of the NCC will provide a concrete foundation to explore the cellular and synaptic bases of a wide s pe c t ru m o f ne u ro l o gica l a n d ps yc h i a t r i c di se a se s . T he i mpa c t of r e c e p to r , i o n cha n ne l , cellular and synaptic decits could be tested in simulations and the optimal experimental tests can be determined.

CHAPTER 7
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FUTURE PERSPECTIVE The synthesis era in neuroscience started with the launch of the Human BrainProject and is an inevitable phase triggered by a critical amount of fundamental data.The da ta se t d oe s n o t ne e d t o be c o mple t e be fo re suc h a p h a se c a n be gin. In de ed , i tis essential to guide reductionist research into the deeper facets of brain structure andfunction. As a complement to experimental research, it offers rapid assessment of theprobable effect of a new nding on preexisting knowledge, which can no longer bemanaged completely by any one researcher. Detailed models will probably becomethe nal form of databases that are used to organize all knowledge of the brain andallow hypothesis testing, rapid diagnoses of brain malfunction, as well as developmentof treatments for neurological disorders. In short, we can hope to learn a great dealabout brain function and disfunction from accurate models of the brain .The time takento build detailed models of the brain depends on the level of detail that is captured.Indeed, the rst version of the Blue Column, which has 10,000 neurons, has alreadybeen built and simulated; it is the renement of the detailed properties and calibrationo f t h e c i rc ui t t h a t t a ke s t i me . A mo de l o f t he e n t i r e br a i n a t t h e c e l l ul a r l e ve l wi l l p ro ba b l y t a ke t he ne xt d e c a de . The r e i s no f un da me nt a l o bs t a c le t o mo d e l i n g t he brain and it is therefore likely that we will have detailed models of mammalian brains,including that of man, in the near future. Even if overestimated by a decade or two, thisis still just a blink of an eye in relation to the evolution of human civilization. As withDeep Blue, Blue Brain will allow us to challenge the foundations of our understandingof intelligence and generate new theories of consciousness.

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

In c on c l u s ion, we w i l l b e a b l e t o tr a n sf e r ou r se l ve s in t o c o mput e r s a t so me point. Most arguments against this outcome are seemingly easy to circumvent. Theyare either simple minded, or simply require further time for technology to increase.Th e on l y se r i ou s t h re a t s ra i se d a r e a l s o o ve rc o me a s we no t e t h e c o mbin a t i on of biological and digital technologies

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Chapter
BIBILOGRAPHY AND REFERENCE

http://Google.com http://www.wikipedia.com http://www.Blue brain.com http://www.bbrws.org http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2005/tc20050666414_tc024.htm http://www.technologyreview.com/biotech/19767/http://gaggio.blogspirit.com/archive/20 10/09/02/the-blue-brain-project.html http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2005/tc2005066_6414_tc024.html

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